Mass Vaccination Program Research Articles

Predicting willingness to be vaccinated for Covid-19: Evidence from New Zealand.

Governments around the world are seeking to slow the spread of Covid-19 and reduce hospitalisations by encouraging mass vaccinations for Covid-19. The success of this policy depends on most of the population accepting the vaccine and then being vaccinated. Understanding and predicting the motivation of individuals to be vaccinated is, therefore, critical in assessing the likely effectiveness of a mass vaccination programme in slowing the spread of the virus. In this paper we draw on the I3 Response Framework to understand and predict the willingness of New Zealanders to be vaccinated for Covid-19. The Framework differs from most studies predicting willingness to be vaccinated because it is based on the idea that the willingness to adopt a behaviour depends on both involvement (a measure of motivational strength) with the behaviour and attitudes towards the behaviour. We show that predictions of individuals' willingness to be vaccinated are improved using involvement and attitudes together, compared to attitudes alone. This result has important implications for the implementation of mass vaccination programmes for Covid-19.

The Politics of Covid Vaccine Hesitancy and Opposition.

Opposition to vaccines is not a new phenomenon, but positions once associated with traditional religious or conservative stances have given way to some highly disparate views that transcend traditional left/right/religious divisions. This article reviews recent literature showing how social media has contributed to the spread of conspiracy theories around Covid‐19 and mass vaccination programmes. The narratives discussed are principally those of the right and the religious right.

Impact of mass vaccination on the spatiotemporal dynamics of FMD outbreaks in India, 2008-2016.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India, where circulation of serotypes O, A and Asia1 is frequent. Here, we provide an epidemiological assessment of the ongoing mass vaccination programs in regard to post-vaccination monitoring and outbreak occurrence. The objective of this study was assessing the contribution of mass vaccination campaigns in reducing the risk of FMD in India from 2008 to 2016 by evaluating sero-monitoring data and modelling the spatiotemporal dynamics of reported outbreaks. Through analyzing antibody titre data from>1 million animals sampled as part of pre- and post-vaccination monitoring, we show that the percent of animals with inferred immunological protection (based on ELISA) was highly variable across states but generally increased through time. In addition, the number of outbreaks in a state was negatively correlated with the percent of animals with inferred protection. We then analyzed the distribution of reported FMD outbreaks across states using a Bayesian space-time model. This approach provides better acuity to disentangle the effect of mass vaccination programs on outbreak occurrence, while accounting for other factors that contribute to spatiotemporal variability in outbreak counts, notably proximity to international borders and inherent spatiotemporal correlations in incidence. This model demonstrated a ∼50% reduction in the risk of outbreaks in states that were part of the vaccination program. In addition, after controlling for spatial autocorrelation in the data, states that had international borders experienced heightened risk of FMD outbreaks. These findings help inform risk-based control strategies for India as the country progresses towards reducing reported clinical disease.

Temporal changes in factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among adults in Hong Kong: Serial cross-sectional surveys

SummaryBackgroundCOVID-19 vaccine hesitancy can lead to reduced vaccine uptake and hinder the safe relaxation of other public health measures. This study aims to explore the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and uptake among adults before and after the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program in Hong Kong.MethodsCross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted every four weeks over a nine-month period from November 2020 through July 2021. Target respondents were Hong Kong resident aged 18 or above and recruited by random-digit dialling. In each survey, responses on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and COVID-19 vaccine uptake were collected as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. Data of potentially associated factors, including socio-demographics, chronic medical conditions, perceived risk of COVID-19, perceived personal efficacy in self-protection, confidence in the government's ability to control the pandemic, compliance with social distancing measures, and confidence in COVID-19 vaccines, were also collected. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy at different time points.FindingsTen cross-sectional surveys were conducted, including 7411 respondents. The levels of vaccine hesitancy fluctuated over time. From December 2020 to May 2021, the age group with the highest vaccine hesitancy was young adults 18–34y, while the vaccine hesitancy was highest among adults ≥ 65y in June-July 2021 (Fig. 2C). Our regression analyses (Fig. 3) showed that before and at the beginning of the rollout of the mass vaccination program, there was no statistically significant association between chronic medical conditions and vaccine hesitancy. However, two-five months after the program implementation respondents with chronic medical conditions were more likely to be hesitant. From January to June 2021, higher confidence in the government was associated with lower vaccine hesitancy (Fig. 3). Confidence in COVID-19 vaccines was consistently associated with lower vaccine hesitancy at different stages of the program.InterpretationThe factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy changed over time. This study highlighted the importance to monitor temporal changes in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and associated factors, and adjust promotion strategies correspondingly to boost vaccination uptake.FundingHealth and Medical Research Fund, Hong Kong.

Implementation of Covid 19 Vaccine: Acceptance, Success and Challenges: Prospective Observational Design from Tertiary Referral Hospital, Kerala, India

To assess the adherence to the second dose of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine (Covishield) among the registered beneficiaries during Phase 1 of vaccination, to determine its efficacy as to the incidence of infection post vaccination and to evaluate the severity of the infection and its association with the onset time of infection. A prospective single centered observational design was conducted 5 months among the healthcare providers and front line workers registered for vaccination. All the partially vaccinated participants were provided counseling for their second dose, and follow up was done on the due date and 60 days post vaccination to assess their compliance towards next shot and occurrence of COVID 19 infection correspondingly. Out of total 694 participants enrolled in the study, majority of participants (n= 425, 61.2 %) fall into 18-45 category followed by 45-59 category (n= 217, 31.2 %).Female participants were predominant (n= 404, 58.2%) over males (n= 290, 41.8%). Participants with normal exposure (n =338, 48%) were more than close contacts to susceptible individuals (n=325, 46.8%).Greater number of participants (n= 686, 98.8%) adhered to second dose on time according to the guidelines and as per instructed compared to those showed non adherence (n=8, 1.2%).11 (1.6 %) stated confirmation for COVID 19 infection while majority of participants’ (n= 683, 98.4%) reported neither infection nor symptoms on follow up. Assessment of severity of symptoms among the infected participants revealed that considerable portion had moderate symptoms (n=6, 1.5%) of infection while 4 (0.6%) had mild symptoms. Implementation of COVID 19 vaccination opens a new window for the development of herd community. A coordinated and harmonized mass vaccination program elevates the development of a complete herd community.

Agent-based modelling of reactive vaccination of workplaces and schools against COVID-19

With vaccination against COVID-19 stalled in some countries, increasing vaccine accessibility and distribution could help keep transmission under control. Here, we study the impact of reactive vaccination targeting schools and workplaces where cases are detected, with an agent-based model accounting for COVID-19 natural history, vaccine characteristics, demographics, behavioural changes and social distancing. In most scenarios, reactive vaccination leads to a higher reduction in cases compared with non-reactive strategies using the same number of doses. The reactive strategy could however be less effective than a moderate/high pace mass vaccination program if initial vaccination coverage is high or disease incidence is low, because few people would be vaccinated around each case. In case of flare-ups, reactive vaccination could better mitigate spread if it is implemented quickly, is supported by enhanced test-trace-isolate and triggers an increased vaccine uptake. These results provide key information to plan an adaptive vaccination rollout.

Third wave in India and an update on vaccination: A short communication

The first case of COVID-19 was identified in December 2019. In just two years, the pandemic has wreaked a lot of havoc across the globe. Various determining factors will decide the fate of a looming third wave in India. Although there is no direct evidence of a third wave, many metro cities in India have reported a surge of new cases despite mass vaccination. The rapid development of vaccines and mass vaccination programmes has helped contain the crisis in the past. An updated and robust vaccination campaign along with public measures like the avoidance of large gatherings will help counter the third wave. Over 50% of the eligible population in India has been fully vaccinated to date. The emergence of new strains like the Alpha, Beta, Kappa, and Delta variants of concern, which may exhibit vaccine resistance, may complicate matters. Significant challenges include inadequate data collection, public unawareness, fake news, irregular vaccine supply, and the presence of mutant variants. Comorbidities like dengue complicate disease course. Travel restrictions, personal protective equipment shortages, and barriers to healthcare access are important obstacles to overcome. An increased focus on pandemic preparedness is needed. Targeted vaccination campaigns can help build a favorable public perspective. Data gathering and research need to be promoted. The nation's healthcare policy can benefit from relevant updates based on science and socio-cultural awareness. The fight against the pandemic needs to be cooperative at an international level, with adequate support meted out to resource-poor countries. Long-term structural changes to the healthcare system coupled with strategies for immediate relief will pave the way forward to a stronger system with better contingency planning.

Pericarditis and myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a nationwide setting

Despite reports suggesting an association between COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and pericarditis and myocarditis, detailed nationwide population-based data are sparsely available. We describe the incidence of pericarditis and myocarditis by age categories and sex after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination from a nationwide mass vaccination programme in Singapore. The incidence of adjudicated cases of pericarditis and myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination that were reported to the vaccine safety committee between January to July 2021 was compared with the background incidence of myocarditis in Singapore. As of end July 2021, a total of 34 cases were reported (9 pericarditis only, 14 myocarditis only, and 11 concomitant pericarditis and myocarditis) with 7,183,889 doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administered. Of the 9 cases of pericarditis only, all were male except one. The highest incidence of pericarditis was in males aged 12-19 years with an incidence of 1.11 cases per 100,000 doses. Of the 25 cases of myocarditis, 80% (20 cases) were male and the median age was 23 years (range 12-55 years) with 16 cases after the second dose. A higher-than-expected number of cases were seen in males aged 12-19 and 20-29 years, with incidence rates of 3.72 and 0.98 case per 100,000 doses, respectively. Data from the national registry in Singapore indicate an increased incidence of pericarditis and myocarditis in younger men after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

Pericarditis and myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a nationwide setting

Despite reports suggesting an association between COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and pericarditis and myocarditis, detailed nationwide population-based data are sparsely available. We describe the incidence of pericarditis and myocarditis by age categories and sex after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination from a nationwide mass vaccination programme in Singapore. The incidence of adjudicated cases of pericarditis and myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination that were reported to the vaccine safety committee between January to July 2021 was compared with the background incidence of myocarditis in Singapore. As of end July 2021, a total of 34 cases were reported (9 pericarditis only, 14 myocarditis only, and 11 concomitant pericarditis and myocarditis) with 7,183,889 doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administered. Of the 9 cases of pericarditis only, all were male except one. The highest incidence of pericarditis was in males aged 12-19 years with an incidence of 1.11 cases per 100,000 doses. Of the 25 cases of myocarditis, 80% (20 cases) were male and the median age was 23 years (range 12-55 years) with 16 cases after the second dose. A higher-than-expected number of cases were seen in males aged 12-19 and 20-29 years, with incidence rates of 3.72 and 0.98 case per 100,000 doses, respectively. Data from the national registry in Singapore indicate an increased incidence of pericarditis and myocarditis in younger men after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

How Does Social Media Influence People to Get Vaccinated? The Elaboration Likelihood Model of a Person's Attitude and Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccines.

The global COVID-19 mass vaccination program has created a polemic amongst pro- and anti-vaccination groups on social media. However, the working mechanism on how the shared information might influence an individual decision to be vaccinated is still limited. This study embarks on adopting the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) framework. We examined the function of central route factors (information completeness and information accuracy) as well as peripheral route factors (experience sharing and social pressure) in influencing attitudes towards vaccination and the intention to obtain the vaccine. We use a factorial design to create eight different scenarios in the form of Twitter posts to test the interaction and emulate the situation on social media. In total, 528 respondents were involved in this study. Findings from this study indicated that both the central route and peripheral route significantly influence individually perceived informativeness and perceived persuasiveness. Consequently, these two factors significantly influence attitude towards vaccination and intention to obtain the vaccine. According to the findings, it is suggested that, apart from evidence-based communication, the government or any interested parties can utilize both experience sharing and social pressure elements to increase engagement related to COVID-19 vaccines on social media, such as Twitter.

Deciphering Molecular Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): A Looming Threat to Pakistan’s Dairy Industry

Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, is badly affected by the contagious transboundary apthoviral disease of ungulate animals; the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. FMD is endemic in Pakistan and has caused significant economic loss to the dairy industry in the form of a profound decrease in milk production and increased morbidity and deaths of dairy animals. Inclusively, the case fatality ratio of FMD was 15.11%. Of the seven FMDV serotypes, (O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3), three serotypes (O, A, and Asia-1) are endemic in Pakistan. Rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for efficient control of this disease. Presently, FMD in the laboratory is diagnosed via ELISA and molecular approaches, i.e., RT-PCR. Serotype-specific RT-PCR analysis not only confirms ELISA serotyping results but can also be used for the screening of ELISA negative samples. Genotypically, FMDV serotype O has a topotype (Middle East–South Asia (ME–SA) and lineage PanAsia-2) that is reported frequently from different areas of Pakistan. Confirmed cases of serotype A and Asia-1 are also reported. The information gathered can be used for understanding the molecular epidemiology of FMD in Pakistan. Further studies on the molecular dynamics of FMD could be useful for ensuring the timely diagnosis of this deadly pathogen, which would ultimately be beneficial for the mass vaccination programs of FMD in Pakistan.

Investigation of deaths following COVID-19 vaccination in Western Australia

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organization declared a COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and mass vaccination programmes started in early December 2020.

Beyond Influenza Vaccination: Expanding Infrastructure for Hospital-based Pediatric COVID-19 Vaccine Delivery

Controlling the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), will rely on vaccination at increasing rates and in an equitable manner. The main reasons for under-vaccination are varied among different segments of the population and include vaccine hesitancy and lack of access. While vaccine hesitancy is complicated and requires long-term solutions, access can be enhanced through evidence-based delivery strategies that augment conventional approaches. Hospital-based COVID-19 vaccination programs hold particular promise in reaching populations with decreased vaccine access and those at higher risk for adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hospitals have the necessary equipment and storage capabilities to maintain cold chain requirements—a common challenge in the primary care setting—and can serve as a central distribution point for delivering vaccines to patients in diverse hospital locations, including inpatient units, emergency departments, urgent care centers, perioperative areas, and subspecialty clinics. They also have the capacity for mass-vaccination programs and other targeted outreach efforts. Hospital-based programs that have been successful in implementing influenza and other routine vaccinations can leverage existing infrastructure, such as electronic health record–related tools. With the possibility of COVID-19 becoming endemic, much like seasonal influenza, these programs will require flexibility as well as planning for long-term sustainability. This commentary highlights existing vaccine delivery to children in hospital-based settings, including key advantages and important challenges, and outlines how these systems could be expanded to include the COVID-19 vaccine delivery.

Impact of vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. states

Governments worldwide are implementing mass vaccination programs in an effort to end the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination program in its early stage and predicted the path to herd immunity in the U.S. By early March 2021, we estimated that vaccination reduced the total number of new cases by 4.4 million (from 33.0 to 28.6 million), prevented approximately 0.12 million hospitalizations (from 0.89 to 0.78 million), and decreased the population infection rate by 1.34 percentage points (from 10.10 to 8.76%). We built a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model with vaccination to predict herd immunity, following the trends from the early-stage vaccination program. Herd immunity could be achieved earlier with a faster vaccination pace, lower vaccine hesitancy, and higher vaccine effectiveness. The Delta variant has substantially postponed the predicted herd immunity date, through a combination of reduced vaccine effectiveness, lowered recovery rate, and increased infection and death rates. These findings improve our understanding of the COVID-19 vaccination and can inform future public health policies.

Breakthrough infection in covid 19: Indian scenario

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) mass vaccination program in India began on January 16, 2021, with two vaccines: Covishield and Covaxin. One of the most important things to remember is that, while COVID-19 immunizations offer the highest protection, but do not stop us from catching the virus. It protects us from acquiring serious illnesses, lowers the possibility of hospitalization, and minimizes the risk of mortality. In many countries, including India, breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated persons have been observed. When a fully vaccinated individual contracts the SARs-COV-2 virus, it is known as a breakthrough infection. With a large population vaccinated, many breakthrough cases have come to the forefront. It is believed that vaccinated individuals either remain asymptomatic or develop mild to moderate symptoms. In certain cases, depending on the person’s age, pre-existing comorbidities, he or she may succumb to the virus. However, the chances are very rare. When we compared the data of breakthrough infection in terms of percentage, Covishield 22.16 percent, Covaxin 15.21 percent people got, but the disease was mild or asymptomatic.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Variants Following COVID-19 Vaccination: Report of 13 Cases.

BackgroundAmidst growing concern about an increased risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) following COVID-19 vaccination, clinical and electrodiagnostic features have not been fully characterized.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed medical records of the patients diagnosed with GBS and its variants following COVID-19 vaccination at four referral hospitals during the period of the mass vaccination program in South Korea (February to October 2021).ResultsWe identified 13 patients with GBS and variants post COVID-19 vaccination: AstraZeneca vaccine (Vaxzevria) in 8, and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (Comirnaty) in 5. The mean time interval from vaccination to symptom onset was 15.6 days (range 4–30 days). Electrodiagnostic classification was demyelinating in 7, axonal in 4 and normal in 2 cases. Clinical manifestations were diverse with varying severity: classical GBS in 8 cases, paraparetic variant in 3, Miller-Fisher syndrome in 1 and acute cervicobrachial weakness in 1. Four patients developed respiratory failure, and 2 of them showed treatment-related fluctuations.ConclusionOur observations suggest that COVID-19 vaccines may be associated with GBS of distinctive clinical features characterized by severe quadriplegia, disproportionately frequent bilateral facial palsy or atypical incomplete variants. Continuous surveillance and further studies using robust study designs are warranted to fully assess the significance of the association.

Scaling the changes in lifestyle, attitude, and behavioral patterns among COVID-19 vaccinated people: insights from Bangladesh

ABSTRACT With the advent of COVID-19 vaccines, countries around the globe are anticipating a way out from the pandemic. Despite being an initiative to contain the COVID-19 virus spreading, the mass vaccination program also raised concerns about its consequences on the lifestyle, attitude, and behavioral pattern of vaccinated people in the post-vaccination period. With this in mind, this study investigated changes in lifestyle, attitude, and behavior among vaccinated people in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted incorporating 1227 COVID-19 vaccinated respondents from eight divisions of Bangladesh. The relative importance index (RII) was used to assess the most compelling lifestyle, attitude, and behavior changes, while binary logistic regression was used to identify factors driving the changes. Findings disclosed that respondents increased the physical contact with non-vaccinated ones and amplified consuming nutritious food after vaccination. The inclination of avoiding distance, handshaking, abandoning sanitizer and mask, visiting crowded places, traveling, and staying outside longer was found to be increased among vaccinated individuals. Surprisingly, about seven out of ten surveyed respondents exhibited a sedentary lifestyle, while 67.37% of respondents showed negative behavioral changes following the vaccination period. A positive attitude was observed in encouraging others to be vaccinated against COVID-19. However, 92% of the respondents positively changed their attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine after vaccination. Furthermore, the participants’ age, residence, economic status, and educational level influenced lifestyle, attitude, and behavioral changes positively. The study recommends informing citizens about the opacity of vaccinations’ ability to contain infections and encouraging them to continue following COVID-19 protective guidelines.

Investigating Field Efficacy and Safety of Conjunctival Brucella abortus S19 Vaccine in Cattle

Background: Vaccination is the most fundamental strategy in the control and eradication of brucellosis. Several vaccination programs with different vaccines have been carried out in many countries in which brucellosis continues to be a problem in livestock. One of the recommended vaccines against brucellosis in cattle is the live Brucella abortus S19 vaccine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of field safety and efficacy trials for the conjunctival Brucella abortus S19 vaccine prior to the mass vaccination program. Methods: In this study, 81 female cattle were vaccinated with a reduced dose of Brucella abortus S19 vaccine with the conjunctival route. The immune response after vaccination was investigated by suggested serological tests; namely, Rose Bengal Plate Test, Serum Agglutination Test and Complement Fixation Test. Result: No adverse effect was observed within the scope of safety. Isolation of vaccine strain was observed only in a milk sample of lactating animals. Excluding the diagnosis criteria of the serological tests, humoral immune response was observed in most of the animals by all the serological tests one month after vaccination. Antibody levels lasted approximately 4 months after vaccination. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that besides vaccine-induced antibodies, the vaccine including changes in dose and administration way in this study did not cause any significant risks for the target animals.

24/7 Cold Chain Management System by Primary Health Care Corporation to support the National COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Program

Background: Across the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is causing unprecedented human and economic losses. The availability of safe and effective vaccines against the virus is instrumental in saving lives. Supply chain readiness is key to efficiently deliver vaccines to the target populations.1 To control temperature excursions and equipment breakdowns with an upgraded cold chain system with the latest technology suitable in a hot country are challenging. Methods: Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC) institutionalized a continuous temperature monitoring system using a specific Temperature Monitoring Device (TMD) called a Digital Data Logger (DDL) mounted on cold chain medical equipment like pharmaceutical refrigerators, freezers, and the pre-qualified iceboxes of the World Health Organization (WHO). The DDL devices were affixed to the medical equipment to monitor the temperature and are supported by sound alarm when there are temperature excursions. Results: PHCC Cold Chain Management Ecosystem (Figure 1) involves vaccine vials stored in pharmaceutical refrigerators with a temperature range between 2°C to 8°C and freezers with a temperature range between -10°C to -30°C and WHO prequalified iceboxes for short periods of transportation.2 The DDL has a set point temperature measuring limit, measuring interval, and delay time (Table 1) defined for temperature monitoring.3 PHCC Bio-Medical Engineering Department has successfully institutionalized a 24-hour/7 day a week Cold Chain Management System across 27 PHCC health centers. Moreover, a Cold Chain Management System was arranged in an offsite facility within a short period of 72 hours at the Qatar National Convention Centre where the Covid-19 Mass Vaccination Program administered 650,000 doses over 4 months with Zero Wastage of Vaccines attributed to any temperature excursions. Conclusion: PHCC can rapidly deliver healthcare cold chain management solutions under any circumstances. To leverage economies of scale and utilize emerging technology, PHCC has envisioned a plan to migrate the cold chain medical equipment 24/7 temperature monitoring based on cloud services in 2022.

Seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 immunoglobulin G antibodies among health-care workers prior and after 4–6 weeks of coronavirus disease vaccine administration at tertiary care center of southwest Bihar, India

AIM: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing global health emergency. To control the spread, a mass vaccination program is initiated. Antibody titer after vaccination can be a better marker to monitor immunological response.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Narayan Medical College and Hospital, Jamuhar Sasaram, southwest Bihar, considering the sample size, type, and collection. First, antibody was tested before vaccination and second antibody value after 28 days of the first dose of COVID vaccine among the health-care workers and housekeeping staff.RESULTS: A total of 251 subjects were administered with vaccination (Covishield) to check the immunoglobulin g (IgG) responses. The concentration of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in female patients tended to be higher than in male patients.CONCLUSION: There is a difference in antibody positivity among males and females. Most of the participants had IgG positivity, because of their profession, vaccination boosted percentage positivity in both males and females. Females have more IgG levels compared to males. Hence, recommend that separate guidelines can be made between males and females for vaccination dosages.