Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Research Articles

Resident Salary Compared to Living Wages at United States Training Institutions.

To compare living wages and salaries at US residency programs. It is unknown how resident salary compares to living wages across the United States (US). Cross-sectional analysis of publicly available resident salary affordability from training centers with post-graduate-year (PGY)-1 through PGY-7 resident compensation for 2022-2023 was compared with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Living-Wage Calculator. Resident salary to living wage ratios were calculated using PGY-4 salary for each family composition. Univariate and multivariable analysis of PGY-4 salary affordability was performed, accounting for proportion of expected living wages to taxes, transportation, housing, healthcare, childcare, and food, as well as unionization and state income-tax. 118 residency programs, representing over 60% of US trainees, were included, 20 (17%) of which were unionized. Single-parent families were unable to earn a living wage until PGY-7. Residents with 1 child in 2-adult (single-income) and 2-adult (dual-income) families earn below living wages until PGY-5 and PGY-3, respectively. Residents with more than 1 child never earn a living wage. Multivariable regression analysis using PGY-4 salary: living wage ratios in single-child, 2-parent homes showed food expense and unionization status were consistent predictors of affordability. Unionization was associated with lower affordability pre-stipend, almost equivalent affordability post-stipend, and lower affordability post-stipend and union dues. Resident salaries often preclude residents with children from earning a living wage. Unionization is not associated with increased resident affordability in this cross-sectional analysis. All annual reimbursement data should be centrally compiled, and additional stipends should be considered for residents with children.

Ginzburg–Landau simulations of three-terminal operation of a superconducting nanowire cryotron

Abstract Superconducting nanowire cryotrons (nTrons) are expected to be used as interfaces for super-high-performance hybrid devices in which superconductor and semiconductor circuits are combined. However, nTrons are still under development, and diverse analyses of these devices are needed. Accordingly, we have developed a numerical technique to simulate the three-terminal operation of an nTron by using the finite element method to solve the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau (TDGL) equation and the heat-diffusion equation. Simulations using this technique offer understanding of the dynamics of the order parameter, the thermal behavior, and the characteristics of three-terminal operation, and the TDGL model reproduces qualitatively the results of nTron experiments conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In addition, we investigated how some geometric and physical parameters (the design elements) affect the operation characteristics. The TDGL model has far fewer free parameters compared with the lumped-element electrothermal model commonly used for simulating superconducting devices. Furthermore, the TDGL model provides time-dependent visual information about the superconducting state and the normal state, thereby offering insights into the relationship between nTron geometry and three-terminal operation. These simulation results offer a route to nTron optimization and the development of nTron applications.

Nutritional and Health Benefits of Microorganisms for Sustainable Food and Medicine

The term ‘single cell protein’ was coined in 1968 at a meeting held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to replace the less aesthetic ‘microbial protein’ and ‘petroprotein’ which were the terms originally used. Use of microbes as a food source may appear to be unacceptable to some people but the idea of consumption of microbes as food for man and animals is certainly innovative to solve the global food problem. Single cell protein (SCP) has many applications in food and feed industries The microorganisms which can be used as SCP include a variety of bacteria, marine microalgae, Dried cells of bacteria, algae, yeast, and fungi, which are rich in proteins and could be used as dietary supplements, are called Single Cell Proteins (SCP). The use of microbial protein as food has several advantages over conventional proteins. Microbial proteins are healthy source of vitamins, carotenes and carbohydrates. The concept of probiotics is the colonization of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract, promoting efficient functioning of digestion, helping prevent digestive upsets, and stimulating and maintaining the natural immunity of the body. Probiotic bacteria are normal inhabitants of the intestines and are normally found in the healthy gut of all humans. Probiotics have been in use for as long as people have consumed fermented milks, but their association with health benefits dates only from the turn of the century when Metchnikoff drew attention to the adverse effects of the gut microflora on the host and suggested that ingestion of fermented milks ameliorated this so-called autointoxication. Supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has shown promising results against various enteric pathogens due to their ability to compete with pathogenic microbiota for adhesion sites, to alienate pathogens or to stimulate, modulate and regulate the host's immune response. Hence, this review aims to study the nutritional and health benefits of microorganisms for sustainable food and medicine.

334 Resident Salary Compared to Living Wages at US Training Institutions

INTRODUCTION: Resident physician salaries vary by region, though it is unknown how these variations compare to differences in living wages across the United States or what factors drive residency salary discrepancies. METHODS: Publicly available resident salary information was obtained from full-service training centers containing a neurosurgical residency program via institution-specific websites in February 2023 with information on post-graduate year (PGY)-1 through PGY-7 resident compensation for 2022-2023. Living wage calculations by city were generated via the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Living-Wage Calculator. Resident salary to living-wage ratios were calculated using PGY-4 salary for each family composition living-wage. Univariate and multivariable analysis of PGY-4 resident salary on affordability was performed, accounting for proportion of expected living wages to taxes, transportation, housing, medical costs, childcare, and food as well as unionization and state income-tax status. RESULTS: 118 neurosurgery residency programs were included, 21 (17.9%) of which were unionized. Residents without children earned a salary greater than living-wage during all years, while single-parent families were unable to earn a living-wage until PGY-7. Residents with 1 child in in 2-adult (single-income) and 2-adult (double-income) families were unable to earn a living-wage until PGY-5 and PGY-3 respectively. Residents with more than 1 child failed to earn a living-wage. Multivariate regression analysis using PGY-4 salary:living-wage ratios in single-child, 2-parent homes showed food expenses and unionization status were always significant. On multivariate regression, unionization was significantly associated with lower living-wage ratios pre-stipend, improved post-stipend, and was again significantly lower after factoring in union dues. CONCLUSIONS: Current resident salaries often preclude a resident from earning a living-wage, especially among junior residents and those with children. Unionization is significantly associated with lower resident income to living-wage ratios.

Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a specialized field of computer science focused on creating machines that can emulate human intelligence and behaviour. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was first introduced by John McCarthy in 1956 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA. AI encompasses a variety of applications including game playing, expert systems, natural language processing, neural networks, and robotics. As of now, no computer systems have achieved true artificial general intelligence, which would enable them to perform any intellectual task that a human can. However, significant progress has been made in specific domains, particularly in game playing. Modern computer chess programs, for instance, have surpassed human players in terms of skill and performance. In the early 1980s, expert systems were heralded as the future of AI and computing. These systems are designed to mimic the decision-making abilities of human experts in specialized fields such as medicine and engineering. Despite their potential, expert systems have not fully met the high expectations set for them. They tend to be costly to develop and maintain, and their utility is often limited to specific, well-defined tasks. Currently, neural networks represent one of the most dynamic and rapidly advancing areas of AI. These algorithms, inspired by the structure of the human brain, have demonstrated success in various applications, including voice recognition and natural language processing. When it comes to programming AI applications, LISP (List Processing) and Prelog (Programming in Logic) are two of the most widely used languages due to their suitability and flexibility for AI-related tasks.

Video gaming industry in the US

Generations after generations, the entertainment industry evolved multiple folds, be it music, be it movies, be it sports, be it video games. Each industry doesn’t only set trends each decade but also changes peoples’ lifestyle. Video games are something which is involved almost in every person’s life. Some people play them when they’re young, some play in their teens, some play after they come home from office and some play after they retire. The video games were simply designed simulations that was started in 1950’s and 1960’s by computer scientists on the early computers. In 1952, British professor A.S. Douglas created OXO, also known as noughts and crosses or tic-tac-toe, as part of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge. In 1958, physicist William Higinbotham developed “Tennis for Two” on a large analog computer and connected oscilloscope screen. In 1962, Steve Russell at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) invented Spacewar! a computer-based space combat video game. It ran on the Programmed Data Processor-1 (PDP-1), a cutting-edge computer primarily found at universities. Spacewar! was the first video game that could be played on multiple computer installations. In 1967, Ralph Baer and his team at Sanders Associates, Inc., created a prototype multiplayer, multi-program video game system that could be played on a television. Known as “The Brown Box,” this invention led to the release of the Magnavox Odyssey in 1972, the first video game home console. In 1977, Atari launched the Atari 2600 (also known as the Video Computer System). This home console featured joysticks and interchangeable game cartridges, marking the beginning of the second generation of video game consoles. In 2023, the gaming industry reportedly earns more than film industry and music industry combined which is around $249.60 billion. According to a report by SuperData Research, the global gaming market was valued at $159.3 billion in 2020 and is estimated to reach $268.8 billion by 2025. This is already over three times the revenue of music industry and film industry combined. [2] The 2024 global video game market's projected value of $179.1 billion, with a healthy 6.4% CAGR, bodes well for the US industry. As a key player, the US drives this growth through successful titles like Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto. A mobile gaming market experiencing significant growth and innovation, led by companies like Zynga, strengthens its longstanding dominance in the international arena. This success attracts international investment and talent, promoting innovation and pushing the industry forward.

Research on automatic generation of multimodal medical image reports based on memory driven

The task of automatic generation of medical image reports faces various challenges, such as diverse types of diseases and a lack of professionalism and fluency in report descriptions. To address these issues, this paper proposes a multimodal medical imaging report based on memory drive method (mMIRmd). Firstly, a hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows (Swin-Transformer) is utilized to extract multi-perspective visual features of patient medical images, and semantic features of textual medical history information are extracted using bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT). Subsequently, the visual and semantic features are integrated to enhance the model's ability to recognize different disease types. Furthermore, a medical text pre-trained word vector dictionary is employed to encode labels of visual features, thereby enhancing the professionalism of the generated reports. Finally, a memory driven module is introduced in the decoder, addressing long-distance dependencies in medical image data. This study is validated on the chest X-ray dataset collected at Indiana University (IU X-Ray) and the medical information mart for intensive care chest x-ray (MIMIC-CXR) released by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Massachusetts General Hospital. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can better focus on the affected areas, improve the accuracy and fluency of report generation, and assist radiologists in quickly completing medical image report writing.

Conceptual design and supporting analysis of a double wall heat exchanger for an ARC-class fusion reactor Primary cooling system

In the fight against climate change through the progress of fusion technology, the Affordable, Robust and Compact (ARC) fusion reactor design is under development at Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, in collaboration with the Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) S.p.A. The reactor features demountable superconducting toroidal field coils and a replaceable vacuum vessel immersed in a Fluorine Lithium Beryllium (FLiBe) molten salt blanket. The low-pressure molten salt cools the divertors and the blanket, shields the magnets and acts as tritium breeder and tritium carrier. Tritium must be recovered efficiently from the salt to fuel the reactor, minimizing its inventory and its migration outside the FLiBe loop. The current work is aimed at presenting a preliminary design of a Double-Wall Heat eXchanger (DWHX) to be installed in an ARC-class reactor primary cooling system. The main feature is the presence of a flowing sweep gas gap which captures tritium and prevents its diffusion toward the secondary system. For the DWHX, thermal-hydraulic and tritium transport analyses were performed, considering a supercritical water Rankine power conversion system on the secondary side to carry out the calculations. To assess tritium extraction capabilities of the DWHX, the tritium extraction efficiency has been evaluated. Calculation results highlighted how the current configuration is not adequate to remove tritium, in fact the tritium extraction efficiency is very low. On the other side, it seems to act adequately as tritium permeation barrier.

The Vision Management Mechanism in the Transformation of Entrepreneurial Universities from the Perspective of Stakeholders: A Case Study Based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The entrepreneurial university is a novel model for the advancement of research universities, driven by knowledge to foster national and regional economic development, while establishing a new collaborative relationship between government, academia, and industry. In the era of the knowledge economy, transforming universities into entrepreneurial institutions not only meets societal and economic demands but also presents opportunities for their own growth. This research is based on stakeholder theory and takes “certain-anticipative-potential” as the analytical framework. Drawing upon stakeholder theory, this study examines the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a case study using a single explanatory approach. Following the logic of “construct-practice-inspectconsensus” within vision management processes, this research analyzes and reveals the specific correlation between vision management and the transformation of entrepreneurial universities. Findings indicate that during this transformation process, there exists a non-linear relationship among four stages of vision management-construct, practice, inspect and consensus. Certain stakeholders play an influential role in shaping university visions through construct stage and inspect stage while both certain stakeholders and potential stakeholders collectively drive progress in practicing visions. Future research can further comprehend stakeholder interests through empirical investigations.

A History Matching Study for the FluidFlower Benchmark Project

In this study, we conduct a comprehensive history matching study for the FluidFlower benchmark model. This benchmark was prepared and organized by the University of Bergen, the University of Stuttgart, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for promoting understanding of the complex physics of geological carbon storage (GCS) through in-house experiments and numerical simulations. This paper synthesizes the experiences of history matching the benchmark data encountered by the Delft-DARTS and CSIRO participants. History matching is first performed based on a low-dimensional-zonated structured model using a simple Poisson-like solver. The permeability of six facies and two faults is inferred in this stage to match the digitized concentration data. The history matching is then further enhanced to richer spatial and physical models to capture the spatial variation of permeability and buoyancy effects, using an unstructured grid. Efficient adjoint methods are used to evaluate the gradient used in the optimization of data misfits or equivalent Bayesian log-likelihoods. With efficient optimization methods available for both maximum a posteriori model inference and Randomized Maximum Likelihood methods for model uncertainty, we perform history matching using both binary and continuous concentration observations. The results show that the tracer plumes in the enriched model match the experimental plumes more accurately compared with the results from the parsimonious-zonated model. The history matching results based on the concentration observations provide more similar plume shapes compared with the case based on the binary observations. The permeability difference between the model before and after history matching reveals that the tracer plume zone and the high permeable zone are the regions of high sensitivity in terms of data misfit between the model response and observations. Surprisingly, CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_2$$\\end{document} concentration plume forecasts based on these history-matched models were not especially sensitive to the improvements observed in the enhanced model.

Financial Return on Investment: An Analysis of the Top-Ranked Private Universities in the United States

The increasing cost of an undergraduate education in the United States of America has caused alarming degrees of student loan debt with deleterious consequences to the lives of graduates. Although there are myriad considerations when choosing an institution to attend, the avoidance of unmanageable debt should be prioritized. In this regard, institutions of interest should be examined based upon potential earnings in light of the actual cost of attendance. The purpose of this study was to examine the return on investment for an undergraduate education (i.e., the ratio of median annual earnings after attendance to the average annual cost of attendance) between the top-ranked private universities in the United States as per the U.S. News & World Report top-20 rankings for 2024. Annual earnings and cost of attendance data were gathered from the College Scorecard. Findings for 18 private universities reveal major differences between published tuition and fees and the actual cost of attendance (on average, the latter is 32% of the former) with an average return on investment of 6.6; however, there is a wide range of return on investment (2.9–24.4). Findings further reveal that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and Princeton University are the top three institutions with respect to both the ROI and U.S. News & World Report rankings

On the survival of a flawed theory of capital: mainstream economics and the Cambridge capital controversies

Abstract The Cambridge controversies on capital theory opposed heterodox economists, mainly from the University of Cambridge, UK, to mainstream economists, mostly based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. The controversies started in the 1950s and occupied the pages of some of the most influential journals. Their primary outcome was the broad acknowledgement of flaws, which we retrieve, in the concept of aggregate capital. Despite that acknowledgement, aggregate, homogeneous capital remains a staple of contemporary macroeconomics, as if the Cambridge controversies had never existed. To account for this apparent paradox is the aim of this article. We examine the arguments seeking to justify the enduring commitment to the aggregate capital approach and argue that they indicate an implicit commitment to instrumentalism. The indifference to the results of the Cambridge controversies is a consequence of methodological conformism and has shaky foundations.

Carrot Health: digitizing health care through consumer analytics

Theoretical basis The case is designed to be used with the digital business model framework developed by Peter Weill and Stephanie Woerner of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (Weill and Woerner, 2015) and is referred to as the W & W framework. This approach provides a useful structure for thinking through the strategic options facing environments ripe for digital transformation. Research methodology Research for this case was conducted through face-to-face interviews with the protagonist, as well as through a review of their business planning documents and other data and documentation provided by the founder. Some of the market and industry data were obtained using secondary research and industry reports. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed to ensure accuracy. Case overview/synopsis The case follows the story of Kurt Waltenbaugh, a Minnesota entrepreneur who shared the dream of using data analytics to reduce costs within the US health-care system. In early 2014, Waltenbaugh and a physician colleague founded Carrot Health to bring together their personal experience and expertise in both consumer data analytics and health care. From the beginning, they focused on how to use data analytics to help identify high-risk/high-cost patients who had not yet sought medical treatment. They believed that they could use these insights to encourage early medical interventions and, as a result, lower the long-term cost of care. Carrot’s initial success found them in a consultative role, working on behalf of insurance companies. Through this work, they honed their capabilities by helping their clients combine existing claims data with external consumer behavioral data to identify new potential customers. These initial consulting contracts gave Carrot the opportunity to develop its analytic tools, business model and, importantly, to earn some much-needed cash flow during the start-up phase. However, they also learned that, while insurance companies were willing to purchase data insights for one-off market expansion projects, it was much more difficult to motivate them to use data proactively to eliminate costs on an ongoing basis. Waltenbaugh believed that Carrot’s greatest potential lay in their ability to develop predictive models of health outcomes, and this case explores Carrot’s journey through strategic decisions and company transformation. Complexity academic level This case is intended for either an undergraduate or graduate course on entrepreneurial strategy. It provides an effective introduction to the unique structure and constraints which apply to an innovative start-up within the health-care industry. The case also serves as a platform to explore the critical criteria to be considered when developing a digital transformation strategy and exposing students to the digital business model developed by Weill and Woerner (2015) at MIT (referred to in this instructor’s manual as the W&W framework). The case was written to be used in an advanced strategy Master of Business Administration (MBA) class, an undergraduate specialty health-care course or as part of a health-care concentration in a regular MBA, Master of Health Care Administration (MHA) or Master of Public Health (MPH). It may be taught toward the end of a course on business strategy when students are building on generic strategy frameworks and adapting their strategic thinking to the characteristics of specific industries or sectors. However, the case can also be taught as part of a course on health-care innovation in which case it also serves well as an introduction to the health-care payments and insurance system in the USA. Finally, the case can be used in a specialized course on digital transformation strategy in which case it serves as an introduction to the MIT W&W framework. The case is particularly well-suited to students who are familiar with traditional frameworks for business strategy and business models. The analysis builds on this knowledge and introduces students interested in learning about the opportunities and challenges of digital strategy. Equally, the case works well for students with clinical backgrounds, who are interested in how business strategy can influence changes within the health-care sphere. Finally, an important aspect of the case design was to develop students’ analytical confidence by encouraging them to “get their hands dirty” and to carry out some basic exploratory data analytics themselves. As such, the case requires students to combine and correlate data and to experience the potentially powerful combination of clinical and consumer data. Instructors should find that the insights from these activities give students unique insights into the potential for of data analytics to move health care from a reactive/treatment ethos to a proactive/intervention ethos. This experience can be particularly revealing for students with clinical backgrounds who may initially be resistant to the use of clinical data by commercial organizations.

Istraživanja o modifikovanom MRAC-u zasnovanom na pravilima MIT-a i Ljapunova za sisteme sa dva rezervoara koji nisu u interakciji i međusobno deluju

The adaptive control method is a technique that measures the dynamic characteristics of the plant automatically and continuously to make a comparison with its required output. It utilizes the difference between plant output and reference output to compute adaptable system parameters to maintain optimal performance regardless of the system variations. The behavior of the adaptation rule is significantly affected by the adaptation gain value. This paper describes the design of MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Lyapunov rule-based modified Model Reference Adaptative Controller (MRAC) to stabilize a non-interacting and interacting two-tank process system. Investigation of variation in adaptation gain has also been done. Initially, a traditional MIT and Lyapunov rule-based MRAC is designed to stabilize the non-interacting and interacting tow-tank coupled system and it is found that both the systems are stable only for a few values of adaptation gain. To overcome this problem the modified MRAC is planned to stabilize and improve the response of the system. The modified MRAC scheme is just the PD (Proportional Derivative) controller superimposed on the MRAC control method. Now with the modified MRAC, the systems have been stabilized and their response has been improved for the wide range of adaptation gains. The comparative analysis of traditional and modified MRAC has also been presented. The performance analysis in terms of rise time, settling time, and peak overshoot has been carried out by comparing the results obtained for all the mentioned rules with the variations in the adaptation gain, on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The obtained results present encouraging outcomes.

“Why did we do that?” A Systematic Approach to Tracking Decisions in the Design and Iteration of Learning Experiences

Practitioners today are often tasked with designing learning experiences situated in increasingly complex contexts where defining the challenge, understanding learners and stakeholders, and being informed by theory and evidence must all be taken into consideration when planning and implementing a solution. The Learning Engineering Evidence and Decision (LEED) tracker is one possible tool for managing these various channels of influence by recording, revisiting, and iterating upon actionable design decisions in an evidence-grounded way. Emerging from specific examples of LEED tracker use by a learning engineering team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are general benefits for others engaging in design for learning: it concretizes decisions grounded in understandings of pedagogical approaches and context, facilitates iteration and improvement based on data, and serves as a communication tool among stakeholders.

85 ЛЕТ МОРСКОМУ ГЕОЛОГУ Е. Г. МИРЛИНУ

December 16, 2023 to the former chief researcher of the V. I. Vernadsky State Geological Museum of the RAS, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Evgeniy Mirlin turned 85 years old. The main direction of E. G. Mirlin’s research is the study of lithospheric plates and rifting, mineralogy, geodynamics and minerals, magnetic heterogeneity of the Earth’s crust and the structure of the spreading zones of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Dr. Mirlin took part in many expeditions to various regions of the World Ocean, and in 1975, together with colleagues from the United States, took part in an expedition on the ship “Knorr” in the North Atlantic, where the tectonics of the ocean floor was studied using deepsea towed vehicles. He processed experimental data at leading research centers in the USA: the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of California. Awarded orders and medals: in 1982 E. G. Mirlin led the country’s first oceanological expedition to Lake Baikal, where the “Pysis” underwater manned vehicles were used for the first time, as a result of which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. For his great contribution to the geological structure of the subsoil, in 1999 he was awarded the “Excellence in Subsoil Exploration” badge; in 2002 the “Honorary Subsoil Prospector” badge; in 2011 the “Academician A. L. Yanshin” medal; in 2012 – the sign “Mining Glory” of the third degree.

U.S. UNIVERSITY WEBSITES AS SPECIFIC MULTIMODAL TEXTS

The aim of the article was to study the specifics of the interfaces of the U.S. university websites as multimodal heterogeneous texts that synthesize elements of educational, scientific and advertising discourses. The overall objectives to achieve the established goal were as follows: to identify and distinguish the types of multimodal means on the U.S. university website, which contribute to its genre mixing and genre embedding; to establish the nature of the interaction of verbal, non-verbal and para-verbal components of the U.S. university websites, and to determine their pragmatic features. The methodological basis of the research was a complex of the following methods: analysis (to study multimodal components of the university website as a specific multimodal text), synthesis (to identify the features of the integration of multimodal means of the websites of American universities), observation (for the selection of fragments with verbal means that actualize the visual content and the selection of visual fragments to actualize the verbal content), the method of discourse analysis (to highlight specific fragments of websites that arouse the interest of the authors of this articleб and have a meaningful content), structural method (to analyze the university website as a whole structure, which is provided by separate means of cohesion), functional method (to clarify the pragmatic potential of multimodal elements of the university website, which are means of communication between the university and the reader of its website). It also employed the system functional (drawing on the provisions of linguistic metafunctions, and focusing on the categories of the grammar of visual design) and the socio-semiotic (grounding on the interrelationship of modes, their compatibility and social needs for which they serve, making meanings) approaches. The chosen methodology made it possible to conduct a study of the multimodality of the websites of the U.S. universities, realized as a symbiosis of verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal resources. The multimedia corpus of the research consists of the websites of five American universities (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, Yale University and Рrinceton University). The main conclusion that can be drawn is that the complex discursive nature of the websites under study is determined by the features inherent in advertising (the benefits of services to influence the choice of the recipient), educational (the talk about the educational process and educational services) and scientific (information of a scientific nature is provided) discourses. All universities under study employ semiotic landscapes at their disposal to portray attractive brands on their websites. Being the most important way to ensure fast and effective communication of educational institutions with their target audience, the discourse of university websites has a pronounced pragmatic orientation. The purpose of the analyzed type of heterogeneous discourse is to create an image of an “ideal” educational institution, attract potential students, researchers, sponsors, and disseminate the latest achievements in the field of science and education. The concept of multimodality of the websites of the analyzed U.S. universities as specific multimodal texts is manifested in visual content through a number of paragraphemic and infographic elements, the synthesis of which is due to the combination of language tools, visual content and web technologies of modern website construction. The most common visual content exploited on the U.S. university websites embraces: unique photographs and “color” mode (photos of the university and its students, classrooms, laboratories, events, etc.), which helps to clearly illustrate the educational services offered, and give the desired emotional mood; infographics and data visualization, which is an effective way to combine text, pictures and design to present complex information (infographics do not always completely replace the text, more often it is its addition or retelling); video interviews with students, graduates, videos about studying at a university are one of the means to convince potential students to make an admission decision. Using video is a fairly popular form of visual content. With the help of video, the universities can not only diversify the content of their websites, but also satisfy the needs of those users who prefer visual content. Placing various videos on website pages allows solving the problems of reinforcing textual content, strengthening the arguments “for” admission and attracting applicants to university educational programs. In such a way, on the basis of the interaction of different discourses (advertising, educational and scientific) and various semiotic systems, a single visual-structural and functionally complete image of an attractive and popular university is achieved among readers of its website.

A Study on Electrochemical Properties of Fuel-Electrode-Supported Reversible Solid Oxide Cells

Introduction Reversible solid oxide cells (r-SOCs) enable both power generation and steam electrolysis, and have attracted attention as a solid state electrochemical energy device for a decarbonized society (1). R-SOCs have the advantage of high efficiency due to high temperature operation, but there exist various technical issues remained in materials selection, start-up and shutdown, and long-term durability. Therefore, reducing operating temperature is desirable for practical applications (2,3). Electrode-supported cells, in which the electrode acts as a structural support, enable lower temperature operation by reducing the thickness of the electrolyte, which has certain electrical resistivity. Here in this study, the current-voltage characteristics and reversible cycle durability under r-SOC operating conditions are evaluated using fuel-electrode-supported cells, with the aim of developing r-SOCs capable of highly efficient fuel cell power generation and steam electrolysis. Experimental For the experiments, fuel-electrode-supported cells were fabricated using fuel electrode-supported half-cells (Japan Fine Ceramics, Japan), schematically shown in Fig. 1. The half-cell consists of scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ: 10 mol%Sc2O3-1mol%CeO2-89 mol%ZrO2) or yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ: 8 mol%Y2O3-92 mol%ZrO2) electrolyte and a Ni-cermet fuel electrode, such as Ni-ScSZ or Ni-YSZ. (La0.6Sr0.4)(Co0.2Fe0.8)O3 (LSCF) was applied for the air electrode, and Gd0.1Ce0.9O2 (GDC) was inserted between the electrolyte and the air electrode to suppress interdiffusion and chemical reactions. Four types of cells were used with different combinations of the electrolyte component (YSZ or ScSZ) in the electrolyte layer or the supporting fuel electrode.In electrochemical tests, 50%-humidified hydrogen (100 ml min-1) was supplied to the fuel electrode, and air (150 ml min-1) was supplied to the air electrode. R-SOC initial performance tests were conducted using an electrochemical analyzer (1255B, Solartron). Cell voltage and impedance were measured at 700-800°C at current densities ranging from -0.5 A cm-2 to +0.5 A cm-2. Positive current density means the value in SOFC mode, while negative current density means the value in SOEC mode. In r-SOC 1,000 cycle durability tests, cycles of switching between SOFC and SOEC operation were repeated 1,000 times by varying current density. The range of current density in the cycle tests was between -0.2 A cm-2 and +0.2 A cm-2. The cell impedance was measured before the cycling test and every 100 cycles. After each test, the cells were analyzed by using a focused-ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to observe and evaluate the electrode microstructure. Results and discussion Figure 2 (a) shows the r-SOC initial performance of each fuel-electrode-supported cell. The cell with the Ni-YSZ fuel electrode and the YSZ electrolyte showed better current voltage characteristics than other cells. Figure 2 (b) shows the r-SOC 1000-cycle durability of the cell with the Ni-YSZ fuel electrode and the YSZ electrolyte. The results showed a decrease in power generation and electrolysis performance with increasing the number of cycles in both SOFC and SOEC modes. Possible degradation mechanisms will be discussed. Acknowledgments This paper is based on results obtained from a project (Research and Development Program for Promoting Innovative Clean Energy Technologies Through International Collaboration), JPNP20005, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Collaborative support by Prof. H. L. Tuller and Prof. B. Yildiz at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is gratefully acknowledged. References (1) Venkataraman, M. Pérez-Fortes, L. Wang, Y. S. Hajimolana, C. Boigues-Muñoz, A. Agostini, S. J. Mcphail, F. Mar échal, J. V. Herle, and P. V. Aravind, J. Energy Storage, 24, 100782 (2019).(2) Subotić, S. Pofahl, V. Lawlor, N. H. Menzler, T. Thaller, and C. Hochenauer, Energy Proc., 158, 2329 (2019).(3) B. Mogensen, Current Opinion Electrochem., 21, 265 (2020). Figure 1

Computer vision: AI imaginaries and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Knowledge mapping of research on securing the supply chain for critical minerals: A scientometrics and text mining approach

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