Master Key Research Articles

Modified Master Key Based Multipath Reinforcement Pre-Distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the budding fields of technology. It is mainly used for Environmental monitoring and Data accumulation. Due to the limited energy in WSNs, it faces many practical difficulties. The main challenge is the security issues. Objective of this project is to provide security against clone attack in a WSN that are arranged in cluster topology. In this paper, a method to implement three important security measures namely i) Master – Key Pre-distribution solutions, ii) Super imposed disjunct matrix code and iii) Multipath key reinforcement scheme is discussed. One method complements the advantage of other method and thus provides high security. The final analysis shows that the computational overhead is minimum.

A Novel Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for V2G Networks

As we acknowledge that vehicle-to-grid (V2G) network holds obvious predominance in economic benefits, it attracts wide attentions of power system and electric vehicle (EV) users. However, lots of security issues hinder its further development. For example, many existing V2G schemes use the bilinear pairing to implement authentication protocol, resulting in high computational costs. In addition, the system master key in the existing V2G scheme is generated independently by a trusted third party, so the system master key is vulnerable to leakage if the third party is compromised by the adversary. In this article, we propose a novel privacy-preserving authentication scheme for V2G networks. Specifically, this scheme employs the nonsupersingular elliptic curve to construct a lightweight authentication protocol for EV and smart grid. Meanwhile, system master key in the proposed scheme is generated by the key agreement protocol, i.e., a protocol that is constructed using a secure two-party computation between the third party authority and the dispatching center. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme is provably secure under the random oracle model. Compared with related schemes, the proposed scheme can not only improve the authentication efficiency of V2G networks, but also prevent internal attacker. Experimental results indicate that our scheme is of practical significance for V2G networks.

NERA: A new and efficient RSU based authentication scheme for VANETs

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), the correctness of a message requires authentication of the origin vehicle. In this paper, we introduce a novel authentication scheme for VANETs which suggests a new solution for secure vehicle communications. The proposed scheme is an road side unit (RSU) based scheme in which the master key of the Trusted Authority (TA) is embedded in a tamper-proof device provided at the RSUs. Compared with the schemes that store the master key in the on-board units, our scheme is more practical because of a secure and high speed communication link between TA and RSUs. To the best of our knowledge, this solution has not yet been devised for secure authentication in VANETs and the same objective has been fulfilled in this paper. Moreover, we introduce a formal proof to prove the security of the proposed scheme. Finally, we present a simulation and comparison indicating the performance and efficiency of our scheme.

Circulating tumor DNA molecular profiling in rare cancer patients from the MASTER KEY Project.

e14532 Background: In April 2017, MASTER KEY Project, composed of a prospective registry study part and a multiple clinical trials part, was established to promote treatment development for rare cancers, which is lacking standard or investigational therapeutic options. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) has provided new insight into personalized medicine in a more accessible, non-invasive manner; however, most reports are focused on common cancers. We report genetic alterations detected by ctDNA NGS analysis in rare solid cancers. Methods: Prospectively consented patients (pts), also enrolled in MASTER KEY registry study, had ctDNA NGS testing at a CLIA-certified lab (Guardant360) for point mutations, indels, copy number amplifications, fusions, and microsatellite instability. Alterations were assessed for incidence according to cancer type, functional impact, therapeutic implications, and comparison with tissue NGS. Main inclusion criteria: 1) age ≥16, 2) histological diagnosis of rare cancer (annual incidence less than 6 cases per 100,000 population), cancer of unknown primary (CUP), or rare tissue subtypes of common cancers, 3) active metastatic / unresectable cancer, 4) a written consent. Results: From Nov. 2018 to Jan 2019, 50 pts had Guardant360 testing. Diseases included: soft tissue sarcoma (28), ovarian carc. (7), CUP (4), salivary gland tumor (3), thyroid carc. (2), GIST (1), adrenal cortical carc. (1), rare subtype of GI tract (1), malignant mesothelioma (1), nephroblastoma (1), NET (1), NUT carc. (1). All Japanese, male/female = 14/36, median age 61, ECOG performance status 0/1/2/3 = 30/19/0/1. 76% of pts (38/50) had ≥1 alteration detected, with median number of 2 alterations (range: 0-9), with VAF(0.1-60.3%); 87%(33/38) of those pts had a variant most likely pathogenic; 61% (20/33) of those pts had a variant potential for clinical action. Mean TAT was 10.3 days. 19 pts had tissue NGS testing and in 3 pts, alterations were detected by ctDNA NGS but not by tissue NGS. Updated results of 100 patients will be presented at the conference. Conclusions: Most rare cancer patients with advanced disease had a detectable genomic alteration by Guardant360. Clinical trial information: UMIN000034394.

Math Societies to Lawmakers: Help Us Make the Master Key

Math Societies to Lawmakers: Help Us Make the Master Key

A new approach to practical function-private inner product encryption

Functional encryption (FE) is a novel paradigm supporting restricted decryption keys for a function f that allow one to learn f(xj) from the encryptions of messages xj. A natural and practical security requirement for FE is to keep not only messages x1,…,xq, but also functions f1,…fq, excluding inevitable information {fi(xj)}i,j∈[q], confidential from encryption and decryption keys for any polynomial a priori unknown number q, where fi and xj are adaptively chosen by adversaries. This security requirement is called full function privacy. In this paper, we focus on function-private FE for inner product functionality in the private key setting (referred to as inner product encryption (IPE)). To the best of our knowledge, only two approaches have been proposed for fully function-private IPE schemes in the private key setting. One is to employ a general transformation from (non-function-private) FE for general circuits (Brakerski and Segev, 2015 [20]). This approach requires computationally intensive cryptography tools, such as indistinguishability obfuscation (for non-function-private FE for general circuits), meaning it is inefficient. The other approach is more practical. It directly constructs an IPE scheme by using dual-pairing vector spaces (DPVS) (Bishop et al., 2015 [21], Datta et al., 2016 [22], and Tomida et al., 2016 [32]).We present a novel approach for practical function-private IPE schemes that does not employ DPVS, but instead uses generalizations of the Brakerski-Segev transformation. Our generalizations of the Brakerski-Segev transformation are easily combinable with existing (non-function-private) IPE schemes, as well as (non-function-private) FE schemes for general circuits on several levels of security. The proposed IPE scheme achieves better performance compared to the schemes proposed by Bishop et al. and Datta et al. The proposed IPE scheme preserves the same security level as previous schemes under the same complexity assumptions. Compared to the scheme proposed by Tomida et al., our scheme has comparable performance in terms of the size of ciphertext and decryption keys, but superior performance in terms of the size of the master key.

A pharmacological master key mechanism that unlocks the selectivity filter gate in K+ channels.

Potassium (K+) channels have been evolutionarily tuned for activation by diverse biological stimuli, and pharmacological activation is thought to target these specific gating mechanisms. Here we report a class of negatively charged activators (NCAs) that bypass the specific mechanisms but act as master keys to open K+ channels gated at their selectivity filter (SF), including many two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels, voltage-gated hERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) channels and calcium (Ca2+)-activated big-conductance potassium (BK)-type channels. Functional analysis, x-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the NCAs bind to similar sites below the SF, increase pore and SF K+ occupancy, and open the filter gate. These results uncover an unrecognized polypharmacology among K+ channel activators and highlight a filter gating machinery that is conserved across different families of K+ channels with implications for rational drug design.

Moving Into Action: The Master Key to Patient Education

ABSTRACTBackground:Illness and hospitalization are situations that increase the need for assistance and education. Poor education is currently the most common source of patient complaints in the health sector in Iran.Purpose:The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives and recommendations of nurses to improve patient education.Methods:This research followed a qualitative exploratory design with a qualitative content analysis approach. The study participants, including eight head nurses and 16 staff nurses, were selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected through semistructured interviews, focus group sessions, and observations during 2016.Results:Coding and analysis of the data generated one main theme, two subthemes, and four categories. The subthemes were “strengthen total commitment” and “reconstructing the infrastructure,” and the categories were “developing motivational factors,” “facilitating change by every impetus,” “systematizing activities,” and “contextual promotion.”Conclusions:Study findings provide a complete picture of patient education and challenge managers to develop new strategies to plan and implement appropriate changes.

Neural network-based virtual backbone tree construction and dynamic sink implementation to enhance the lifetime of the network and minimise the energy consumption

With the effect of technological development, the primary objective of this research aims at retaining the energy level of the sensor node for a long period in the wireless sensor network. Ensuring negligible energy drop leads to long life for the network. Secure group key management technique is imposed to solve the security problem such as authentication, confidentiality and scalability. Cluster key and master key is exclusively used in the network to protect the sensed information while communication between nodes takes place. Static and movable mobile sinks are deployed to enhance the lifetimes of the sensors in the network. Initially, the static mobile sinks act as a trusted third party for computing and distributing keys between sensor nodes and the clusters. Further, movable sinks are used to receive sensed data from the sensor where it is being located which avoids unnecessary event of choosing new cluster head often. The energy is retained, since the presence of trusted third party sink performs all the computations of cluster head. Computation is reduced in cluster head thereby increases the life time of the particular cluster. Outcomes of experiments prove that the suggested technique produced better results compared to related study.

Unbalanced Biclique Cryptanalysis of Full-Round GIFT

GIFT is a family of lightweight block ciphers presented at CHES 2017. Biclique cryptanalysis is proposed to attack the full AES by Bogdanov et al. in ASIACRYPT 2011. The attack can decrease computation complexity using the technology of meet-in-the-middle and reduce data complexity utilising the biclique structure. In this paper, we first provide an unbalanced biclique attack on full round GIFT. The master key has been recovered for the full round GIFT-64 by a 5-round $4\times 16$ unbalanced biclique with data complexity of 2 16 and time complexity of 2 122.95 . Furthermore, a 4-round $8\times 24$ unbalanced biclique is constructed on GIFT-128 to recover the master key with data complexity of 2 80 and computational complexity of 2 118.38 , respectively. The research results show GIFT algorithm has weak immunity to biclique cryptanalysis.

SMAP Fog/Edge: A Secure Mutual Authentication Protocol for Fog/Edge

Security is a crucial factor for the appropriate functioning of fog/edge computing. Secured mutual authentication in networks has become key demand as per the current security standard. Several applications are in its requirements like wireless sensor network (WSN), Distributed Systems, Micro-Cloud, Smart City, Smart Industry 4.0. Problem statement is “Design and implementation of Fog servers and edge devices to dynamically interconnect with each other using secured mutual authentication”, which is an NP complete problem. Implementation of secured mutual authentication protocol (SMAP) using techniques of pseudo-random number generator, time-stamps and hash functions can only be considered to evaluate the best performance for connecting large number of smart devices. Our protocol avoids storing master secret keys and repetition of session keys, which makes it more secure and carries no overhead. The experimental results show that the secured mutual authentication system is efficient in comparison to recent benchmarks.

A New Message Authentication Scheme for Multiple Devices in Intelligent Connected Vehicles Based on Edge Computing

Intelligent connected vehicles are autonomous vehicles. With the increasing degree of automation of autonomous vehicles and the development of open applications in the future, the computing tasks of autonomous vehicles are becoming more and more complex. In practice, the computing resources of vehicles are limited and the processing of data is not always guaranteed to be completed in time. However, the timely processing and integrity of the data are very important for vehicles because it affects the path selection of the traveling vehicle and the passenger experience. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce latency in processing data and verify the integrity of data for vehicles. In this paper, a novel message authentication scheme for multiple mobile devices in intelligent connected vehicles based on edge computing is proposed. The task of processing data in the vehicle is migrated to mobile devices, and tasks are executed utilizing the computing resources of multiple mobile devices in the edge computing model. The vehicle use certificateless ring signature technology to ensure the integrity of data processed by mobile devices. A security analyses show that our proposed schemes are secure in the random oracle model and can resist two types of adversaries under certificateless public key encryption. One type of adversary may be able to replace the mobile device's public key and the other type of adversary has access to the system master key. The results of performance analysis indicate the proposed scheme has high efficiency and applicability in practical intelligent connected vehicles system.

RESEARCH SPECIFICS OF SEPARATE TYPES OF CYLINDER LOCKS PICKED BY SELF IMPRESSIONING MASTER KEYS

Criminalistic research on locks takes an important place in prevention, qualification, disclosure and investigation of property crimes related to house penetration, so-called burglaries. The analysis of modern expert practice has established a tendency to increase the unauthorized (criminal) picking of cylinder pin locks with a horizontally oriented keyhole that has become widespread in last years. Its contributes a large number of manufactured devices (manufactured in China mainly) for picking indicated locks, namely master keys operating on the principle of self impressioning and can be purchased through the Internet, as well as a larger number video materials regarding their use. In the available criminalistic literature only singles, at some extent current and actual ways of unauthorized picking of cylinder pin locks using of outside objects with developed recommendations according research on such as manipulation method by means of a selected forged key and bumping are covered. Method of self impressioning that is the basis of picking modern locks mastered and successfully used by "qualified" burglars majority, in modern criminalistics is not mentioned at all. Therefore the purpose of this article is to highlight criminalistic research possibilities of certain types of cylinder pin locks, picked by means of an manufactured self impressioning master key. The article pays attention to such problem aspects: method of self impressioning using in the way of picking a lock with a cylinder mechanism; design features of self impressioning master key to cylinder locks, concerning to the solution of diagnostic and identification issues; traces classification of self impressioning master key remaining on lock details; difficulties research on cylinder locks that were subjected to action of a self impressioning master key.

"Destrucción de naciones": El arma económica de Estados Unidos desarrollada en Bolivia

Documentos desclasificados muestran que cuando el presidente Harry Truman creó su Programa Point IV (1949), lanzó implícitamente una operación global de soft “nation building" instrumentalizada a través de la asistencia técnica y económica. La llave maestra para intervenir en otras naciones fue la firma de los Acuerdos de Cooperación Técnica Punto IV. Este trabajo abarca el período comprendido entre enero de 1951 y el 12 de abril de 1952, y muestra en detalle cómo Bolivia se convirtió en un laboratorio para los experimentos de los EE. UU. en este tipo de intervenciones. El 14 de marzo de 1951 un gobierno boliviano pro estadounidense firmó el Acuerdo y los EE. UU. hicieron todo lo posible para evitar el surgimiento de un movimiento revolucionario, pero a pesar de sus esfuerzos, el pueblo se movilizó, derrotó al ejército y depuso al gobierno en la sangrienta revolución de abril de 1952. La revolución del MNR preparó el escenario para la prueba definitiva: la efectividad de los programas de soft “nation-building" contra un gobierno izquierdista y antiimperialista.

Side Channel Leakages Against Financial IC Card of the Republic of Korea

Integrated circuit (IC) chip cards are commonly used in payment system applications since they can provide security and convenience simultaneously. More precisely, Europay, MasterCard, and VISA (EMV) are widely known to be well equipped with security frameworks that can defend against malicious attacks. On the other hand, there are other payment system applications at the national level. In the case of the Republic of Korea, standards for financial IC card specifications are established by the Korea Financial Telecommunications and Clearings Institute. Furthermore, security features defending against timing analysis, power analysis, electromagnetic analysis, and TEMPEST are required. This paper identifies side channel leakages in the financial IC cards of the Republic of Korea, although there may be side channel countermeasures. Side channel leakages in the financial IC cards of the Republic of Korea are identified for the first time since the side channel countermeasures were included in the standards. The countermeasure that is applied to the IC card from a black box perspective is estimated to measure security features against power analysis. Then, in order to investigate whether an underlying countermeasure is applied, first-order and second-order power analyses are performed on the main target, e.g., a S-box of the block cipher SEED that is employed in the financial system. Furthermore, the latest proposal in ICISC 2017 is examined to apply block cipher SEED to the financial IC card protocol. As a result, it is possible to identify some side channel leakages while expanding the lemma of the paper accepted in ICISC 2017. Algebraic logic is also constructed to recover the master key from some round keys. Finally, it is found that only 20,000 traces are required to find the master key.

Fault Analysis on a New Block Cipher DBlock with at Most Two Fault Injections

DBlock is a new family of block ciphers proposed by Wu et al. in Science China in 2015, which consists of three variants specified as DBlock-128/192/256. DBlock-n employs a 20-round Feistel-type structure with n-bit block size and n-bit key size. We propose the first fault analysis on DBlock and show that no more than 2 pairs of correct/faulty ciphertexts are needed to retrieve the master key. In the attack, a byte-oriented fault is injected in round 16, and three properties including diffierential distribution of the Sbox, bijection nature of the linear function and Feistel-type key scheduling are fully utilized to distinguish between the correct and wrong keys. A fault position guessing strategy based on known intermediates is adopted, which efficiently makes the known-fault attack apply to the random fault model. The experimental results show that, with a pair of ciphertexts, 11.820-bit exhaustive search is needed to derive the whole 128-bit key on average. With 2 pairs of ciphertexts, the unique key can be determined within 6.5 minutes.

SY10-4 - Comprehensive screening of target molecules by next-generation sequencing in patients with malignant tumors

National Cancer Center have developed original next generation sequencing, NCC Oncopanel for comprehensive gene screening to realize precision medicine for cancer treatment. We have conducted the genome project to evaluate the clinical efficacy and feasibility for accelerating drug development and facilitating dug access. The project name is TOP GEAR, Trial of Onco Panel for Gene profiling to Estimate both Adverse events and Response by cancer treatment. First, we performed a prospective study to evaluate the feasibility of comprehensive gene screening for guiding entry into phase I clinical trials. Actionable alterations were identified in 45% of the analyzed patients. Common actionable alterations were found in PIK3CA mutation, BRCA2 mutation, ERBB2 amplification, and CCND1 amplification. In total, 22% of the analyzed patients could be entered into phase I clinical trials, and 8% of them were treated with matched drugs. Among patients who received matched therapies, response and disease control rates were 33% and 78%. Based on the findings, we have continued the TOP GEAR project, have experienced a large number of cases in a CLIA certified lab which assure quality of the NGS testing. We plan regulatory approval and Insurance reimbursement of the NGS panel as companion diagnoses kit within next year. We also conducted registry and NGS screening project for rare cancers for guiding entry into Basket style of clinical trial. Rare cancers are diagnosed as under the frequency 6 Per 1000000 people, for example, Sarcoma, Glioma, NEC, GIST, Melanoma, Endocrine tumor, Vaginal cancer etc. The project name is MASTER KEY. The purpose of the project is Central Diagnosis and Registry of Rare Cancer Tumors and Establishment of treatment. In this symposium, we are going to discuss the point at issues and challenges to overcome toward future genome medicine in Japan.

449TiP - MASTER KEY project: A basket/umbrella trial for rare cancers in Japan

449TiP - MASTER KEY project: A basket/umbrella trial for rare cancers in Japan

Proposing packet-key based end-to-end security architecture for the post-LTE networks

Abstract This paper proposes the end-to-end security scheme with packet key mechanism to perform ciphering of user traffic between two User Equipments (UEs) attached to the different Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. In LTE system, each UE derives its master key after a mutual authentication is performed between the UE and its local LTE network. In this paper, two end-to-end UEs use their own master keys to generate real-time packet keys where different packet keys are applied to encrypt packet stream data on a packet basis. Because the life cycle of the packet key is same as a packet period, the proposed security scheme significantly improves the security strength for end-to-end LTE users. This paper also analyzes the security strength of the proposed packet key system as well as the degree of latency for the session initialization, real-time packet encryption, and real-time packet decryption.

Persistent Fault Analysis on Block Ciphers

Persistence is an intrinsic nature for many errors yet has not been caught enough attractions for years. In this paper, the feature of persistence is applied to fault attacks, and the persistent fault attack is proposed. Different from traditional fault attacks, adversaries can prepare the fault injection stage before the encryption stage, which relaxes the constraint of the tight-coupled time synchronization. The persistent fault analysis (PFA) is elaborated on different implementations of AES-128, specially fault hardened implementations based on Dual Modular Redundancy (DMR). Our experimental results show that PFA is quite simple and efficient in breaking these typical implementations. To show the feasibility and practicability of our attack, a case study is illustrated on the shared library Libgcrypt with rowhammer technique. Approximately 8200 ciphertexts are enough to extract the master key of AES-128 when PFA is applied to Libgcrypt1.6.3 with redundant encryption based DMR. This work puts forward a new direction of fault attacks and can be extended to attack other implementations under more interesting scenarios.