Master Of Public Health Research Articles

Editorial introductions.

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine was launched in 1995. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of pulmonary medicine is divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Alan FeinAlan FeinAlan Fein, MD received his medical degree from the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, USA in 1973. He completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx Municipal Hospital, New York, USA. From there, Dr Fein moved on to a fellowship in Pulmonary Disease at the University of California, San Francisco Cardiovascular Research Institute, USA. He served as Division Chief for Sleep, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine at Winthrop Hospital and then for the North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System. Dr Fein is a member of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, the American College of Chest Physicians, the American College of Physicians, and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. He is the former President of the American Lung Association of Nassau/Suffolk and served on the national boards of the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians. Dr Fein is a Clinical Professor of Medicine at New York University, USA and Zucker School of Medicine, USA. He was Chief of the Pulmonary, Critical and Sleep Division of Prohealthcare Associates Optum Health. He is currently Medical director of the Post Covid Recovery Center for Optum Health. Dr Fein is on the editorial boards of Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine and the American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. Dr Fein has authored almost 100 peer-reviewed manuscripts, over 100 review articles, and book chapters on topics such as diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, pneumonia, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. David E. OstDavid E. OstDavid E. Ost, MD, MPH is Professor of Medicine at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, USA. Dr Ost is a Fellow of the American College of Chest Physicians and the American College of Physicians and has served on the board of directors of the American Association of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology. Dr Ost is currently editor of the Journal of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology. He is a reviewer for many journals including Annals of Internal Medicine, the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chest and the Journal of the American Medical Association. Dr Ost has authored over 100 manuscripts and book chapters on such topics as interventional pulmonology, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, and ventilator associated pneumonia. Dr Ost received his medical degree from the Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, USA. He completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago, USA. Additionally, Dr Ost was a fellow in pulmonary and critical care at Northwestern. He is board certified in interventional pulmonology. He received his Masters in Public Health from Harvard University, USA, with a focus in quantitative methods. Aalt BastAalt BastProf. Aalt Bast studied chemistry at the Free University in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. His PhD study (on biotransformation enzymes) was conducted at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam (Faculty of Medicine), the Netherlands, and at the University of Utrecht (Faculty of Pharmacy), Netherlands. He was Professor of Molecular Pharmacology at the Department of Pharmacochemistry at the Free University in Amsterdam in 1988. In 1998, he started to work as professor of Human Toxicology at the Maastricht University, the Netherlands. His main field of interest is the role of free radicals in drug toxicity and pathologies of the lung and the cardiovascular system. Moreover, the possibilities for therapeutic intervention with antioxidants (from food or as drugs) are explored. His current position is Dean of the Campus Venlo, a satellite of Maastricht University. He is registered in the Netherlands as an experimental pharmacologist and toxicologist. He (co-) authored over 650 papers and book chapters. He was chairman of the Dutch Toxicological Society, member of the Concilium Toxicologicum and member of the National Health Council.

A Report on a Visit to the School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University


 Introduction: In August 2018, three Master of Public Health (MPH) students from the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah visited the School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University in Japan.
 Methods: They were joined by a faculty lecturer from the Community and Family Medicine Department. The objective of the ten-day educational trip was to attend the short course on Spatial Eco-Epidemiology Technologies at Public Health at Nagasaki University, School of TMGH.
 Results: The trip provided students with practical and theoretical experience of the latest technologies in the field of spatial eco-epidemiology. It also provided an opportunity to learn from the Japanese culture and gave them a well-rounded foundation upon which to build their knowledge for future careers in public health.
 Conclusion: This fantastic opportunity would not have been possible without the generous support and funding provided by UMS Student Mobility Programme.

Employment outcomes and job satisfaction of international public health professionals: What lessons for public health and COVID‐19 pandemic preparedness? Employment outcomes of public health graduates

The profile of public health professionals (PHPs) and COVID‐19 preparedness is assessed against the employment outcomes (EO), precarious employment (PE), and job satisfaction (JS) of the European Public Health Master programme alumni. The study is descriptive, cross‐sectional, conducted from May‐October 2020. A survey was developed to assess the EO, PE and JS. Participants were recruited by email. SPSS statistics 26 version was used to perform descriptive analysis. A total of 189 PHPs participated (65% response) with majority women (66%), the mean age was 36 years. Participants were employed (80%), in non‐governmental organisations (20%), and academia (19%). Common employment positions were managerial (37%) and consultancy (18%). Majority of PHPs were exposed to PE (81%), the most frequent elements were ‘temporary employment’ (54%), and ‘the lack of labour union’ (53%). The JS of PHPs was ‘satisfied’. A blend of scientific public health knowledge and interpersonal competencies, reforms in current employment conditions, development of professional entities to safeguard PHPs' rights, and continuous investment in public health is necessary for PHPs to strengthen COVID‐19 pandemic preparedness. Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation of EO and JS are crucial to prepare PHPs according to the needs of the employment market and to be aware of PHPs' needs.

The growth of Australian public health graduates and courses, 2001‐2018: implications for education and employment opportunities

ObjectivesTo describe the numbers of degree completions, variety of available courses and demographics of students who study public health in Australia. MethodsWe utilised national completions data from universities between 2001 and 2018 and analysed data for students who had completed degrees labelled as public health at the bachelor's and master's by coursework level. ResultsThere have been 21,000 master's by coursework public health graduates since 2001, and 15,770 public health bachelor's degrees. Nearly two‐thirds of all students study in a ‘broad’ degree, such as a Bachelor of Health Science or Master of Public Health. There has been an increase in the proportion of overseas students and a decreasing proportion of Indigenous students over this time. ConclusionsGiven the growth of graduates with public health degrees, there should be an increased focus on relevant job opportunities, as supply may be outpacing demand. Implications for public healthWe note three potential issues with public health education and practice in Australia. Firstly, there may be an oversupply of graduates relative to opportunities. Secondly, there may be inconsistencies in the delivery of public health courses. Thirdly, curricula may need to be revised, owing to differences in student composition.

Columbia University Master of Public Health Core Curriculum: Implementation, Student Experience, and Learning Outcomes, 2013-2018.

Public health education must respond to 21st-century public health challenges in an ever-evolving landscape. We describe implementation and educational outcomes of the Columbia University Master of Public Health (MPH) Core (hereinafter, Core) curriculum since its inception. This retrospective evaluation combined 6 years (2013-2018) of student survey data collected from students (N = 1902) on the structure and delivery of the Core curriculum to quantify implementation, student experience, and learning outcomes, both during study (Core Evaluation Survey [CES]) and after graduation (Graduate Exit Survey [GES]). We used χ2 tests and analysis of variance to compare outcomes across years, and we used McNemar tests to compare differences in outcomes from the same students at different time points. Of 1902 respondents to the CES, 1795 (94.4%) completed the Core curriculum. During the study period, 81.7% of students were able to integrate concepts across Core curriculum modules with ease; postgraduation, a similar proportion of respondents were able to apply Core curriculum content to departmental and certificate coursework and applied field experiences. On-time graduation rates were high (range, 85%-93%). The high percentage of students who reported their ability to integrate concepts and who completed the Core during the study period likely reflected changes to teaching team structures, training, attention to inclusion and equity, and collaboration to implement active learning strategies. The Core curriculum meets its intended goals by providing critical learning abilities to support ongoing interdisciplinary work.

Public Health Education and Changing Public Health Realities in the Public Health 3.0 Era

For many, public health is becoming a logical choice Because of COVID-19, the interest in public health careers is soaring, evident from the 20% increase nationwide in Master of Public Health (MPH) applicants 1 For prospective public health degree-seeking students, many nuanced questions may be about hot jobs, salaries, and potential employers [ ]a national dialogue about a paradigm shift from Public Health 1 0 to Public Health 3 0 has gained momentum Practice-based research and evidence-based practices supported by academic-practice partnerships have gained traction [ ]academics are increasingly engaging with community stakeholders, including business people, attorneys, architects, city planners, and park personnel Section F1 of the Council on Education for Public Health accreditation criteria reinforces this trend requiring academic-community engagement FIRST-DESTINATION EMPLOYMENT SECTOR A disconnect between the competencies covered in public health curricula and those needed by the potential employers may breed discontent

Wielding the Power of Self-Determination Theory

Liz Hathaway, Ph.D., MPH,is an assistant professor in Health and Human Performance at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. She teaches Health Behavior Change and Psychology of Sport and Exercise in the Exercise Science undergraduate program and Health Promotion and Communication Strategies in the Master of Public Health program. Her interests include learning how to best motivate individuals to make lasting, positive behavior change. She loves coffee, life chats, awkward encounters, and banter. Mckenzie Gregg, MPH,graduated with her Master of Public Health at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) in May 2020. She graduated in May 2018 with a Bachelor’s of Science in Biology. She has played soccer at multiple levels and was captain of the UTC Mocs Soccer Team. She plans to attend medical school to become a pediatric cardiologist. She is currently the head of marketing for Heat Shields Shoe Inserts. In her spare time, she enjoys going on mission trips, being with family, coaching, being a raconteur, and verbal jousting.

COVERAGE OF ISSUES THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON HEALTH AND COUNTERMEASURES IN A PUBLIC HEALTH CURRICULUM

Aim: substantiation of educational content on the impact of stress on health and countermeasures in a public health curriculum.
 Materials and methods: bibliographic, information and analytical methods and content analysis were used in the work. The study was carried out as part of the research work of the Bogomolets National Medical University on the topic «Medical and social substantiation of the optimization of the healthcare organization in the context of the public healthcare system development» (state registration number 0120U100807).
 Sources of information included scientific literature on the research topic, strategic and policy documents of WHO and WHO / Europe, including the WHO-ASPHER Competency Framework for the Public Health Workforce in the European Region, the Health 2020: the European policy for health and well-being, the European Action Plan for Strengthening Public Health Capacities and Services, educational standards for the preparation of Masters in Medicine and Public Health, an exemplary curriculum of the discipline «social medicine, public health» for the preparation of Masters of Medicine.
 Results. A study of scientific sources of literature has shown the growing influence of psychological factors, including stress, on the formation of population health and the need for countermeasures, which requires, among other things, the training of health care professionals able to determine the impact of stresses on public health, assess their prevalence, justify countermeasures.
 Justification of educational content on these issues was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the provisions of educational standards for the training of masters of health, an exemplary curriculum "social medicine, public health" for training masters of medicine, WHO documents, including the WHO-ASPHER Competency Framework for the Public Health Workforce in the European Region, the Health 2020: the European policy for health and well-being, the European Action Plan for Strengthening Public Health Capacities and Services etc.
 Learning content includes a statement of the purpose of the lesson on the topic «Stresses and Conflicts, mechanisms of protecting people from stress actions», its rationale, a list of basic concepts, educational target tasks, pre-classroom training issues, basic theoretical questions, typical examples of solving specific situational tasks, a list of recommended literature. The theoretical part of the lesson includes versatile questions of the prevalence of stressful situations in society, their causes, types and signs of stress, the impact of stressful situations on the health of the population, types of conflicts, their consequences, causes of conflicts, phases of their deployment and methods of settlement, measures to protect people from stress, psychoprophylaxis, strategies and measures to counter the negative impact of stress on public health.
 Conclusions. Training of Masters of Health Care in countering the negative effects of stressful situations on health will contribute to improving the preventive component in health care, reducing the global burden of disease caused by stressful situations, maintaining and strengthening the health of the population.

Dual MD-MPH Degree Students in the United States: Moving the Medical Workforce Toward Population Health.

A growing need exists to train physicians in population health to meet the increasing need and demand for physicians with leadership, health data management/metrics, and epidemiology skills to better serve the health of the community. This study examines current trends in students pursuing a dual doctor of medicine (MD)-master of public health (MPH) degree (MD-MPH) in the United States. We conducted an extensive literature review of existing MD-MPH databases to determine characteristics (eg, sex, race/ethnicity, MPH area of study) of this student cohort in 2019. We examined a trend in the MD community to pursue an MPH career, adding additional public health and health care policy training to the MD workforce. We conducted targeted telephone interviews with 20 admissions personnel and faculty at schools offering MD-MPH degrees in the United States with the highest number of matriculants and graduates. Interviews focused on curricula trends in medical schools that offer an MD-MPH degree. No literature describes the US MD-MPH cohort, and available MD-MPH databases are limited and incomplete. We found a 434% increase in the number of students pursuing an MD-MPH degree from 2010 to 2018. The rate of growth was greater than the increase in either the number of medical students (16%) or the number of MPH students (65%) alone. Moreover, MD-MPH students as a percentage of total MPH students more than tripled, from 1.1% in 2010 to 3.6% in 2018. As more MD students pursue public health training, the impact of an MPH degree on medical school curricula, MD-MPH graduates, and MD-MPH career pursuits should be studied using accurate and comprehensive databases.

Descriptive analysis of group A Streptococcus in skin swabs and acute rheumatic fever, Auckland, New Zealand, 2010–2016

BackgroundGroup A Streptococcus (GAS) can trigger an immune-mediated response resulting in acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Historically, ARF has been considered a consequence of preceding GAS pharyngitis, but increasing evidence suggests that GAS skin infections may be a driver. Data on the primary care burden of GAS skin infection are limited. This paper aims to describe and compare the prevalence and distribution of GAS detection in skin swabs and ARF rates in the Auckland population. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used all laboratory skin swab data from people who had a skin swab taken as a result of a consultation with a health professional in the Auckland region (2010–2016). Initial primary hospitalisations for ARF were identified and all data were linked using unique patient identifiers to patient's age, prioritised ethnicity, sex, and socio-economic status. Findings377,410 skin swabs from 239,494 individuals were included. 12·8% of swabs were GAS positive, an annual incidence of 4·8 per 1,000 person-years. Māori and Pacific Peoples under 20 years of age had markedly higher GAS detection in skin swabs (RR 4·0; 95% CI 3·9–4·2: RR 6·8; 95% CI 6·6–7·0) and significantly higher ARF rates (RR 30·3; 95% CI 19·5–46·9: RR 69·7 95% CI 45·8–106·1) compared with European/Other ethnicities. InterpretationThe observation that GAS detection was markedly higher in Māori and Pacific Peoples provides a potential explanation for the marked ethnic differences in ARF. These findings support a greater focus on addressing the burden of skin infection in NZ, including as ARF prevention. FundingThe first author received a training stipend from the New Zealand College of Public Health Medicine (NZCPHM) during her Masters of Public Health.

Understanding GI Twitter and Its Major Contributors

Understanding GI Twitter and Its Major Contributors

Attracting New Talent to the Governmental Public Health Workforce: Strategies for Improved Recruitment of Public Health Graduates.

Governmental public health (GPH) agencies need a diverse, skilled, and motivated workforce to advance health and well-being, but they face a number of recruitment challenges. While there has been massive growth in public health degree programs and graduates, those with a degree in public health are underrepresented in the GPH workforce. This study evaluates potential reasons undergraduate and graduate public health degree holders are underrepresented in the GPH workforce, assesses student awareness of and interest in GPH jobs, and identifies strategies for improved recruitment. We conducted pilot focus groups to explore public health students' interest in working for GPH agencies, obstacles to employment, and how this career path could be better promoted. Eight focus groups were conducted with a total of 33 participants at 3 universities and at the Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association. Participants were enrolled full-time in or graduated within the last year from a public health bachelor's degree program or a public health master's degree program. Undergraduates had declared a public health major and were in their senior year; graduate students were in their second year and actively job seeking; or participants graduated within the past 12 months. The focus groups sought to capture students' perspectives of GPH agencies and how they believe recruitment can be improved. Participants described attractive job attributes including fulfilling, meaningful work; a position at a mission-driven organization; and the opportunity to make an impact on their community. Governmental public health agencies were viewed as bureaucratic, lacking innovation, and underresourced. Participants reported difficulties accessing and finding relevant job postings. Key to effectively recruiting and retaining new graduates is understanding their perceptions about/experiences with GPH agencies. While GPH jobs have desired attributes, participants reported that health departments are not effectively recruiting them.

Global Emergency Medicine Fellowships: Survey of Curricula and Pre-Fellowship Experiences.

IntroductionLack of accreditation requirements affords global emergency medicine (GEM) fellowships the flexibility to customize curricula and content. A paucity of literature exists describing the state of GEM fellowship programs. We describe the current state of GEM fellowship curricula including which components are commonly included, and highlighting areas of higher variability.MethodsWe identified GEM fellowships and invited them to participate in a web-based survey. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.ResultsOf the 46 fellowship programs invited to participate, 24 responded; one duplicate response and one subspecialty program were excluded. The 22 remaining programs were included in the analysis. Nineteen programs (86%) offer a Masters in Public Health (MPH) and 36% require an MPH to graduate. Additionally, 13 programs (59%) offered graduate degrees other than MPH. Fellows average 61 clinical hours per month (95% confidence interval, 53–68). Time spent overseas varies widely, with the minimum required time ranging from 2–28 weeks (median 8 weeks; interquartile range [IQR] 6,16) over the course of the fellowship. The majority of programs offer courses in tropical medicine (range 2–24 weeks, median 4 weeks) and the Health Emergencies in Large Populations course. Only 32% of programs reported offering formal ultrasound training. Fellows averaged 1.3 research projects prior to fellowship and median of 2.5 during fellowship (IQR 1,3). While the majority of GEM fellowship graduates worked at US academic centers (59%), 24% worked in US community hospitals, 9% worked for non-profit organizations, and 9% worked internationally in clinical practice.ConclusionOur results highlight the wide variability of curricular content and experiences offered by GEM fellowships.

SELF-ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTENT OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH MASTER'S EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR COMPLIANCE WITH THE EUROPEAN PUBLIC HEALTH CORE COMPETENCES PROGRAMME

The aim: Determining the compliance of the developed Public Health Educational Program with the principles and basic provisions of the WHO-ASPHER Competency Framework for Public Health Workforce in the European Region. Materials and methods: The study used bibliographic and information-analytical methods and content analysis. A comparative analysis compliance of the content of the Public Health Master's Educational Program, developed in Bogomolets National Medical University, with the provisions of the WHO-ASPHER Competency Framework for Public Health Workforce in the European Region in terms of providing academic disciplines in the ECTS credits (European credit transfer and accumulation system), has been carried out. Results: Comparative analysis of the components of the University Public Health Master's Educational Program and regulations of the WHO-ASPHER Competency Framework for Public Health Workforce in the European Region has identified a high level of their compliance in all areas of competence formation, including science and practice, health promotion, legislation, policy, ethics, common health and safety in health, leadership and operational mind-set, cooperation and partnership, communication, culture and advocacy, strategic and resource management, professional development, organizational training and adaptability. The competence-based educational program provides future professionals with theoretical knowledge and practical skills for a clear understanding of public health problems, a reasonable choice of methods for solving them, taking into account modern practices; forming partnerships, effective communication and cooperation on a cross-sectoral basis, developing leadership skills, organizing and providing people-centred public health services. Conclusions: Self-assessment of the content of Public Health Master's Educational Program for compliance with European educational standards for the formation of the necessary competencies is an important tool for its quality formation and improvement. A comparative analysis of the university's Public Health Master's Educational Program, with the European Competency Framework for Public Health Workforce, has identified a high level of compliance.

Global Surgery Fellowships—An Investigation of Opportunities, Outcomes, and Applicants

Following the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery in 2015, the Global Surgery Fellowships have risen in popularity, advertised as formalized opportunities for surgical trainees who have an interest in international surgical care. There is currently no up-to-date review of all fellowships available and an urgently needed overview of these opportunities is presented, including critical appraisal of their accessibility, funding, and outcomes. Detailed searches were conducted on the web engine Google, using the term “global surgery fellowship” and iterations. From the 547 resulting links, after applying exclusion criteria, 69 relevant fellowships were included in analysis. The majority of fellowships based in the United States (55%) and arranged by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or universities (>70%). Also, 60% of fellowships had a duration of 1 year or longer. Only a quarter of the fellowships was open solely to trainees from low- or middle-income countries (LMIC), with over 80% of these being full funded. But 40% of the fellowships were advertised as open to trainees from any country, though only one-third of these provided full funding. Key themes across the fellowships’ outcomes included “Professional Development,” “Research,” and “LMIC Quality Improvement.” Almost all of the fellowships (95%) stated international travel opportunities. Twelve of the fellowships offered higher degrees, with the most common being a Masters of Public Health. The global distribution of fellowships and reduced funding opportunities for trainees from LMIC limit accessibility of the Global Surgery Fellowships. It is, however, still promising that most of key themes and high rates of international work are in line with The Lancet Commission’s recommendations. This overview of the Global Surgery Fellowships highlights the need for collaboration between institutions and has illustrated points for consideration when introducing new and the value of established fellowships.

Lessons Learned from a Writing to Learn Program for Public Health Students at the University of Tokyo.

We have taught writing for public health to students completing a Master of Public Health since 2016 in Japan. We adopted a writing-to-learn approach and assigned work to students to write health materials that encourage recipients to perform health behaviors (eg, drafting a poster to encourage lay audiences to adopt preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic). We collected students’ work assignments and products from 2016 to 2020 and reviewed them to identify distinctive trends common to all years. We found that there was a curse of knowledge (ie, difficulties to imagine the state of mind of not knowing when knowing something) among students. Students strongly embraced the adage “knowledge is power” and underestimated the difficulties lay audiences face. Their writing was somewhat dogmatic, whereby experts imparted privileged knowledge to ignorant non-experts. However, it is well known that merely imparting knowledge often does not work to educate lay audiences about making better decisions. Debiasing this curse of knowledge among students will be the main target of our writing education.

Global access to medicines: An uphill struggle

Background: The study originated from the authors’ coursework in health technology assessment and rational pharmaceutical policy. Purpose: To respond to the question of whether there is a global problem of access to medications by providing differentiated backgrounds and possible solutions or mitigation strategies for boosting the population’s access to medications. Method: Thematic content analysis (TCA) was performed on paper-based data. Findings: 39 documents were included, including 22 articles, eleven technical reports, two books, one book chapter, and three websites. Drug accessibility issues affect four major categories – essential, innovative, orphan, and highly-priced medicines. Access to these medications is nevertheless hampered for several reasons, including patents; prohibitive costs; fluctuating production; market unprofitability for rare diseases; and delays in innovative treatments, even in developed countries. Conclusion: Efforts to boost drug access should target all sectors – public, private, and non-governmental – and should forge ties with pharmaceutical firms and key health care institutions. * This study arose from the authors’ coursework “Health Technology Assessment and Rational Pharmaceutical Policy” for the European Public Health Master: Europubhealth+ Studies, which was funded by the European Union’s Erasmus+ Program.

Does it make a difference? Exploring the value of combining public health and nursing education.

Within the evolving United States healthcare system, there is a need to strengthen the public health nursing workforce. Historical and more recent trends within nursing education have demonstrated this need. Nurses who obtain a Master of Public Health (MPH) contribute to this workforce's development. This study aimed to describe nurses' educational and professional experiences with an MPH and better understand how professionals use this combination in practice. This study utilized a phenomenological, qualitative research method. Researchers interviewed 11 nurses with an MPH via the telephone. The researchers independently coded the interview transcripts and developed a codebook. Qualitative analysis facilitated the emergence of subsequent themes. Four themes emerged: (1) educational pathway decisions, (2) education experience, (3) role in the workforce, and (4) nursing and public health in practice. Participants worked in a variety of settings, including primary care, academia, and administration. All participants reported utilizing their nursing and public health skills and described the actual integration of these skills in the workplace. These findings suggest that nurses with an MPH value the education and report being better equipped to promote health on both the individual and community levels.

Deciding to post a manuscript preprint

Deciding to post a manuscript preprint

Formal Research Training – An Essential Aspect for Surgical Residency?

Formal Research Training – An Essential Aspect for Surgical Residency?