Massive Flood Research Articles

Flood risk zoning of cascade reservoir dam break based on a 1D-2D coupled hydrodynamic model: A case study on the Jinsha-Yalong River

Large-scale earthquakes and huge landslide surges may cause the failure of cascade reservoirs, resulting in massive downstream flooding. The flood risk zoning of cascade reservoir dam breaks is crucial for local governments to formulate emergency plans and for individuals to garner their awareness of the flood risks. This paper presents a flood risk zoning approach based on a one-dimensional and two-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic model. The flooding area simulated by the coupled hydrodynamic model was divided into a Deadly Zone (D-zone) and an Escape Zone based on whether there is sufficient time for the public to evacuate the danger area under a specific evacuation generation time (EGT). A case study was conducted on the Jinsha-Yalong River (JYR), a confluence river located in Panzhihua City, to map the risk zones. This study considered a dam-break flood in Yalong River encountering two river flood scenarios in Jinsha River (scenario A: the annual average flow; scenario B: a 1000-year return period flood). Two evacuation scenarios (EGT of 30 and 60 min) were also considered; thereafter, four combined evacuation scenarios (A-EGT30, A-EGT60, B-EGT30, and B-EGT60) were simulated. The coupled hydrodynamic model is demonstrated to be effective through the analysis of water balance and hydrographs of special section discharge. The results show that: (1) in comparison to scenario A, scenario B reached its maximum flood extent approximately 5 min earlier, signifying that flood spread speed increases with the increase in flood magnitude; (2) the D-zone area was 127.7 % larger in scenario A-EGT60 compared to A-EGT30 and 120.8 % larger in scenario B-EGT60 compared to B-EGT30. These findings underscore the importance of flood scenarios and EGT on flood risk zones. The proposed risk zoning method can help government agencies in the JYR and major river regions worldwide with flood management and emergency strategy development.

The Extent to Which the Available Water Resources in Upper Egypt Can Be Affected by Climate Change

Over the past two decades, rapid climate change has severely impacted people’s lives globally, affecting their safety and sustainability. Water, a vital human resource, has been severely affected, with drought and high temperatures leading to desertification, the drying up of rivers and lakes, spontaneous fires in forests, and massive floods and torrents due to melting ice and rising sea and ocean surface water levels. The expected impacts of climate change on the Nile, Egypt’s primary water source, are significant. These impacts can vary across regions, depending on factors like local climate, socio-economic dynamics, topography, and environmental nature. Upper Egypt, characterized by arid and semi-arid regions, faces water scarcity and socio-economic development challenges. Climate change exacerbates these issues, posing significant threats to the region’s ecological sustainability and socio-economic development. Therefore, it is crucial to address these impacts to ensure the Nile’s continued vitality and sustainability. The study aims to analyze the climate change data over the past few decades, analyze its characteristics, and model its effects on Upper Egypt’s water sources. The study expected a big decrease in the water resources of the Nile. While what is currently occurring in terms of fluctuating rainfall rates between scarcity and severity contradicts the results of those studies, that is the best evidence of the need for further research and studies to obtain more reliable and consistent results with the reality that it may help decision-makers to develop scenarios to manage climate change effectively, preventing or reducing negative effects, and finding suitable alternatives. Studies predict a 10% decrease in Nile revenue at Aswan High Dam Lake by 2095, with some predicting a 30% increase. This lack of credibility underscores the need for more comprehensive studies.

Short-term effects of a simulated massive river flood and its recovery on sediment biogeochemistry of a Mediterranean lagoon

ABSTRACT Strong rainfalls and river floods are becoming increasingly frequent and intense in southern Europe. Mediterranean coastal lagoons, due to their hydrological characteristics, could mitigate the consequences of such events, whose effects on sediment biogeochemistry are poorly studied, yet. To provide insights on this, we investigated short-term changes in organic matter quantity, composition, nutritional quality, degradation rates, and turnover time in a lagoonal benthocosm. Both flooding and recovery phases increased the sedimentary organic load and turnover time, whereas phytopigment contents and C degradation rates were not affected. The biochemical composition varied during both phases, with an increase in carbohydrate and lipid after the flooding, and an increase in protein and chlorophyll-a after its recovery. Our results suggest that even sudden changes in salinity caused by floods and their recovery can increase sedimentary organic loads, with minor effects on their nutritional quality. The observed effects of the flooding persist in the short-term also after the recovery of the salinity, when the substrates are pre-eminently of heterotrophic origin. Our results suggest that extreme, even if short-lasting, episodic events of flooding and recovery can severely alter the benthic trophic status of coastal lagoons, having possible effects on benthic trophodynamics.

Environmental DNA based biomonitoring for hatchery-raised fish in riverine habitats before and after recordable flood event

It is reported that the magnitudes of flood events in riverine systems have been increasing due to global climate change. Because flood events could displace fish species downstream and/or increase the mortality of fish, it is important to know how the increased floods can affect fish in river networks. In this study, we focused a hatchery-raised amphidromous fish, Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in a mainstem-tributary network in Japan and examined the relative fish abundance changes before and after the recordable massive flood using the environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis. We also examined the spatiotemporal patterns of the Ayu eDNA concentrations and the relationships with tributary discharge, width, and depth to examine if the relative abundance changes could be related to tributary size. Our results indicated that Ayu tended to inhabit large, deep tributaries more than small, shallow tributaries even after the flood event. Further, the eDNA concentrations of Ayu have decreased in most study sites after the flood; however, the eDNA concentrations in certain tributaries with lower tributary size have increased during the study period. These results suggest that (1) the habitat conditions could be important for the maintenance of Ayu populations before and after flood events, (2) increase in flood magnitude along climate changes could have impacts on Ayu populations, and (3) not only large tributary, but also small tributaries could be important habitats for the target species to avoid flood disturbances.

Impact of massive flood on drinking water quality and community health risk assessment in Patna, Bihar, India

Impact of massive flood on drinking water quality and community health risk assessment in Patna, Bihar, India

Introduction to Indigenous Performance Ecologies and Ecological Power in the Global South

Human and non-human inhabitants in the global south are all gradually becoming refugees in their own local communities and the planet Earth. This is more visible in places in the extractive zone as Macarena Gomes-Barris refers to these locations, in Africa, Asia and Latin America, where multinational corporations and local extraction industries continue to cause harm to indigenous people, non-human lives, cultures and places. All these activities of extraction have accelerated the climate crisis and economic poverty. This has created unimaginable ways of living, such as the consumption of polluted water, breathing contaminated air, being bathed by black soot and so on. All these ways of living are prominent in the global south and especially countries of, in the words of Paul Collier (2007), the Bottom Billion. The Bottom Billion is the number of people living in countries “caught in one, or often several of four traps, amongst mismanaged dependency on natural resources” (p. 7). The extraction of natural resources which amounts to the exploitation of the environment and ecology of local people will continue to escalate with time. This has its evidence with the massive floods in Nigeria and Bangladesh, desertification in North Africa and India, and the Hurricane tragedies in Eastern Mexico. As Sally Mackey states in one of the Ted talks at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, titled: Keeping a Sense of Place in a Disrupted World, “the excess of energy use in the North is damaging countries in the South. Lands are diminishing, places are disappearing, 86 percent of global energy is gotten from fossil fuels. With this, lands will continue to diminish, places will disappear, and populations will move” (Mackey 2017).

SOSIALISASI LITERASI DIGITAL BAGI MASYARAKAT KECAMATAN ALAM BARAJO KOTA JAMBI JELANG PEMILU 2024

The development of technology which affects all lines of people's lives means that people have to adapt to these technological developments. In this phenomenon, people are able to utilize technology, such as gadgets, laptops and other technology as tools to help with daily activities. With gadgets, the process of exchanging and disseminating information becomes easier. One of the impacts is a large and massive flood of information, making it difficult for people to digest and verify the various news they receive. The method for implementing this community service activity consisted of observation, design and socialization of digital literacy, as well as monitoring and evaluation. Through this activity, it is hoped that the people of Alam Barajo District would have a better understanding of digital literacy. The results of digital literacy outreach showed an increase in public understanding of the concept of digital literacy. This can be seen from a significant increase in public knowledge of the importance of digital literacy in facing the dynamics of information in the digital era. Socialization of digital literacy for the community has had a significant positive impact. Increasing public understanding of digital literacy and changes in behavior in using social media show the success of the implementation methods that have been implemented. A positive response to outreach materials also shows an approach that is relevant to the local needs of the community and increases the effectiveness of message delivery.

WITHDRAWN: A novel step function approach for reservoir operation to balance water storage and flood control during extreme rainfall events

Reservoir operation is crucial during extreme rainfall events which impact flooding and water supply. Simple models with upgraded operating rules can accurately simulate reservoir operations and used as a tool to investigate operations during extreme rainfall events. In this study, a step function for reservoir operation, that can be upgraded based on historical flood events, was developed and embedded with a simple box model. This model simplifies the simulation of controlled reservoir operation and can be integrated with hydrologic and hydraulic models for the assessment of the impacts of controlled reservoir operation. Chembarambakkam, a large water supply reservoir in Chennai city, India, was used to assess the performance of the developed model. The parameters of the box model were calibrated and validated with an error estimation of 11 and 13 % for inflow, 21 and 22% for outflow, and 15 and 16% for water level, respectively. Furthermore, a massive flood event that occurred in Chennai in 2015 was evaluated with various combinations of reservoir operations using the developed approach. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters shows that the initial water level in the Chembarambakkam reservoir plays a substantial role in balancing water supply and flood mitigation. Restraining initial water levels from 50 to 75 % of storage helps to reduce the flood peaks from 14 to 38 % and inundation extents by 3.19 to 5.18 km2 besides the reliable storage of 81.50 % for water supply. Thus, the proposed box model was proven to be useful in controlled reservoir operation during extreme rainfall events.

Withdrawn: A novel step function approach for reservoir operation to balance water storage and flood control during extreme rainfall events

Reservoir operation is crucial during extreme rainfall events which impact flooding and water supply. Simple models with upgraded operating rules can accurately simulate reservoir operations and used as a tool to investigate operations during extreme rainfall events. In this study, a step function for reservoir operation, that can be upgraded based on historical flood events, was developed and embedded with a simple box model. This model simplifies the simulation of controlled reservoir operation and can be integrated with hydrologic and hydraulic models for the assessment of the impacts of controlled reservoir operation. Chembarambakkam, a large water supply reservoir in Chennai city, India, was used to assess the performance of the developed model. The parameters of the box model were calibrated and validated with an error estimation of 11 and 13 % for inflow, 21 and 22% for outflow, and 15 and 16% for water level, respectively. Furthermore, a massive flood event that occurred in Chennai in 2015 was evaluated with various combinations of reservoir operations using the developed approach. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters shows that the initial water level in the Chembarambakkam reservoir plays a substantial role in balancing water supply and flood mitigation. Restraining initial water levels from 50 to 75 % of storage helps to reduce the flood peaks from 14 to 38 % and inundation extents by 3.19 to 5.18 km2 besides the reliable storage of 81.50 % for water supply. Thus, the proposed box model was proven to be useful in controlled reservoir operation during extreme rainfall events.

People beyond the border in the sandbars of Damodar River: understanding the people’s management in a changing landscape, India

ABSTRACT Sandbars are narrow ridges of sand formed by the river system in Bengal delta in eastern India. Some charlands or riverbeds of the Damodar River are situated along both its banks as well as in its central channel, offering habitats for both human populations and wildlife. Throughout its history, the river has been known as ‘Sorrow of Bengal’ owing to its frequent inundations and devastating impact. Since the partition of India in 1947, numerous sandbars have been colonized at various stages. Before partition, the area consisted of vast fields covered with bushes. This paper elaborates on the living conditions of marginalized people of Bangladesh and the local settlers who have inhabited the sandbars. They face a multitude of challenges, including safety concerns during storms, a lack of access to essential amenities like water, electricity, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities, as well as transportation difficulties. Sandbars are susceptible to flooding, necessitating frequent evacuations for the residents when massive floods occur. Additionally, these riverbeds are often geographically isolated from neighbouring landmasses. Despite these challenges, both refugees and local settlers have managed to adapt to life on these transient sandbars. The research also elucidates how communities often develop unique techniques and technologies to mitigate the challenges posed by the river. Finally, this study demonstrates that assessments of vulnerability and insecurity are arbitrary and insignificant; however, immediate survival is crucial.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF UKRAINE: CONSEQUENCES AND RISKS OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION

The natural resources of Ukraine are suffering from russia forces. Ukraine is known as one of Europe’s largest grain producers. Ukraine is a major exporter of wheat (accounts for 10% of world exports), corn (15%), barley (15%), and sunflower (especially oil – 50%). The ongoing the Russian-Ukrainian war strengthens the unstable economic system in country. Military actions influence the environment of Ukraine in terms of climate change, soil and impact on agriculture, water security and supply. According to this, grain production in Ukraine decreased by 40%, and structure of crop losses due to war: wheat – 39%, sunflowers – 17%, corn – 12%, barley – 8%, fruits and berries – 3%, other crops – 21%. In addition, the Russian-Ukrainian war has impacted water availability and quality (risk for water resources), soil quality and degradation (risk for soil resources), forest health and productivity and habitat of species (risk for biological resources). For instance, the description of sewage treatment plants (the sewage treatment facilities were shelled in the city of Mykolaiv city, the sewage treatment facilities in the village of Novotroitske, Volnovasky district, Donetsk oblast were damaged etc. ), disruption of water supply to the crop production (damaged irrigation systems in Ukraine: 94% in the Kherson region, 74% in the Zaporizhia region, 30% in the Dnipropetrovsk region ), pollution of the surface and underground waters (massive flooding of military equipment and ammunition in reservoirs, leaks of oil products and other chemical compounds). In this article, we analyzed of the environmental situation under the impact of russian aggression on the state of natural resources of the country and justification of the consequences of this impact; identified the determination of the main risks for providing the country with food and the branches of the national economy with water supply, as well as the preservation of environmental components; proposed the development of proposals for the assessment of environmental damage to the environment as a result of the military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine. We have identified the main risk: for food safety (the impact of military actions on soil resources – a risk of reduced food provision potential due to the loss of land productivity, since up to 30% of agricultural land is mined and according to the results of 2022, the crop yield losses has reached 17%); for environmental safety (the impact on military actions on water resources – damaged the dams and drainage systems, destruction of sewage treatment plants, seizure of hydroelectric power plants, and mining of coastline caused bacterial (oil products, lubricants) and organic (biogenic substances) pollution of water bodies and water shortages for the population (complete absence of water supply in temporarily occupied territories) and agriculture (irrigation networks were affected)); for protection of ecosystems (up to 20% of the reserve fund has already been affected, 600 species of fauna and 750 species of flora, including those listed in the Red Data Book, are threatened with extinction).

Investigating ecosystem resiliency in different flood zones of south Brooklyn, New York

With climate change and rising sea levels, south Brooklyn is exposed to massive flooding and intense precipitation. Previous research discovered that flooding shifts plant species distribution, decreases soil pH, and increases salt concentration, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels. We predicted a decreasing trend from Zone 1 to 6: high-pH, high-salt, and high-nutrients in more flood-prone areas to low-pH, low-salt, and low-nutrient in less flood-prone regions. We performed DNA barcoding to identify plant species inhabiting flood zones with expectations of decreasing salt tolerance and moisture uptake by plants' soil from Zones 1-6. Furthermore, we predicted an increase in invasive species, ultimately resulting in a decrease in biodiversity. After barcoding, we researched existing information regarding invasiveness, ideal soil, pH tolerance, and salt tolerance. We performed soil analyses to identify pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) levels. For N and P levels, we discovered a general decreasing trend from Zone 1 to 6 with low and moderate statistical significance respectively. Previous studies found that soil moisture can increase N and P uptake, helping plants adopt efficient resource-use strategies and reduce water stress from flooding. Although characteristics of plants were distributed throughout all zones, demonstrating overall diversity, the soil analyses hinted at the possibility of a rising trend of plants adapting to the increase in flooding. Future expansive research is needed to comprehensively map these trends. Ultimately, investigating trends between flood zones and the prevalence of different species will assist in guiding solutions to weathering climate change and protecting biodiversity in Brooklyn.

Epidemics In The 21st Century: A Multifaceted Challenge

In the intricate tapestry of human history, the 21st century stands as a chapter marked by the recurring emergence of epidemics, each weaving its unique thread into the fabric of global health. From the haunting reappearances of familiar adversaries like influenza to the unexpected onslaught of novel viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, this era has borne witness to a diverse array of health crises that have tested the resilience of societies worldwide. The canvas of epidemics in the 21st century encompasses a spectrum of formidable adversaries. Changes in host population ecology, genetic mutations in pathogen reservoirs, the lack of disease control, the growing population, overcrowded urban areas, climate change, and globalization have resulted in the development of several epidemics and pandemics. The intermittent waves of influenza, with their ability to swiftly mutate, present an enduring challenge to containment and mitigation efforts. The advent of novel viruses like SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and most notably, the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the unpredictability and rapid global spread inherent in emerging infectious diseases. Monkeypox, yet another disfiguring and deadly infection, is reported in 20 countries and carries the potential to become another pandemic. Dengue is yet another significant challenge for the healthcare system of many under-developed countries, especially Pakistan, affecting many people each year. Pakistan is experiencing major public health threats in the face of the current massive flood that facilitates the transmission of this deadly disease. Almost one-third of Pakistan’s population is suffering from life-threatening infections, including cholera, malaria, typhoid, etc., due to flood consequences. The silent yet pervasive threat posed by antimicrobial resistance looms large, rendering conventional treatments ineffective and elevating the urgency for novel therapeutic strategies. The surge in non-communicable diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular ailments, amplifies the burden on healthcare systems and demands multifaceted preventive measures. Amidst the convoluted landscape of epidemics, medical professionals confront an amalgamation of challenges. The imperative for robust preparedness, encompassing early detection, rapid response mechanisms, and efficient resource allocation, forms the cornerstone of epidemic management. Strengthening public health infrastructure remains pivotal, advocating for improved surveillance systems, enhanced laboratory capacities, and a resilient healthcare workforce. Addressing health disparities and ensuring equitable access to healthcare resources, especially in underserved communities, emerges as a fundamental tenet in epidemic management. The interconnectedness of our world mandates cohesive international collaborations, fostering information-sharing, research partnerships, and coordinated responses to combat epidemics transcending geographical boundaries. The crucible of epidemics in the 21st century compels us to acknowledge the imperativeness of collective resilience and concerted efforts. As we navigate the uncharted territories of emerging infectious threats and persisting health challenges, the amalgamation of scientific innovation, proactive policy interventions, and unwavering global solidarity becomes indispensable. In the pursuit of a healthier, more resilient future, the role of medical professionals stands as a beacon of hope, steering us through the turbulent seas of epidemics with unwavering dedication and expertise. Let us, as a global community, harness our collective strength and fortitude to confront these challenges, transcending boundaries, and fostering a world where health equity and preparedness prevail.

Impacts of an upper tropospheric cold low on the extreme precipitation in Henan Province, China in July 2021

From 19 to 21 July 2021, Henan province of China experienced an extreme precipitation event that caused massive flooding and great loss of lives. This event is thus far the second heaviest precipitation event observed by rain gauges in this region. Based on the ERA5 reanalysis data, the ECMWF operational global ensemble forecasts and numerical simulations using the ARW-WRF model, impacts of an upper tropospheric cold low (UTCL) on the extreme precipitation are examined. It is found that due to the influence of the persistent intrusion of stratospheric high potential vorticity (PV) air, a long-lived UTCL was detached from the upper level flow a week prior to the extreme precipitation event. The UTCL then moved westward, reaching the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea and maintaining there until the precipitation event ended. During this event, a broad northeast-southwest oriented area of ascending motion associated with the UTCL could be observed in front of the UTCL and strong ascending motions developed in the upper troposphere above Henan province. Analysis of the ECMWF operational global ensemble forecasts reveals that the amount of precipitation over Henan is positively correlated with the UTCL intensity. The UTCL impact on the extreme precipitation and the underlying mechanisms are further investigated based on results of numerical experiments. The control experiment reasonably reproduces the UTCL location as well as the distribution and evolution of the extreme precipitation. When the UTCL intensity is reduced in the initial condition using the piecewise PV inversion for sensitivity experiment, the upper tropospheric divergence reduces correspondingly and the dynamical ascending motion weakens in the second precipitation stage. As a result, the amount and intensity of precipitation both decrease. When the UTCL is completely removed from the initial condition, the sensitivity experiment indicates that the upper tropospheric divergence and dynamical ascending motion further weaken, resulting in a large decrease in precipitation intensity during the whole precipitation period. These findings highlight that the occurrence of the long-lived UTCL is a crucial factor that affects the intensity of the extreme precipitation event.

River channel dynamics and flooding: A case of motorable bridge collapse due to abrupt flood in Chhabdi Khola, Tanahun, Nepal

The monsoon season in Nepal brings calamitous events like riverbank erosion, toe cutting, and the structural failure of bridges due to floods. In July 2021, a motorable bridge in Bhadgaun, Tanahun district, Nepal, collapsed during a massive flood in Chhabdi Khola. The study aims to comprehensively document the aftermath, specifically focusing on the causal factors that led to the damage of the Chhabdi Khola Dovan Bridge. The study delves into an in-depth analysis of the stream's channel morphology, with the 5.85 kilometers Chhabdi Khola partitioned into 28 distinct segments, each spanning approximately 200 meters. These segments, sequentially labeled from Site 1 to Site 28, encompass the area extending from the upstream at Chhabdi Barah temple to the downstream at bridge’s location. Rigorous measurements of length, breadth, and depth at each site form the basis for volumetric assessments of the stream. The study revolves around contrasting paleo channel attributes with contemporary alterations within the Chhabdi Khola catchment. The analysis leverages precipitation data sourced from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) to discern precipitation trends within the Chhabdi Khola catchment area. The hydrographic data underwent trend analysis utilizing Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope method through R software (version 4.3.2). The collapse of the Chhabdi Khola Dovan Bridge resulted from intense water flow and debris due to heavy rainfall and a narrow outlet near the bridge, impacting the local population and land users facing the enduring aftermath of a catastrophic monsoon event. The study highlights the significance of understanding river dynamics in small streams and advocates for proactive disaster preparedness measures, even in seemingly small river channels.

Kembangan Dam Safety Risk Index Sragen Regency

In dam management, in addition to the safety factors of the structure and condition of the dam and the emergency action plan that needs to be prepared, other elements that need to be considered are the operation, maintenance, monitoring and observation activities of the dam. In extreme circumstances, mistakes in dam operations can be fatal. The dam can fail and cause a massive flood that can damage facilities and infrastructure, and even loss of life downstream of the dam. Risk assessment is a way to identify risks that may occur under various conditions, so that the necessary follow-up can be done if the risk is unacceptable. In this study, a risk assessment was conducted to obtain a safety value for the Kembangan Dam located in Karangmalang District, Sragen Regency, Center Java Province. The method used in this research is to use the risk index method. The risk index method assessment parameters are obtained from the initial importance factor of the dam (I dam), the calculation of the total risk index of the dam (IR tot), and the safety value of the dam (N aman). The results showed that the Kembangan dam had an initial importance factor (I dam) of 356.25, a total risk index (IR tot) of 66.618, and a dam safety value (N aman) of 81.3. Thus, it can be concluded that the safety level of the Kembangan dam is included in the Kembangan clause.

The significance of morphometric analysis of Shimsha River, Karnataka, India to understand the hydrological and morphological characteristics

AbstractMorphometric analysis is crucial for advancing in various fields, including geomorphology, hydrology, environmental sciences, and geological studies. The objective of the present study is to understand the hydrological and morphological characteristics of the Shimsha River, which flows through the fluvial deltaic plain in the semiarid environment of Karnataka. Remote sensing and geographic information system have been used as mapping and efficient tools for drainage basin morphometry. The emphasis is laid on geological, geomorphological, hydrological, and fluvial features under linear, aerial, shape, relief, geometric, morphotectonic, and social morphometric parameters. The basin area is about 8741 km2, with a dendritic to subdendritic pattern. The sinuosity index is 1.6, which indicates meandering in nature. Areal parameters suggest that the drainage basin has a moderate surface permeability, homogenous lithology, run‐off, erodibility, low relief conditions, infiltration rate, and a well‐developed drainage network. Shape parameter indicates that the basin is subelongated with flatted peak flow and longer duration. Relief factor indicated low relief and intermediate stage of the incision rate. The river has an asymmetry factor is 38.65 and it shows that the channel has shifted southwest. The river shows a perfectly graded profile, with a considerable amount of incision and deposition along its profile showing tectonically unstable, based on the spatial distribution of the potential groundwater zone of about (5260 km2), other waterbody masks covered (285 km2). Standard visual interpretation techniques were applied to recognize and interpret the land use and land cover patterns. A basin rich in clay‐rich soil may lead to a massive flood. Essentially, physiographical and structural conditions controlled the stream order of the basin. The increase in the stream length ratio from lower to a higher order. That indicates a mature geomorphic stage of the study area. Rainfall and local lithology impact the development of segments of the stream.

Calamity Of Secondary Dengue Virus Followed By Climatic Changes.

Madam, This is to bring your attention to a long-standing issue despite several activities devised to curb it. Being aware of the effect of drastic climatic changes, developing countries like Pakistan should remain alert about the emergence of infectious outbreaks. The stagnant water after heavy rainfall and flood is a ground for the breeding of dengue vector called Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The virus is transmitted from one person to another through these mosquitoes. Lately, the surge in the cases of dengue virus was due to massive flooding in Pakistan in 2022. A total of 25932 cases were reported and 62 deaths were recorded during the dengue outbreak during the flood crisis of 2022[1]. Dengue virus comprises of four serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4. A person infected by a distinct serotype of the virus gains immunity against it and future infection by the same DENV will not affect the person’s health but infection by a heterogenous serotype causes secondary infection in the form of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Expansive capillary leakage in DHF due to an increase in the permeability of blood vessels can turn on a shock state called DSS. This deprivation of blood to highly functional organs like the brain, kidney, and heart puts them at risk of multi-organ failure [2]. The seasonal surge of secondary infection puts a burden on hospitals as the patient requires vigilant inpatient hospital care. The patient's health deteriorates further because of self-treatment at home with local herbs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs [3]. As modern medicine is focused more on prevention than treatment, the need for the approval of the use of the dengue vaccine on high-risk individuals in an endemic country like Pakistan should be considered. The DENGVAXIA is a well-tolerated vaccine protecting against all the serotypes and is approved for use in individuals 9 to 45 years who are previously infected by the dengue virus in the past. [4] The vaccine will restrain the rise in DHF and DSS cases as it is for high-risk individuals who are already infected in the past thus curbing the incidence of secondary infection. Many endemic countries like the Philippines and Brazil have already taken a step against secondary dengue by granting the license of DENGVAXIA [5]. As Pakistan is developing country, approving the license for DENGVAXIA should be considered.

STABLITY OF TEMPORARILY PLACED LARGE SANDBAGS AGAINST WAVES

In Japan, Typhoon No. 15 (Faxai) hit the Kanto region on September 5, 2019, causing massive flooding damage due to the collapse of seawalls (Suzuki et al., 2020). In the Fukuura district of Yokohama City, the parapet of the seawall collapsed and large overtopping waves inundated an area 0.75 km inland from the seawall, resulting in a flooded area of 0.8 km2. Since the typhoon season lasts until November, there was a possibility that typhoons would continue to hit the area after that. Therefore, with the parapet collapsed, there was a possibility of major flooding damage again. Under such conditions, temporary overtopping measures were necessary. In Japan, large sandbags are commonly installed in such cases. However, there are many unknowns regarding the stability of sandbags against waves. Even if they are installed, they are likely to be scattered by waves. In this study, emergency recovery measures and subsequent responses in the Fukuura district due to Typhoon No. 19 were examined. Furthermore, the stability of sandbags was examined through large hydraulic experiments.

FVI-BD: Multiple File Extraction using Fusion Vector Investigation (FVI) in Big Data Hadoop Environment

— The Information Extraction (IE) approach extracts useful data from unstructured and semi-structured data. Big Data, with its rising volume of multidimensional unstructured data, provides new tools for IE. Traditional Information Extraction (IE) systems are incapable of appropriately handling this massive flood of unstructured data. The processing capability of current IE systems must be enhanced because to the amount and variety of Big Data. Existing IE techniques for data preparation, extraction, and transformation, as well as representations of massive amounts of multidimensional, unstructured data, must be evaluated in terms of their capabilities and limits. The proposed FVI-BD Framework for IOT device Information Extraction in Big Data. The unstructured data has cleaned and integration using POS tagging and similarity finding using LTA method. The features are extracted using TF and IDF. The Information extracted using NLP with WordNet. The classification has done with FVI algorithm. This research paper discovered that vast data analytics may be enhanced by extracting document feature terms with synonymous similarity and increasing IE accuracy.