Mastitis In Cows Research Articles

Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Subclinical Mastitis of Dairy Cows in the Poro Region of the Ivory Cost

Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Subclinical Mastitis of Dairy Cows in the Poro Region of the Ivory Cost

Efficacy of targeted therapy of environmental mastitis using on-farm culturing in small dairy herds

The aim of the study was to evaluate treatment protocols for improvement of clinical and bacteriological cure rate of non-severe clinical mastitis (CM) and selective dry cow therapy (SDCT). Mastitis management based on on-farm commercial culture system MicroMastTM and data analysis were implemented into two dairy herds. Quarters with evidence of Gram-positive agents were treated using benzyl penicillin or amoxicillin and/or by amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. In herd A, 31 quarters of non-severe CM were recorded. Of them, Streptococcus uberis was isolated in 16 (51.6%), non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in 8 (25.8%), E. coli in 5 (16.1%) and no growth in 2 (6.5%) cases. Bacteriological cure was observed in 24/29 (82.8%) quarters. Antimicrobial consumption was reduced from 3.56 to 2.33 doses per case. Under the SDCT protocol, 28 quarters (13.2%) of 53 cows dried-off were included, achieving a reduction by 86.8% on the quarter level. In herd B, 23 quarters of non-severe CM were recorded. Of them, S. uberis and Escherichia coli were identified equally in 8 (34.8%) samples and NAS in 2 (8.7%) samples and with no growth in 5 (21.7%) cases. Bacteriological cure was achieved in 17/18 quarters (94.4%). Antimicrobial consumption was reduced from 4.45 to 1.83 doses per case. Only 5 (1.7%) quarters of 72 cows were included for SDCT with reduction in consumption of antimicrobials by 98.3% on the quarter level. In summary, innovated treatment protocols based on results of on-farm culture enabled a significant reduction of antimicrobial consumption and improvement of bacteriological cure rate in conditions of practise.

Molecular Identification of Some Multidrug Resistance Gram Negatives Bacteria from Clinical Mastitis Cow and Study the Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus Vulgaris in Basrah Provence

Molecular Identification of Some Multidrug Resistance Gram Negatives Bacteria from Clinical Mastitis Cow and Study the Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus Vulgaris in Basrah Provence

Effect of anti-biofilm peptide CRAMP-34 on the biofilms of Acinetobacter lwoffii derived from dairy cows.

Dairy mastitis is one of the most common diseases in dairy farming, and the formation of pathogenic bacteria biofilms may be an important reason why traditional antibiotic therapy fails to resolve some cases of dairy mastitis. We isolated and identified three strains of A. lwoffii were with strong biofilm forming ability from dairy cow mastitis samples from Chongqing dairy farms in China. In order to investigate the effect of novel anti-biofilm peptide CRAMP-34 on A.lwoffii biofilms, the anti-biofilm effect was evaluated by crystal violet staining, biofilms viable bacteria counting and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In addition, transcriptome sequencing analysis, qRT-PCR and phenotypic verification were used to explore the mechanism of its action. The results showed that CRAMP-34 had a dose-dependent eradicating effect on A. lwoffii biofilms. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that 36 differentially expressed genes (11 up-regulated and 25 down-regulated) were detected after the intervention with the sub-inhibitory concentration of CRAMP-34. These differentially expressed genes may be related to enzyme synthesis, fimbriae, iron uptake system, capsular polysaccharide and other virulence factors through the functional analysis of differential genes. The results of subsequent bacterial motility and adhesion tests showed that the motility of A.lwoffii were enhanced after the intervention of CRAMP-34, but there was no significant change in adhesion. It was speculated that CRAMP-34 may promote the dispersion of biofilm bacteria by enhancing the motility of biofilm bacteria, thereby achieving the effect of eradicating biofilms. Therefore, these results, along with our other previous findings, suggest that CRAMP-34 holds promise as a new biofilm eradicator and deserves further research and development.

First Isolation of Bacillus licheniformis from Bovine Mastitis in Iran.

Bacillus licheniformis is a gram-positive, endospore-forming, saprophytic and facultative anaerobe that is resistant to heat and environmental conditions. This study was the first to isolate and confirm B. licheniformis as a cause of bovine mastitis in Iran. In the summer of 2020, 105 samples of mastitic milk were collected from dairy farms around Tehran and sent to the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Tehran. The bacterial pathogens were identified using selective and differential culture media and confirmed by PCR to contain the toxin synthetase genes licA, licB and licC in mastitic isolates of B. licheniformis. Resistance patterns to 19 antibiotics were determined for two isolates of B. licheniformis. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were identified as the most important organisms in the samples. B. licheniformis was isolated from the two samples containing all three genes. Both isolates were resistant to streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefixime, ampicillin, bacitracin, clindamycin, and gentamicin. B. licheniformis was reported for the first time in Iran as a cause of bovine mastitis with clinical symptoms. The first isolation of toxin-producing strains of B. licheniformis from mastitic cows in Iran raises concerns about the safety of dairy products. In principle, selected strains with toxigenic potential should not be used as feed additives and animal feed. However, whole genome sequencing is proposed to search for genes coding for toxins.

Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Subclinical Mastitis of Dairy Cows in the Poro Region of the Ivory Cost

Subclinical mastitis is the most considered pathology in dairy farming and is responsible for economic losses in cows. The condition remains asymptomatic in dairy cows and treatment is mainly done without laboratory analysis. The objective of this work is to research bacterial causes of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and to study their sensitivity to certain antibiotics. Thus, this study was carried out in four departments (Korhogo, Sinématiali, Dikodougou and M'bengué) in the Poro region (Ivory Coast) from May to August 2022 in traditional farms on 288 neighborhood milk samples taken from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. The milk samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological isolation and identification techniques. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated on Baird-Parker potassium tellurite agar and mixed with egg yolk, Klebsiella spp isolated on MacConkey agar, Escherichia coli isolated on MacConkey, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated on TSA and King A agar, Micrococcus spp isolated on Chapman agar; then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. The identification of bacteria was carried out by standard methods (appearance of colonies, Gram staining, catalase test, coagula-associated oxidase test, etc.). The biochemical characteristics were studied using the API Bio Mérieux galleries (API Staph and API20E etc.) The sensitivity of the main germs isolated was tested against ten (10) antimicrobials including those used in the treatment of mastitis by veterinary clinicians in the region. from Poro.The bacteriological analysis were identified 43% of Gram-positive cocci in minority, with particulary 18% of Staphylococcus aureus. In majority, Gram-negative bacilli were detected at 57% with particulary 38% of Enterobacteria (Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli). The antibiogram showed excellent sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus to Gentamycin 100%, good sensitivity to chloramphenicol and neomycin at 90% then acceptable sensitivity to the Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole combination, to cefalexin of 80%. The coagulase negative staphylococcus (SCN) group revealed good sensitivity to Cefalexin and Gentamicin of (87.5%) and acceptable sensitivity to Chloramphenicol, Neomycin of (75%) each. On the other hand, Enterobacteria showed excellent resistance to Ampicillin, Spiramycin and Penicillin 100% and acceptable resistance to Gentamycin (95.84%). Remarkable resistance has been observed on the following antibiotics : Ampicillin, Penicillin and Colistin. This remarkable resistance was noted in Staphylococci (100% for Staphylococcus aureus and 87.5% for SCN) and Enterobacteria. Given these results, suggestions were made for the treatment and prevention of subclinical mastitis on farms in the Poro region (northern Ivory Coast).

Enterogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia migrates to the mammary gland to induce mastitis by activating the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway

BackgroundMastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety. Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary gland axis and that disturbance of the gut/rumen microbiota could result in ‘gastroenterogenic mastitis’. However, the mechanism has not been fully clarified. Recently, we found that long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet induced mastitis in dairy cows, and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) was significantly increased in both the rumen and milk microbiota. Accordingly, we hypothesized that ‘gastroenterogenic mastitis’ can be induced by the migration of endogenous gut bacteria to the mammary gland. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism by which enterogenic S. maltophilia induces mastitis.ResultsFirst, S. maltophilia was labelled with superfolder GFP and administered to mice via gavage. The results showed that treatment with S. maltophilia promoted the occurrence of mastitis and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier, leading to intestinal inflammation and intestinal leakage. Furthermore, tracking of ingested S. maltophilia revealed that S. maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland and induce mastitis. Subsequently, mammary gland transcriptome analysis showed that the calcium and AMPK signalling pathways were significantly upregulated in mice treated with S. maltophilia. Then, using mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs), we verified that S. maltophilia induces mastitis through activation of the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the results showed that enterogenic S. maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland via the gut-mammary axis and activate the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway to induce mastitis. Targeting the gut-mammary gland axis may also be an effective method to treat mastitis.

Technology for non-contact assessment of the udder physiological state for early diseases diagnosis

The results of a study on the creation of technology for non-contact detection of local temperature changes in the skin of the udder and teats are presented. The focus of the technology is the early diagnosis of mastitis in cows, since this disease of the udder is one of the most common and causes great damage to dairy farming, leading to a decrease in milk yield. The technology makes it possible to determine the temperature increase in local areas of the udder skin, to carry out early diagnosis and reduce additional costs associated with the treatment of mastitis. This paper presents an algorithm for non-contact temperature diagnostics of local areas of the skin of the udder of cows using 3 thermal imaging modules that allow you to receive thermograms simultaneously from all local areas of the skin of the udder. We have derived formulas for the main parameters of thermal imaging modules for their location relative to each other. Data collection can be carried out both in the dynamic and in the static position of the animal. This algorithm assigns one of 3 possible statuses to the animal: “healthy”, “suspicion of subclinical mastitis”, “suspicion of clinical mastitis”.

Udder Research From the Point of View of High-quality Milk Production

Cow mastitis is a disease in which infection and inflammation of the mammary gland of cows occurs. The disease occurs when an infection enters through the nipple into the udder of an animal. Infection usually occurs when hygiene rules are not followed during milking or in the interval between milking. More than 140 types of bacteria cause mastitis. Since cows are constantly in contact with the external environment, it is impossible to completely prevent the ingress of microbes that cause mastitis, it is necessary to pay attention to methods of combating mastitis and its prevention. Mastitis or breast disease is the main cause of milk production in cows. An increase in the number of cows with mastitis or subclinical mastitis negatively affects the quality of commercial milk and milk produced in general. In most cases, treatment with therapy takes a month. Prevention includes: compliance with the sequence of operations before and during milking; use of personal protective equipment by personnel (gloves, overalls); disinfection of the milking machine; use of a highly effective disinfectant to clean the udder before milking; protection of postpartum breastfeeding; preventive measures to reduce the main irritants; healthy and elastic skin; Use of vitamin E, selenium and mineral additives; carrying out hygienic measures (washing, disinfection) in the room; eliminating stress; providing adaptive nutrition in accordance with the stage of milking; thorough cleaning and disinfection of dairy products.

Clinical and Subclinical Bovine Mastitis: Staphylococcus aureus Isolation and Identification from Dairy Farms Located in and Around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Mastitis is an expensive disease of dairy cattle in most countries, including Ethiopia. The most commonly recovered bacterial pathogen from mastitis milk is _Staphylococcus aureus_ in dairy herds worldwide, with huge economic losses in the dairy industry. OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify _Staphylococcus aureus_ from bovine mastitis milk. Additionally, risk factors associated with the occurrence of mastitis were determined. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2021 to August 2021 on dairy farms in and around Hawassa town. A total of 250 lactating cows were examined for clinical and subclinical mastitis from randomly selected dairy farms. Clinical signs and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) were used to identify clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. RESULTS: During the study period, 50.8% of cows had mastitis, of which 4.8% and 46% showed clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. The quarter-level prevalence was 27.4%; of which the clinical form was 2.9%, while the subclinical mastitis was 24.5%. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association among cows of different age groups, lactation stages, and farm hygienic status with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). A bacteriological study targeting _S. aureus_ was conducted with all (n=127) milk samples collected from clinical and subclinical mastitis cows. Bacterial identification targeting _S. aureus_ was done, and this agent was identified in 60 (47.2%) milk samples. This pathogen was found to be higher (47.8%) in subclinical than in clinical (41.6%) mastitis. CONCLUSION: This study showed that mastitis was prevalent in dairy cattle of the study area, with a higher case of _S. aureus_ in subclinical mastitis. However, the recovery of _S. aureus_ in nearly half of the mastitis milk indicated the possible presence of other pathogens. Therefore, further study to recover other potential pathogens commonly causing mastitis can be a good approach.

Environmental and Breed Risk Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dual-Purpose Livestock Systems in the Arauca Floodplain Savannah, Colombian Orinoquia.

The aim of this study was to assess the environmental and breed risk factors associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in cows in the dual-purpose livestock system of Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia. Milk samples were taken from 1924 mammary quarters, corresponding to 481 cows on 28 different farms, and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied. Risk factors associated with SCM were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The response variable was the presence (1) or absence (0) of SCM. Breed was included as a genetic risk factor, and daily milk production, number of cows in production, lactation month, calving number, cow age, climatic period, and body condition were included as environmental risk factors. The analysis of the odds ratio (OR) of significant effects indicated that the factors significantly associated with the presence of SCM were the number of cows (OR = 2.29; p = 0.005), milk production (OR = 0.88; p = 0.045), and the Taurus-Indicus breeds (OR = 1.79; p = 0.009) and composite breed (OR = 3.95; p = 0.005). In this study, the occurrence of SCM was determined by the following risk factors: number of cows, milk production, and breed. Likewise, the highest prevalence seemed to occur on farms with less technological development and sanitary management of producers from the lowest socioeconomic stratum.

Frequency of Some Important Exotoxin Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Samples Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Tabriz City in 2022

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen resulting in treatment-resistant subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Examination of the frequency of some important virulence genes in isolates from bovine mastitis can be necessary for better management and recognition of infections caused by this bacterium. Objectives: This study was conducted on the frequency of some important exotoxin genes in P. aeruginosa samples derived from bovine mastitis in the city of Tabriz in 2022. Methods: This study was performed with 120 bacterial samples of P. aeruginosa that were isolated from clinical samples of bovine mastitis and were considered to investigate the frequency of some important exotoxin genes. Bacterial DNA was extracted, and the presence of exotoxin A, T, and U genes in P. aeruginosa samples was found by PCR method. Results: The frequency of exotoxin A, T, and U genes in P. aeruginosa samples was 18 (15%), 32 (26.6%), and 26 (21.6%), respectively, and 8 (6.6%) P. aeruginosa samples possessed all 3 intended genes simultaneously; while 76 (63.3%) P. aeruginosa samples lacked the tested genes. Conclusions: A relatively high frequency of exotoxin genes studied can be a serious warning to treat and control the bovine mastitis caused by this bacterium.

A deep learning approach combining DeepLabV3+ and improved YOLOv5 to detect dairy cow mastitis

Dairy cow mastitis has a great impact on the productivity of dairy cows and the profits of livestock farms. Early detection is of great significance to improve the efficiency of mastitis treatment. However, due to the low resolution of thermal infrared images and the complexity of the living environment of dairy cows, it is difficult to detect the eyes and udders of cows, which reduces the detection accuracy of mastitis. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a two-stage model (DCYOLO) integrating the DeepLabV3 + semantic segmentation network and an improved YOLOv5 target recognition network, which is used to detect the eyes and udders of dairy cows under complex background and applied to the severity classification of dairy cow mastitis. In the first stage, the DeepLabV3 + model was used to segment the eyes and udders of dairy cows from thermal infrared images. In the second stage, the segmented image was input into the target recognition YOLOv5 network for key parts recognition. Finally, to further improve the detection accuracy of the model, a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) was added at the end of the main part of the YOLOv5 model. After comparing different semantic segmentation and target recognition networks, the DeepLabV3 + network and YOLOv5 network performed best. The mIoU and mean pixel accuracy (mPA) of the DeepLabV3 + network reached 86.98 % and 92.92 %, respectively. The mean average precision (mAP) and F1 scores of the YOLOv5 network for unsegmented thermal infrared images reached 93.4 % and 90.9 %, respectively. The CBAM-added YOLOv5 (CAYOLOv5) model was combined with the DeepLabV3 + model. Compared with the single YOLOv5 model, the mAP and F1 scores of DCYOLO increased by 5.4 % and 5.3 %, respectively. Therefore, the proposed model can achieve more accurate positioning of key parts of dairy cows. Based on this model, the eye and udder temperature differences of 50 dairy cows were extracted for mastitis detection, and the detection results were compared with the results of the somatic cell count (SCC) approach. The results showed that the classification accuracy of mastitis was 86 %, and the average sensitivity and specificity were 79.41 % and 92.49 %, respectively. The dairy cow mastitis detection method based on the two-stage model can accurately locate the key parts of dairy cows and realize the automatic detection and classification of dairy cow mastitis, and the accuracy is high.

The prospect of using nisin for pre-milking treatment of the udder of cows

Bacteriocins, in particular, nisin, are increasingly used for the development of sanitizing agents along with natural antimicrobial substances, such as organic acids, essential oils, alcohols, and others. The purpose of the work was to investigate the bactericidal effect of nisin on test cultures of microorganisms that cause mastitis in cows for its use in means for pre-milking treatment of the udder in combination with lactic acid. The minimum inhibitory concentration was studied on test cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (055К59 №3912/41) and Streptococcus uberis (field strain) by the method of serial dilutions with exposures of 30 seconds and 10 minutes. In the experiment was used nisin produced by Glory Chem Co., Ltd. (China), lactic acid food 80 % solution (“Klebrig”, Belgium). It was established that the minimum inhibitory concentration of nisin after exposure for 30 seconds on S. aureus cultures was 1.0 % and Str. uberis – 0.125 %. Nisin at the content of 2 % and 1 % in the solution did not show the minimum inhibitory concentration on E. coli cultures within 30 seconds, but inhibited 91.7 and 82.3 % of the microflora, respectively, at this concentration. It was found that the minimum inhibitory concentration of lactic acid after exposure for 30 seconds on S. aureus and E. coli cultures was 2 %, and on Str. uberis – 1 %. At the same time, lactic acid diluted below the minimum inhibitory concentration, in particular, 1 % and 0.5 %, inhibited 98.9–96.5 % of microorganisms in the solution, which may be sufficient for its use in means for processing the udder of cows before milking and at lower concentration. The study of the bactericidal effect by the well method showed that nisin exhibits a synergistic bactericidal effect with lactic acid and can be used in combination to create a means for pre-milking treatment of the udder of cows. Therefore, in order to create means for pre-milking treatment of the skin of udders of cows, it is necessary that the working concentration of nisin be from 0.5 to 1.0 %, and lactic acid from 1 to 2 %.

The evolutionary operation framework as a tool for herd-specific control of mastitis in dairy cows

Mastitis is the most prevalent and costly production disease in the dairy industry, but udder health advice that helps one herd might not be beneficial for another because of “local truths”. It is therefore important to identify what mastitis control options may work in a specific herd in the conditions specific to the herd. We evaluated whether the Evolutionary Operation (EVOP) methodology could be used as a management tool to identify mastitis control options to improve udder health in dairy herds. Within an EVOP framework we conducted sequences of experiments, on each of two dairy farms in Sweden. The experiments covered interventions within 1) hygiene in cubicles, 2) milking routines, and 3) dry-off procedures. Automatically recorded somatic cell counts (SCCs) in milk were used as the response variable. The impact of the interventions on SCC was evaluated with multivariate dynamic linear models. Farmer and staff satisfaction was assessed through interviews. The EVOP methodology was successfully applied, and the farmers appreciated it. We observed herd-specific variation in the effect of the interventions, indicating that EVOP would be a feasible approach to tailor mastitis control options to individual herds. Our results indicate that the EVOP methodology could be a tool to identify and evaluate health management strategies on dairy farms.

Droplet digital PCR quantification of selected microRNAs in raw mastitic cow's milk from the west of Poland.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding small RNAs, have been recognised as potential biomarkers of mammary gland conditions, including bovine mastitis diagnosis. The aim of this study was to quantify selected miRNAs in the milk of mastitic cows. Milk samples (n = 90) were collected from healthy and mastitic dairy cows originating from local dairy cattle farms located in the west of Poland. MicroRNAs of the miR-21a, miR-92a, miR-146a and miR-383 species were quantified using the highly sensitive droplet digital PCR method. Direct measurement of somatic cell count (SCC) was performed using a cell counter. Cows were divided into three groups: those with an SCC below 200,000/mL were designated Low (n = 25), those with an SCC between 200,000 and 999,999 were Medium (n = 34), and those with an SCC of 1,000,000 or higher were High (n = 31). Microbiological analyses were performed using standard culture testing. The level of miR-383 was very low and this miRNA was excluded from analysis. The miR-92a was used to normalise miR-21a and miR-146a expression levels. The obtained results of expression of miR-21a and miR-146a correlated with somatic cell number (R = 0.53 and 0.79, respectively). These results show that ddPCR is a useful method for quantifying miRNAs in raw cow milk. It seems that miR-146a is a promising marker for bovine mastitis, although further studies are needed to select a panel of miRNAs that can be used in mastitis monitoring in Poland.

Мікробіологічний моніторинг поширеності захворювання на мастити корів за мікробіологічними показниками досліджень молока у тваринницьких господарствах різних регіонів України за період 2018–2022 рр.

Milk and dairy products are one of the most important raw materials that play a vital role in the nutritional structure of the Ukrainian population. The safety and quality of raw milk is the basis for dairy production. In view of the above, there is a need to conduct microbiological tests of milk samples from cows to detect mastitis. The issues of determining the somatic cell count (SCC), bacterial contamination (BCM), Escherichia coli bacteria (ECB), and the quantitative species composition of pathogenic microorganisms are relevant, as they provide an opportunity to assess the epizootic situation regarding the prevalence of cow mastitis in livestock farms in different regions of Ukraine, to establish the dominant etiological factors that cause mastitis, and to prescribe treatment and preventive measures to prevent further deterioration of the situation. The results of our microbiological monitoring studies on the prevalence of cow mastitis showed a trend towards an increase in their number, as evidenced by an increase in the SCC from 12% in 2018 to 41.5% in 2021; an increase in BCM from 8.1% to 37.3%, respectively. For the period from 2018 to 2021 inclusive, the number of pathogenic bacteria of the coccal group, in particular Staphylococcus spp. (80.0% of all isolates), Streptococcus spp. (28.1%, respectively), confirmed their main role in the formation of external and internal etiological factors that cause udder lesions in cows In terms of the number of detected ECB, there was a tendency to reduce, which indicates a decrease in their impact on the etiological factors that provoke mastitis in cows. The test results for 2022 showed a sharp drop in the delivery of milk samples for microbiological testing, which was due to the impact of political, social, economic, and other factors on the livestock industry due to military aggression in Ukraine.

Isolation and characterization of antibiotics resistance Enterococcus faecium from mastitic cow's milk

Isolation and characterization of antibiotics resistance Enterococcus faecium from mastitic cow's milk

ERIC-PCR for Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis Cow's Milk

ERIC-PCR for Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis Cow's Milk

Improvement of mammary gland health in 81 'sentinel herds' in England and Scotland between 2012 and 2021.

Achieving a reduction in mastitis in dairy cows is a common industry goal, but there is no recent peer-reviewed record of progress in the UK. A convenience sample of 125 herds in England and Scotland was recruited based on the quality of records in 2016, willingness to participate and representative geographical distribution. Individual cow somatic cell counts and clinical mastitis data from 2012 to 2021 were summarised annually, and temporal changes were analysed. Eighty-one herds had sufficient data for comparison between 2012 and 2021, for one or more parameters. Over this period, the median incidence rate of clinical mastitis decreased from 40.0 to 21.0 cases per 100 cows per year (p<0.001), with improvement in both lactation and dry period indicators. Lactation new infection rate calculated from individual cow somatic cell counts fell from 8.75% to 5.95% (p<0.001), dry period new infection rate fell from 16.8% to 14.1% (p<0.05) and proportion of cows over 200,000 cells/mL fell from 20.0% to 14.3% (p<0.001). Data were necessarily from herds with good records and do not provide absolute values for the industry. The findings reflect good progress over a 10-year period in a cohort of well-recorded herds and align with other national datasets.