Mastitis In Buffaloes Research Articles

A study on IL8RB gene polymorphism as a potential immuno-compromised adherent in exaggeration of parenteral and mammo-crine oxidative stress during mastitis in buffalo

The genetic markers in inflammatory responses during mastitis afford a reasonable way for improving milk production in the Egyptian buffalo breed. Among them is the interleukin 8 Receptor Gene (IL8RB) (CXCR2); a chemokine receptor gene augments the neutrophil migration during infection. To understand its role better during mastitis in Egyptian buffalos, twenty-five dairy animals representing the normal, sub-clinically, clinically and chronically affected buffalos were randomly selected from different districts. Screening criteria for mastitis were based on somatic cell count and California mastitis test assays on their milk samples. Biochemically, mastitis induced an increase in milk lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities and serum malanoaldehyde concentration. The total antioxidant concentrations, however, decreased in serum and milk during mammary inflammation. The protein profiling of milk whey proved an accelerated mammary inflammatory influx of blood-borne proteins during mastitis. The genomic DNAs were extracted from blood samples and the CXCR2 sequence of 1246bp covering a part of intron 1, exon 2 and a part of 3′UTR were submitted to Genbank (accession # KY399457.1). The study clearly defined the presence of four SNPs. Three were detected as synonymous substitutions in coding region and one in the 3′UTR region. Only SNP C/A at c.127 was found to be highly associated with mastitis. In conclusion, the results warrant the potential correlation between the genetic SNP variance for certain genes and the incidence of mastitis in buffalo breed.

Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in buffalo

ABSTRACT: Microorganisms causing subclinical mastitis in water buffalo were isolated from 20 buffalo milk samples at four dairy farms located in central region of São Paulo State, Brazil, through testing of somatic cell count (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), biochemical, PCR assays and antimicrobial profile. The SCC showed average of 721,000 cells/mL in the milk, indicating the presence of subclinical mastitis. The overall average for SPC was 1.8 x 104 CFU/mL. The microorganism most frequently isolation according to biochemical tests were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (17%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%), Bacillus spp. (14%), Acinetobacter spp. (12.5%); with intermediate frequency: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.5%); Shigella flexneri (7.0%), Streptococcus spp. (5.5%), Corynebacterium spp. (5.0%), Escherichia coli (4.5%), Serratia marcescens (4.0%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (4.0%), and low incidence: Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (0.5%), Klebsiella ozaenae (0.5%), Tatumella ptyseos (0.5%), Enterobacter cloacae (0.5%). The molecular analysis indicated that samples positive by culture method of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and E. coli were positive by PCR. Para S. aureus and S. epidermidis the highest percentages of observed sensitivity were gentamicin (100%) and vancomycin (100%); for the genus Streptococcus to gentamicin and oxacillin and E. coli to Ampicilin. These findings may help in the control and treatment of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes and contribute to improving the efficiency and quality of the milk produced.

A comparative study on selected APP, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in buffalo and cow with subclinical mastitis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative changes of selected acute-phase proteins (APPs), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in buffalos and cows with subclinical mastitis. For this purpose, a total of 139 buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) and 146 cows (Holstein or Friesian) from Dakahlia governorate in Egypt were studied. Seventy-six cows and 49 buffalos exhibited subclinical mastitis with positive California mastitis test (CMT) and no clinical signs of mastitis. Results revealed that the most dominant isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. in both buffalo and cow fellowed by Streptococcus spp. and E.coli. Statistical significant differences were observed in SCC, HP level, and LDH activity between buffalos with different bacterial isolates. Milk HP level showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between clinically health buffalos and cows and those infected with different isolated pathogen. In conclusion, similar to cows, Hp is a sensitive marker of subclinical mastitis in buffalo, and they may be advantageous to clarify the host response to the inflammation of mammary gland in clinical research. However, additional studies on a wider range of APPs and specific pathogens in buffalos are required to explore the response pattern to mastitis in such species.

English

The interest in production of buffalo milk is increasing in Brazil due to its physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics. However, just as sheep, goats and cows are susceptible to mastitis, so are buffaloes, which is mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In this regard, biofilm formation, the ability to escape host immune defense and virulence factor, is presumably a key factor for acute and chronic intra-mammary infection in buffaloes. In this study, biofilm forming capabilities and virulence genes were evaluated in S. aureus isolated from buffalo milk and milking environments, using phenotypic and genotypic assays. Thirty two S. aureus strains isolated from buffalo milk, milking machines and milkers&rsquo; hands were obtained from a farm in Anal&acirc;ndia, S&atilde;o Paulo State, Brazil. Samples were collected in April, June, October and November 2013. These strains were tested for the presence of sa442, icaA, icaD, clfA, clfB, sarA and hla genes, slime production using Congo Red Agar (CRA), and biofilm formation using microtiter assay. All samples of S. aureus were positive for CRA and microtiter assay. Although, icaA and icaD genes were simultaneously detected in nine of the 32 samples, none of the samples were positive for icaA; only seven were positive for icaD gene. This suggests that other factors may be involved in biofilm formation. Seventeen strains of S. aureus were positive for sarA gene, nine for clfA gene, 16 for clfB and 16 for hla. A great variability in SmaI restriction profiles of S. aureus strains was observed. Thirty isolates were typified and two strains were not by SmaI restriction. In addition, 18 pulse types were detected. It is hypothesized that biofilm can be produced by the expression of icaD gene only. Our findings suggest that S. aureus strains from buffalo milk and milking environment are similar, which contradict the findings obtained from bovine strains. This behavior may contribute to the persistence of mastitis in buffalo caused by S. aureus, which results in a potential zoonotic problem. Our results may bring new insights into the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of bubaline mastitis. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, buffalo milk, biofilm, milking machine, milkers&rsquo; hands, utensils, mastitis.

Metagenomic approach to study the bacterial community in clinical and subclinical mastitis in buffalo

Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, which occurs mainly because of infection. Infectious mastitis imposes significant economic losses throughout the world. Metagenomic approach was used to investigate bacterial diversity using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of clinical and subclinical mastitis affected buffalo milk. The data were analyzed using best hit approach through MG-RAST having 95% of the total reads assigned to bacteria. However, about 4% of all analyzed sequences were found to be not assigned to any known bacterial group which suggests that the disease may involve a community of not yet described bacterial groups. Sequences predominantly aligned with the phyla 57% Firmicutes followed by 16% Proteobacteria. At the family level, Staphylococcaceae and Enterococcaceae were predominated in samples from subclinical mastitis, whereas Streptococcaceae was predominated in samples from clinical mastitis. Reads were also assigned to uncultured bacterium indicating that they may also be associated with the etiology of mastitis. Thus the use of metagenomic pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA may be considered to be an important tool to advance our knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of mastitis in buffalo.

Isolation and characterization of mastitis pathogens and milk composition changes in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during winter season

Present investigation was carried out to study the prevalence of bacterial pathogens in clinical and subclinical mastitis in buffaloes during winter season. A total of 118 Murrah buffaloes were screened using California mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples were collected and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, SNF, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC) and Somatic Cell Counts (SCC). Out of 118 milk samples, 60 samples (50.84%) were negative for CMT and 58 samples (49.15%) were detected positive for mastitis incidence. Milk pH and EC was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in mastitis affected samples than the normal ones, however, protein, fat, SNF and lactose were lower (p&lt;0.05). SCC ranged between 1.28-1.48 x 105 cells/ml (in normal milk samples as compared to 3.85-6.21x 105 cells/ ml (p&lt;0.05) in mastitis milk samples. Out of 58 samples only 51 samples exhibited bacterial growth. The culturally examined and characterized samples revealed S. aureus (35.29%) as the predominant bacteria followed by S. agalactiae with an isolation rate of 25.49%. The incidence of coliforms bacteria was not detected in any of the sample cultured and examined. It was concluded that mastitis incidence adversely affect quality of milk by increasing the SCC, pH and EC of milk. Appropriate measures needs to be taken to prevent the incidence of S. aureus bacteria which was the major causative agent.

Receiver operating characteristic analysis of milk lactosefor identification of mastitis in buffaloes

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is a simple statistical tool used to classify a diagnostic indicator in terms of area under a ROC curve (AUC) and to develop potential threshold values of a diagnostic indicator. Milk lactose was analyzed by ROC analysis to see its accuracy to discriminate infected and healthy udder quarters, and to develope an optimum threshold value along with corresponding sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) value. Data for the present study comprised of 1516 milk samples collected from Jaffrabadi buffaloes. Milk lactose was estimated by milk analyzer ‘LACTOSCAN’ and further samples were checked for sub-clinical mastitis by California mastitis test (CMT). The threshold values of milk lactose for identification of moderate and severe infection were found to be 5.31g% (Se, 58.82%; Sp, 58.28%) and 5.23g% (Se, 70.97%; Sp, 64.41%), respectively by ROC analysis. Milk samples with lactose content below 5.31g% were 1.41 times more likely come from moderately infected quarters (LR+ = 1.41); whereas, below 5.23g% were 1.99 times more likely come from severely infected quarters (LR+ = 1.99). The overall accuracy of milk lactose for discrimination of normal quarters from moderately infected quarters was 64% (AUC=0.64) and from severely infected quarters was 72% (AUC=0.72) (P&lt;0.001). Thus, the present study indicated that milk lactose classified mastitic and healthy udder quarters in Jaffrabadi buffaloes with moderate accuracy.

Isolation, Identification and Resistance Pattern of Microorganisms Associated with Mastitis in Buffalo

Prevalence of subclinical mastitis along with the etiological agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility were studied around the city of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Milk samples from 30 apparently healthy buffaloes were subjected to microbiological examinations while subclinical mastitis was diagnosed based on California Mastitis Test (CTM). Seventy percent of the buffaloes examined were positive for subclinical mastitis. A total of 42 isolates of 5 different species were identified. Among them, Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequently identified bacterial species accounting for 50% of all the isolates, followed by E.coli (28.57%), Enterobacter (14.29%), Bacillus spp. (4.76%) and Proteus spp. (2.38%). Highest resistance was found against amoxicillin (21.43%) where chloramphenicol and ciprofloxac in proved to be a more successful antimicrobial agent, resistance against which wasonly 4.76%. Results from the present study suggest that contagious mastitis controlpractice along with good personal hygiene practice is required for mastitis control in the area.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 30, Number 1-2,June-Dec 2013, pp 1-5

Disposition kinetics of ceftizoxime in acute mastitis in Murrah buffaloes

Acute mastitis was induced by inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus in 6 buffaloes. Ceftizoxime was administrated intravenously @25 mg/kg to evaluate pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime in mastitic buffaloes. The maximum mean plasma concentration of ceftizoxime was recorded at 0.08 h in healthy buffaloes which was followed by decreased plasma concentration of 23.53 ± 0.84 µg/ml at 1 h and persisted up to 24 h. Mean values of t½ß were 5.86 ± 0.18 and 8.42 ± 0.58 h in healthy and induced mastitic buffaloes, respectively. Mean Vdarea value of 1.10 ± 0.06 L/kg in healthy buffaloes was increased significantly. The maximum mean milk concentration of ceftizoxime at 2 h (73.34 ± 4.35 µg/ml) in lactating buffaloes decreased gradually till 12 h (31.31 ± 5.66 µg/ml) and persisted up to 96 h (1.57 ± 0.20 µg/ml). So, ceftizoxime can be used for treatment of staphylococcal mastitis in buffaloes.

Prevalence and economic losses of reproductive disorders and mastitis in buffaloes at Karachi, Pakistan

The water buffalo play a significant role in the economy of livestock industry of Pakistan. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of reproductive disorders in 928 buffaloes and its economic impact on dairy farms in 2014-15. The data were collected from Landhi Cattle Colony Karachi to analyze the reproductive disorders and mastitis problems in dairy buffaloes. The prevalence of the abortion recorded was 41% which was significantly highest (P&lt;0.01) as compare to others disorders. Whereas, repeat breeding, dystocia, retention of placenta, vaginal prolapse and vaginitis were 32%, 14%, 8%, 5 % and 2% respectively in water buffaloes. Moreover, mastitis cases were 11% in Landhi cattle colony Karachi during study period. The economic losses due to abortion, repeat breeding, dystocia, vaginal prolapse, vaginitis and mastitis were 320, 320, 640, 480, 560, 240 and 640 Pakistan rupees per animal respectively in water buffaloes. In conclusion, findings of the present study indicated that mastitis, abortions and dystocia caused major economic losses to dairy farms at Landhi Cattle Colony Karachi during study period.

Assessment of Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Activity in Milk as a Marker for Detection of Subclinical Mastitis

Sub clinical mastitis is responsible for heavy economic losses throughout the world in dairy sector. The objective of present study was to investigate lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity in milk for detection of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes Milk samples from 60 buffaloes, including 40 subclinical infected and 20 healthy were subjected to the estimation of LDH using a LDH activity assay kit. LDH concentration in milk of buffaloes having subclinical mastitis was reported to be high (1.88±0.91 μmole/ml/min) as compared to healthy animals (0.26±0.10 μmole/ml/min). The receiver operating characteristics analysis at cut off value of 0.44 μmole/ml/min for LDH activity exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% each and area under curve was 0.959. Results of the correlation matrix revealed significantly strong positive interdependence of somatic cell count with enzyme LDH (r = 0.722**; P <0.01). Measuring LDH activity in milk was found both easy and cost effective with high sensitivity and specificity indicating that LDH activity has great potential as a diagnostic tool for detection of sub clinical mastitis in buffaloes.

Training modules for promoting buffalo husbandry among different categories of respondents

T o undertake this study nine trainings of week’s duration on buffalo husbandry were organized for different types of respondents in which 254 farmers, entrepreneurs, women and youth participated. Training needs of different categories of respondents were worked out. The farmers considered the topics on heat symptoms in buffaloes and artificial insemination, feeding and management of lactating animals and mastitis in buffaloes and its care and management as most important for their training module. As far as training contents for youth are concerned they specially desired to include nutrients in concentrate mixture and importance of reproduction in buffaloes. They also wanted that half of the time each should be devoted to theory and practicals respectively. Women evinced keen interest in feeding requirements of dry, milch and pregnant buffaloes, management and reproduction of buffaloes during heat and importance of AI in buffaloes. The entrepreneurs desired that they should be given information on some new technologies like preparation of mineral mixture, preparation of complete feed blocks, care and management of calves for meat production and importance of reproduction, heat detection and therapeutic control of estrous. The appropriateness of contents was confirmed when response was elicited from different categories of respondents in subsequent training programmes.

Status of subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors in Indian water buffalo in Doaba region of Punjab, India.

Abstract Sub clinical mastitis in buffalo is considered as multi-factorial disease, which leads to huge economic losses by reducing the quality and quantity of the milk. It does not lead to any change in phenotypic expression, so diagnosed through various tests as California mastitis test, Somatic cell count, Electrical conductivity test etc. Although bacteria are considered to be the main causative agent for mastitis, beside this farm management practices are found to be associated with the disease. In the present study, the pathogens related to the occurrence of the disease were examined via bacteriological culture of milk sample of the animal. Animal wise prevalence of sub clinical mastitis was found to be (20.4%), out of this 7.8%, 9.8%, 2.8% were found to be effected with latent mastitis, specific mastitis and nonspecific mastitis respectively .On the basis of individual quarter, the highest prevalence was in LH (33.9%), followed by RH (24%) and RF (22.4%) and the least prevalence in LF (14.5%). The microorganisms isolated from sub clinical mastitis constituted Staphylococci (39%), Streptococci (31%), Corynebacterium (25%) and E. coli .(5%).Farm management associated determinants (Type of feed, type of floor, education of the owner, feeding after milking, type of labor) were studied in association with sub clinical mastitis. Out of these education of the owner , type of labor and feeding after milking were found to be significantly associated with disease occurrence (p<0.05). While looking at the animal determinants in association with sub clinical mastitis in the present investigation buffaloes with higher parity showed more risk of developing sub clinical mastitis. So the present investigation helps to understand the various risk factors for the occurrence of sub clinical mastitis in water buffalo in Doaba region of Punjab.

PREVALENCE OF BUFFALO MASTITIS IN Mastitis in Buffalo in DAKAHLIA Dakahyllia GOVERNORATEs

This study surveyed the mastitis prevalence and risk factors in buffalo’s population in Dakahlia Governorate. A total of 471 Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorates from 2009 to 2012 were analyzed to determine, the seasonal occurrence of mastitis, prevalence in relation to the lactation stage. Isolation and identification of causative agent using PCR and other serological technique were applied. The prevalence of buffalo's mastitis was 19.9% and 5.9% for clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively. A high incidence of clinical mastitis (51.6%) was observed in animal during their early lactation stage, while high incidences of subclinical mastitis recorded (12.9%) in late lactation stage. And the most isolated microorganism is E-coli spp. The Statistical analysis of our results revealed that a significant variance between the occurrence of mastitis and lactation season, P< 0.001.

Somatic cell count and alkaline phosphatase activity in milk for evaluation of mastitis in buffalo.

Background and Aim:Mastitis is a serious disease of dairy animals causing great economic losses due to a reduction in milk yield as well as lowering its nutritive value. The application of somatic cell count (SCC) and alkaline phosphatase activity in the milk for diagnosis of mastitis in buffalo is not well documented. Therefore, the present study was conducted to observe the SCC and alkaline phosphatase activity for evaluation of mastitis in buffalo.Materials and Methods:Milk samples of forty apparently healthy lactating buffaloes were selected and categorized into five different groups viz. normal buffaloes, buffaloes with subclinical mastitis with CMT positive milk samples (+1 Grade), (+2 Grade), (+3 Grade), and buffaloes with clinical mastitis with 8 animals in each group. The milk samples were analyzed for SCC and alkaline phosphatase activity.Results:The levels of SCC (×105 cells/ml) and alkaline phosphatase (U/L) in different groups were viz. normal (3.21±0.179, 16.48±1.432), subclinical mastitis with CMT positive milk samples with +1 Grade (4.21±0.138, 28.11±1.013), with +2 Grade (6.34±0.183, 34.50±1.034), with +3 Grade (7.96±0.213, 37.73±0.737) and buffaloes with clinical mastitis (10.21±0.220, 42.37±0.907) respectively, indicating an increasing trend in the values and the difference observed among various group was statistically significant.Conclusion:In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the concentration of milk SCC and alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in the milk of buffaloes with mastitis than in the milk of normal buffaloes.

Prevalence and etiology of buffalo mastitis and milk somatic cell count in dry and rainy seasons in a buffalo herd from Analândia, São Paulo State, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic cell count (SCC), prevalence and etiology of mastitis in a dairy buffalo herd from Analândia, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the dry and rainy seasons. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of microorganisms isolated from milk samples was also evaluated. 1,042 milk samples from female Murrah buffaloes in a dairy farm located in Analândia, São Paulo State, Brazil, collected between May 2011 and November 2012 were analyzed. After the mammary gland physical examination, strip cup test and California Mastitis Test (CMT) were performed. Afterwards, 50mL of milk samples from each mammary quarter were collected aseptically for SCC in automatic equipment and microbiological examination. The antimicrobial sensitivity profile to ampicillin, cefoperazone, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was evaluated by disk diffusion method. The monthly average temperature and pluviometric index were obtained from "Centro Integrado de Informações Agrometeorológicas" (CIIAGRO) of "Instituto Agronômico de Campinas" (IAC). Milk samples with positive results in the microbiological test showed average SCC of 137,720 cells/mL in the dry period and 190,309 cells/mL in the rainy period. Although a higher number of isolated microorganisms was observed in buffalo milk samples during the rainy period (69/600) compared to the dry period (50/442), the season had no significant effect on the frequency of isolation of microorganisms. The main genera of microorganisms isolated were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (38.4%), Streptococcus agalactiae(28.8%), and Bacillus spp. (7.56%) during the dry season and Corynebacterium sp. (23.5%), Streptococcus spp. (32.3%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (9.24%) during the rainy period. Multidrug resistance was observed in 30.1% of the isolated microorganisms.

Mammary gland pathologies in the parturient buffalo

Abstract Parturition related mammary gland pathologies in the buffalo appear to be low on accord of anatomic (longer teat length, thicker streak canal) and physiologic (lower cisternal storage of secreted milk, lower milk production) differences with cattle. Hemolactia, udder edema and hypogalactia usually occur in the buffalo due to physiologic changes around parturition however mastitis involves pathologic changes in the udder and teats; the incidence of mastitis is however lower compared to cattle. The incidence and therapy of hemolactia, udder edema and hypogalactia are mentioned and the risk factors, incidence, diagnosis, therapy and prevention for mastitis in buffalo are also described.

Prevalence and characterization of coagulase negative staphylococci associated with buffalo mastitis

A total of 253 milk samples from different quarters of 64 apparently healthy Murrah buffaloes were collected aseptically from an organized farm at Hisar, Haryana. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was determined following International Dairy Federation Criteria based on bacteriological examination of milk and somatic cell count. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant pathogen (57.5%) followed by streptococci (40%) and E. coli (2.5%). All the isolated staphylococci were confirmed by 16S rRNA genus specific PCR and were found to be coagulase negative and novobiocin sensitive in the present study. In the order of frequency of isolation, various species of coagulase negative Staphylococci identified were S. epidermidis (7), S. capitis (6), S. hyicus (4), S. haemolyticus (2), S. chromogenes (2) and S. simulans (2). The Staphylococcus spp. isolated from udder infections were subjected to in vitro chemotherapeutic sensitivity using 17 antimicrobials by disc-diffusion method and and were found 100% sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Moxifloxacin, Cefoperazone, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin and Enrofloxacin.

Laboratory and Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Mastitis in Buffaloes

Laboratory and Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Mastitis in Buffaloes

Sequence, Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis of Immune Response Genes Related to Mastitis in Buffaloes

Increased expression of several acute phase cytokines, such as IL1, IL8 and TNF-α, have been positively correlated with the most severe clinical symptoms often associated with coliform or endotoxin-induced mastitis. Very little information is available on buffalo transcriptome. No information is available on mastitis related genes in buffaloes thus, the main aim of the present study was to analyze the buffalo transcriptome for extracting sequence of mastitis related genes (IL-1B, IL6, IL8 and IL-12B), the expression of these genes across various tissues using RNA-Seq, analyse the functional pathways and confer the phylogenetic relationship of these Interleukin genes with other species. IL1B revealed high expression in lungs while IL8 in mammary gland and IL12B in kidney respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear homology between buffalo and cattle ILs. The results were confirmed by constructing gene and species tree. In species tree, <em>Bos Taurus</em> was nearest to <em>Bubalus bubalis</em> followed by <em>Ovis aries</em> thereby grouping the whole Bovidae family together. The gene tree constructed with the help of Maximum likelihood methods clearly clustered IL1B and IL8 in one clade. This may be attributed to structural and functional relationship of IL8 induced after exposure to a variety of inflammatory stimuli including bacteria, oxidative stress, LPS, TNF and IL1B. Phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate IL genes provided insights into their patterns and process of gene evolution.