Number Of Masters Research Articles

Academic Drift, Institutional Production, and Professional Distribution of Graduate Degrees in Educational Leadership

Purpose: This article sheds light on some basic questions about the distribution of educational leadership preparation degree programs among different types of institutions and the distribution of advanced degrees, by type, exploring change over time and the relationship to regional labor market estimates.Method: We used data from five major national data sets (Institutional Postsecondary Education Data System, Survey of Earned Doctorates, Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics Common Core of Data, and Census data) to explore the production of graduate degrees in educational leadership by institutions of higher education and the distribution of graduate degrees across building level leaders in K-12 public education systems. We used two institutional classification systems— the Carnegie Classification and the U.S. News & World Report higher education classification—to group postsecondary institutions by resources and rank. The time period for our analysis is 1990 to 2003.Findings: On the production side, we found that the number of graduate degree programs and degrees granted in educational leadership increased considerably from 1993 to 2003, with master's degree programs increasing by 16% and the number of master's degrees granted increasing by 90%. Degree production shifted by institutional type, with the role of research universities in producing master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees declining dramatically and Comprehensive colleges and universities showing over a four-fold increase in the share. Degree production fluctuates widely among states, unrelated to school population estimates, suggesting areas for further research and policy analysis.

Implementação da Política Nacional de Redução de Acidentes e Violências

This Editorial focuses on recent efforts in Brazil to include violence and accidents on the public health agenda. The text continues the discussion conducted by Cadernos de Saude Publica in May/June 2004. In that issue of the journal, I spoke mainly of the difficulties involved in incorporating the theme in a health sector whose thinking and acting is based primarily on biomedical logic. Today I wish to show that with institutional support, we can do everything possible to attempt the impossible. But there is a proviso to my optimistic tone, since this process has been dragging on for decades and has only gained real impetus in the last three years. In order to implement the National Policy to Reduce Accidents and Violence (approved in 2001), in 2004 Brazil's Health Surveillance Secretariat (SVS) organized the National Network for the Prevention of Accidents and Violence, now consisting of 58 centers in areas with high morbidity and mortality rates from external causes. These centers or nuclei include Municipal, State, and academic institutions and NGOs. This incipient structure aims to foster studies and proposals for concrete action linked through policy guidelines. The year 2005 witnessed the approval of the National Agenda for the Surveillance, Prevention, and Control of Accidents and Violence. Under the Ministry of Health, the National Health Surveillance Secretariat is implementing the Surveillance of Violence and Accidents by Sentinel Services, aimed at identifying and upgrading information on the magnitude and severity of traffic and work-related accidents, falls, drowning, poisoning, and violent outcomes in general. This program is distributed in 39 municipalities (counties) in the country's 26 States and Federal District. The system has already been evaluated after a year in operation. In early 2007, in partnership with the SVS and the Health Care Secretariat (SAS), the Jorge Carelli Latin American Center for Studies on Violence and Health (CLAVES/ENSP/FIOCRUZ) will launch a distance training course entitled The Impact of Violence on Health, targeting health services professionals and administrators. This program, like the Children's Laboratory at the Sao Paulo University Hospital, will promote specialization focused on theoretical reflection and practical action in the prevention of violence against children and adolescents. There is an increase in the number of Master's and PhDs and short-term specialization courses at FIOCRUZ and various other teaching institutions. Meanwhile, other programs are being implemented with a focus on care for specific groups like children and adolescents, women, the elderly, and people with disabilities. The importance of such initiatives is both real and symbolic, highlighting that it is possible to act against a phenomenon that afflicts Brazilian society, adopting the logic of prevention, promotion, and valorization of life. Implementation of the National Policy to Reduce Accidents and Violence in the Unified National Health System (SUS) should definitely continue, as a long and painstaking task that requires ongoing dedication. An evaluation that we are now conducting at CLAVES has identified important bottlenecks in intra- and inter-sector linkage related to policy, management, and necessary human resources and the provision of pre-hospital, in-hospital, and rehabilitation services. There are also problems in the initiative to reduce violence and accidents. Even programs and services with person-power and basic material support are absolutely insufficient to meet the demands. Still, steps are being taken in the right direction, thereby giving the issue greater legitimacy on the agenda of the SUS. (term-accident-vs-injury) Language pt Language: pt

Supramolecular Nanostamping: Using DNA as Movable Type

Here we present a novel printing technique (that we call supramolecular nanostamping), based on the replication of single-stranded DNA features through a hybridization-contact-dehybridization cycle. On a surface containing features each made of single-stranded DNA molecules of known sequence, the complementary DNA molecules are hybridized, spontaneously assembling onto the original pattern due to sequence-specific interactions. These complementary DNA strands, on the end that is assembled far from the original surface, are 5' modified with chemical groups ("sticky ends") that can form bonds with a target surface that is brought into contact. Heating induces dehybridization between DNA strands, leaving the original pattern on the original surface and the copied pattern on the secondary substrate, and thus stamping (see Figure 1). Molecular recognition provides the unique and disruptive ability of transferring large amounts of information in a single printing cycle, that is the simultaneous stamping of spatial information (i.e., the patterns) and of chemical information (i.e., the features' DNA sequence--their chemical composition). This method combines high resolution (<40 nm) with the advantage of an exponential increase in the number of masters; in fact, any printed substrate can be reused as a master. Patterns fabricated via very different lithographic techniques can be replicated.

The Master?s Degree in the Modern Languages since 1966

The story of the master's degree in English and foreign languages since 1966 is most dramatically a story about women's access to areas of study tra ditionally dominated by men and more generally a story about how eco nomic shifts influence students' degree decisions. Statistics on how many master's degrees in English and foreign languages were conferred between 1966 and 2001, disaggregating the numbers for gender, provide a somewhat misleading starting point. Figures 1 and 2 show the arc of these degree con ferrals, humped on the years 1970-71 and 1994-95. Excluding these humps, the overall number of master's degrees granted in the field of En glish has remained almost constant over the last three and a half decades, wavering around 6,000 degrees per year: 6,279 degrees in 1966 and 5,496 in 2001, a decline of 12.5%.1 In foreign languages, the decline has been more pronounced, with degree conferrals wavering around 3,000 per year: 3,402 in 1966 and 2,197 in 2001, a decline of 35.4%. To represent the decline in degree conferrals in these fields solely in terms of numbers of degrees, however, disguises the fact that these fields' percentage shares of all master's degrees granted have slipped markedly. English's share slipped to 1.18% in 2001, less than a third of its 4.46% share in 1966; foreign languages ac counted for only 0.47% in 2001, a fifth of their 2.42% share in 1966 (fig. 3). In other words, as a share of all master's degrees granted, master's degrees

Seeking New Research Methodologies

Nursing Research Conference of the Japan Academy of Nursing Science is “Nursing Phenomena and Research Design:Search for New Research Methodology.”There are several reasons why I decided to focus on research methodology. The reason is that the nursing education system in Japan has undergone many changes.After the Second World War, the ”Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse Law”was enacted in1948,and now we have three kinds of national licenses in nursing :Nurse, Public Health Nurse and Midwife.From the1960s to the1980s, three-year diploma nursing programs and junior nursing college programs dominated nursing education in our country. In 1967, the nursing curriculum changed from training based on practice,to education based on theory, and since then Japanese nurses have made efforts to establish a higher education system in Nursing. Since the elderly population is increasing rapidly in Japan and there is a public responsibility to provide care for the elderly,the requirements for nursing education, and for nurses,are changing.Our society needs to provide effective hospital-and community-based care delivered by highly educated professional nurses.In the 1990’s,the Japanese Ministry of Education made a decision to develop higher education in Nursing.As a result, while there were 11university-based nursing programs in 1989,the number has boomed to 119university-based nursing programs in 2004. In addition, the number of master’s degree programs in nursing has increased from 4 in 1989 to 74 in 2004, and the number of doctoral programs has increased from 2 in 1989 to 25 in 2004. Finally,the number of university faculty members who are registered nurses in 2004is3,590. Accordingly, as higher education in nursing has developed,the population of nurses who are interested in nursing research has increased, as has the amount of research conducted. For example, the number of the master’s degree program students in2004is1,269and the number of the doctoral students in nursing is228.In our country,master’s program students usually must write a thesis. Therefore, perhaps more than 1,000 master’s theses and doctoral dissertations will be produced during the next two or three years.Furthermore,many clinical nurses who work at hospitals make an effort to conduct research or study. In Japan, if you are a nurse, you participate in “nursing research or study”in clinical settings,regardless of your training. Traditionally,Japanese nursing has been valued as clinical nursing care,particularly patient care.Clinical nurses develop the quality of care through group discussions,case conferences and case studies in their nursing team,that is,through“quality circles”.Even though the amount of nursing research conducted by university faculty members has increased, the results of this research are not relevant to clinical nursing practice. We have to ask ourselves:Do these research projects make a difference?That is, do the results of the research projects contribute to the quality of nursing care? I reviewed the papers focusing on research methodologies which have been published in the Journal of the 第5回国際看護学術集会

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION FACULTY

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that explain the research productivity of agricultural education faculty in colleges and universities. In this study, publications in refereed journals were used as a surrogate for research productivity. The study described the research productivity of agricultural education faculty, their perceptions of the organizational culture that exists in their department to support research productivity, and their self-assessment of their research competency. The population for the study included all full-time, professorial rank faculty employed by colleges and universities in the United States that offered agricultural education. In general, an organizational culture and support for research exists in the departments where the faculty work. The faculty have confidence in their ability to conduct research and reject statements that contain concerns about conducting research. The regression analysis revealed that three variables explained 50% of the variance in research productivity. These variables included number of doctoral students advised to completion in the last five years, faculty members’ perceptions of their research confidence, and the number of graduate assistant hours allocated to the faculty member. The variables that did not explain a significant proportion of the variance were percent of the faculty member’s time allocated to research, salary, organizational culture and support of research, age, gender, rank, number of master’s students advised to completion in the last five years, and number of years they had held a tenure track position.

Mercaderes y asociaciones mercantiles en el comercio toledano de la seda en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII

At the end of the seventeenth century, Toledo was one of the main centres of silk production, with a large number of masters, officials and apprentices. Commercialisation was in the hans of the merchants. Most production was commercialised, either individually or through societies. Some of these merchants, the so-called manufacturers, intervened directly in the process of manufacturing. Most of them gave the weavers a loom and the silk that was necessary to make varied goods such as taffeta, damask, velvet or stockings. Some merchants were entrusted with bringing the raw material from Murcia or Valencia. This material was paid with silver coins. Later, merchants gave the raw material to silk masters, who adopted the practice known as the putting out system. Some merchants were only investors; they established a commercial partnership with a person who knew the business well. This important profits might be obtained through those partnerships. In this paper, matters such as the analysis of number of members, the duration of their businesses, the profit obtained, and the system of collecting income are also explored.

Software Pro Leads Bell Labs

The appointment of Jeffrey Jaffe to replace William Brinkman as Bell Labs research vice president is in line with the redefinition of parent company Lucent Technologies. In the wake of recent financial losses, Lucent is narrowing its focus to Internet infrastructure and wireless technology. (See Physics Today, October 2001, page 26.)Jaffe took the reins on 1 October. His specialty is developing software and bringing it to market. Before joining Lucent in 2000, where he has been involved in commercializing new technologies, Jaffe worked at IBM for 16 years. He has also advised the US government on Internet issues, including serving in 1997 on an advisory committee to President Bill Clinton’s Commission for Critical Infrastructure Protection.Brinkman had been at Bell Labs since 1966, except for a three-year stint at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He will continue to serve as an adviser to Bell Labs, and in January he begins a term as president of the American Physical Society. UK research council chiefs. John O’Reilly is the new head of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, which, with an annual budget of £467 million ($677 million), is the largest of seven UK research funding agencies. Before moving to the EPSRC, O’Reilly headed the department of electronics and electrical engineering at University College, London. He began his four-year term last month, succeeding Richard Brook, who is now director of the Leverhulme Trust, a private foundation that funds research using income largely from its shares in Unilever PLC.The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, which funds some multidisciplinary research involving UK physicists, is also getting a new chief executive officer. In January, Julia Goodfellow, currently head of the University of London’s school of crystallography at Birkbeck College, will become the first woman to hold the job. She will replace Ray Baker. The BBSRC has an annual budget of £250 million. Researchers innovate in education. Physicists appear to be taking a leading role in improving science education: They won three of seven NSF Director’s Awards for Distinguished Teaching Scholars. The new awards recognize contributions in research and teaching, and each comes with $300‥000 over four years for awardees to pursue activities aimed at promoting science and engineering education for both majors and nonmajors.Eric Mazur, a condensed matter physicist at Harvard University, will use his award to expand materials for his popular peer-instruction method. Eugene Stanley of Boston University, known for his research on complex systems, will explore means to bring forefront research into introductory science courses. Carl Wieman, an atomic physicist at the University of Colorado at Boulder and one of this year’s Nobel Prize winners, aims to make physics widely relevant and accessible through his interactive lecture demonstrations and simulated experiments on the Web.The other recipients of the new awards are Arthur Ellis, a chemist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leah Jamieson, an electrical and computer engineer at Purdue University; Gretchen Kalonji, a materials scientist at the University of Washington, Seattle; and Joseph O’Rourke, a computer scientist at Smith College. Online digests. The Virtual Journal of Quantum Information and the Virtual Journal of Applications of Superconductivity debuted this past summer, joining the series of online topical digests launched last year by the American Institute of Physics and the American Physical Society. The virtual journals cull relevant articles from some 50 publications by 15 publishers; sources include AIP and APS journals, Nature, and Science. Abstracts are posted on the Web (see http://www.virtualjournals.org), with full texts of the original articles accessible free to subscribers of the source journal, and for a fee to others.David DiVincenzo of IBM’s T. J. Watson Research Center is the founding editor of VJQI, and John R. Clem of Ames Laboratory at Iowa State University is at the helm of VJAS. Degrees down, enrollments up. The number of students receiving physics bachelor’s degrees in the US has reached a 40-year low, the number of master’s degrees conferred from master’s-only granting institutions has dropped by half since the early 1990s, and PhD production has fallen five years in a row. But there is evidence that the educational pipeline is expanding, according to a new report from the American Institute of Physics. Comparing enrollment data from the fall of 1999—the most recent year available—with the previous year, the report found that enrollments for both first-year graduate students and junior-level physics majors were up 4%. The 2001 Enrollment and Degrees Report is available free from the American Institute of Physics, Statistical Research Center, One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3842; e-mail [email protected]; Web http://www.aip.org/statistics/trends/undtrends.htm. Jaffe LUCENT TECHNOLOGIESPPT|High resolution O’Reilly EPSRCPPT|High resolution Goodfellow BBSRCPPT|High resolution© 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Dynamic analysis of a heavy vehicle using a condensation technique

For conducting dynamic design studies on commercial heavy vehicles, finite element analysis is usually required. Existing dynamic analysis techniques involve significant computation time. In order to reduce the computation time, a dynamic condensation method is proposed in this paper. The condensation technique involves sub-dividing the system under consideration into master and slave sub-systems; usually the number of master degrees-of-freedom (DOF) is significantly smaller than the slave sub-system DOF. A heavy vehicle ride comfort analysis is carried out using the proposed condensation technique and the results are shown to be as accurate as the complete model simulation. A saving in computation time is also demonstrated. However, there are issues such as modal truncation errors that occur when using this technique. The paper briefly addresses guidelines to overcome such issues.

Learning by doing: a case study of qualitative accounting research

The increasing number of master's degrees in accounting as well as specialist MBA's mean that an understanding of research methods is now an important part of the toolkit of accounting educators. In the literature there has been an increasing interest in qualitative accounting research. Whilst this interest has been mirrored by an increase in qualitative methods textbooks, less is known about the experience of undertaking such research. This presents a problem for educators, as they need material for students to work with and analyse before they are able to design their own research projects. This paper presents a case study based upon an extensive piece of qualitative research concerned with the use of accounting information in decision-making processes in banking. Review, exploratory and application questions provide a framework through which the case study can be used as a learning resource for accounting educators, supervisors and students.

Meeting the Critical Shortage of Speech-Language Pathologists to Serve the Public Schools—Collaborative Rewards

This article presents a collaborative approach to providing graduate education to speech-language pathologists who are employed in public school districts. A partnership called the Central Florida Speech-Language Consortium was established among the University of Central Florida, 10 Central Florida school districts, and community agencies to address the issue of the critical shortage of speech-language pathologists in the public schools. The consortium program provided bachelor-level speech-language pathologists in the public schools the opportunity to obtain a master's degree while they continued to work in the schools. Key innovations of the program included: (a) additional graduate slots for public school employees; (b) modifications in the location and time of university courses, as well as practica opportunities in the schools; and (c) the participation and support of public school administrators in facilitating supervision and practicum experiences for the consortium participants. The consortium program resulted in an increase in the number of master's level and culturally and linguistically diverse speech-language pathologists available for employment in the public schools of Central Florida. Recommendations for facilitating future endeavors are discussed.

From the Cantons

At the invitation of the Department of Pedagogical Psychology and the Department for College and University Teachers, a meeting took place from March 16-18, 1995, among researchers from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland who are working on projects in the coeducational teaching of the natural sciences. The workshop was made possible by contributions from Max and Else Beer of the Brawand Fund and the Swiss Academy for Natural Sciences. Since the mid-eighties, voices claiming that coeducation is a form of teaching prejudicial to girls have been multiplying, although the proportion of women in precollegiate high school in Switzerland is now 50 percent, which is matched by a figure of 41 percent in higher education and the universities, the number of women in higher education has increased by eleven percent in the last fifteen years. The number of higher education diplomas going to women has increased at roughly the same rate: the number of masters' degrees has increased from 24 percent to 37 percent and the number of doctors' degrees from 14 percent to 26 percent. International trends are reproduced in Switzerland: the education system has formally opened its doors to women.

Seeking a Theoretical Framework for Master's Programs in the 1990s

Hundreds of studies have been devoted to undergraduate education in journalism and mass communication but scant attention has been paid to master's programs (Ryan, 1980). The few scholarly articles on graduate education have focused on case studies of master's programs, enrollment surveys, and discussion of enrollment criteria and of summative experiences required of master's students.More than a decade has passed since research was published on curricula and structures of master's programs in journalism and mass communications as a whole. Yet number of such programs has nearly doubled--from 77 to 135--since Ryan's 1980 study.Ryan explored admissions criteria and program structures and problems confronting program faculties and administrators. He noted that while graduate students, at least numerically, are an important part of journalism education, some graduate program directors said their master's programs were nothing more than stepchildren to undergraduate programs. That attitude was echoed in 1984 Oregon Report that said graduate education ranked second to undergraduates in priority among journalism school officials.Those attitudes may change as more adults return to school seeking a master's degree (Glazer, 1986). The numbers of master's students in journalism programs has increased in recent years, even as enrollments of undergraduates and doctoral students declined (Becker and Kosicki, 1993, p. 55).With this growth comes expectations for master's programs, greater scrutiny and concerns about quality, causing one writer to predict that reputation and even survival of colleges and universities may depend on their master's programs (Glazer, 1986).This present study is an attempt to update description of master's programs in journalism and mass communication since Ryan's 1980 survey. This study also attempts to compare and contrast curricula and structure of these programs and to determine how they may fit into three curriculum paradigms borrowed from educational theorists.This information is intended to provide a snapshot of journalism and mass communication master's programs so that educators can compare programs with an eye toward improving their own. The researchers also hope to stimulate debate on intellectual direction of these programs as a whole and whether there should be a consensus on what they teach.The master's degree in journalism and mass communication seems faced with same concerns as master's degrees overall, particularly dilemma between theory and practice. Is degree just a collection of courses equaling one year beyond baccalaureate, or is it an attempt to educate and train students for a leadership role in media (Glazer, 1986)?Researchers, however, have focused not on journalism and mass communications master's programs as a whole, but rather on individual threads--admissions criteria, summative experiences, etc.--woven into them.More than 20 years ago, for instance, Stempel (1972) addressed concern for measuring quality of prospective students. He found school officials have limited confidence in most admissions criteria and explored feasibility of developing an entrance exam for prospective journalism master's students. While he concluded there is interest in and perhaps a need for a specialized entrance test, such an undertaking would be too ambitious for one school and would provide only a limited market for a professional testing company. Scotton (1977) also looked at admissions criteria and urged journalism graduate schools to reevaluate how they judge prospective students, particularly for professional master's programs, in light of an average dropout rate of 20 percent.Other writers, such as Sorensen (19731, have looked at curriculum flexibility. Sorensen said students would benefit from an interdisciplinary approach so long as the emphasis is personal and flexible without compromising on course demands (p. …

Recruitment and Career Development in Competition with the Private Sector

The problem area described in this presentation is career development in universities compared to the private sector. The first question to be addressed is, of course, do we have a problem? My opinion is that we have a problem of rethinking the role of universities. Their status has been based on the fact that they have the most recent knowledge in all problem areas. The situation is now changing because mass education is better than before, new information is widely available to everyone through different publications and data banks, and the level of knowledge is also high outside universities. The private sector is also doing more and more research and achieving remarkable results, sometimes even more advanced than universities can produce. In this changing environment, a number of new challenges now face the universities: we are expected to achieve more results with less resources, and to maintain closer links with society outside academia. Many state universities even have to be partially selffinancing. We are evaluated more than before in terms of the number of masters and doctors we produce, and on the number and quality of the publications we write. While being required to adopt a more visible posture in society, we must also undertake the popularization of our science. To meet these requirements, we need students and faculty members who are more result-oriented than before. They will need good communication skills, and to be generally more effective in what they do students who can work independently and contribute successfully to project and team work where necessary.

The rehabilitation clinical nurse specialist of the 1990s: roles assumed by recent graduates.

Since there are a limited number of master's programs that prepare rehabilitation clinical nurse specialists, it was assumed that most or all graduates of such a program newly established at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia would assume positions in traditional rehabilitation settings. A needs assessment completed before the beginning of the program indicated that these facilities needed and definitely would hire graduates as rehabilitation clinical nurse specialists. A follow-up study, consisting of questionnaires sent to the first graduates and their employers, indicated that several had taken roles in areas not considered traditional rehabilitation settings. This article discusses rehabilitation as an umbrella concept and how that concept possibly influenced graduates in assuming their first position after graduation.

Off the record: Motown by master number, 1959-1989. v.1: Singles

Off the record: Motown by master number, 1959-1989. v.1: Singles

BOOKS

Journal of Popular Music StudiesVolume 4, Issue 2 p. 28-31 BOOKS First published: March 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-1598.1992.tb00076.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Book review in this Article Rock Culture in Liverpool by Sarah Cohen. Off the Record, Motown by Master Number, 1959–1989, Volume 1: The Singles by Reginald J. Bartlette Ann Arbor A Gershwin Companion: A Critical Inventory & Discography, 1916–1984 by Walter Rimler Ann Arbor Popular Music and Communication. James Lull Volume4, Issue2March 1992Pages 28-31 RelatedInformation

ACS Committee on Professional Training 1987 Annual Report

The number of bachelor's degree graduates in chemistry from colleges and universities whose undergraduate chemistry programs are approved by the American Chemical Society decreased 5.2% in the 1986-87 academic year from the previous year. The number of master's degrees from these departments rose 1% and the number of Ph.D. degrees continued to rise for the eighth year in a row, this year by 2.6%. These departments project that in 1988 bachelor's degrees will increase 3%, master's will increase 18%, and Ph.D. degrees will increase 14%. (It should be noted, however, that these projections are usually higher than actual counts a year later.) The percentage of baccalaureate graduates certified to ACS was 41%, slightly less than last year. (Certified graduates are those who have completed the curriculum specified by the Committee on Professional Training (CPT) and are eligible for full membership in ACS; noncertified graduates may become associate members of ACS upon graduation, full members after ...

Reaching out:

In 1975, the Alabama Department of Education urged the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) to address a critical need for master's-prepared nurses. The UAB School of Nursing responded by conducting an Outreach Project (ORP) from 1976 to 1983, with both federal and state funding, in an effort to bring a graduate educational program to areas where such training was not available. The ORP faculty team traveled weekly to each of four off-campus sites, located in Mobile, Montgomery, Decatur, and Gadsden. Courses were offered one day per week in facilities provided by local host schools. The ORP courses were identical in content to courses taught on campus and were offered on a systematic, cyclical basis so that study could be pursued part-time and completed in two to three years. Classes, seminars, and on-site or toll-free telephone conferences were supplemented by audiovisual aids and learning packets, and local MSN-prepared nurse preceptors supervised the advanced clinical practicums. The average course load rose from 2.70 semester hours to 5.35 hours by 1982, producing an overall average of 4.10 hours, with 6 hours considered a full-time course load. Students were overwhelmingly female and Caucasian, and 70 per cent maintained full-time employment while pursuing their studies. The requirements for the MSN degree were completed by 216 of the 387 ORP students. The academic performance of the ORP students was approximately equal to that of the on-campus students. The average mean cost for ORP students was $640 per academic term, as compared to $1659 for on-campus students; the cost to the School of Nursing was $82.81 per semester hour for each ORP student, as compared to $316 for each on-campus student, with the difference largely attributable to the absorption of overhead costs by the ORP host schools. The ORP produced dramatic increases in the number of master's-prepared nurses in all four catchment areas, with increases of 100 per cent in Mobile, 193 per cent in Montgomery, 200 per cent in Decatur, and 100 per cent in Gadsden. In addition, new MSN programs were developed in the Mobile, Montgomery, and Gadsden areas as a direct result of the ORP.

Some Manuscript Sources for the Playing-Card Master's Number Cards

Designs in three suits from the Playing-Card Master's engraved cards occur in manuscripts illuminated in the workshop of the Bedford Master well before the date of the cards. The repetition of designs in several manuscripts suggests that they were recorded in a repertory of patterns which was probably copied and expanded outside the sphere of the Bedford illuminators. As the cards are dependent in part on a lost repertory of established decorative designs, the engraver is to be viewed as a reproductive rather than an inventive artist.