Mass Transport Research Articles

Magnetic field effects on double-diffusive mixed convection and entropy generation in a cam-shaped enclosure

This study investigates double-diffusive mixed convection and entropy generation under magnetic influence within a novel cam-shaped enclosure, with applications in automotive engineering. The unique geometry creates distinct flow patterns that enhance heat and mass transport. Using the Galerkin finite element method, we analyzed the effects of key parameters, including buoyancy ratio, Reynolds number, Hartmann number, magnetic field inclination angle on average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, and total entropy generation. Results show that increasing the buoyancy ratio and Reynolds number enhances heat transfer, while the Hartmann number significantly impacts flow characteristics and entropy generation. The magnetic field inclination angle exhibits a non-linear effect on heat transfer and entropy production. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing heat transfer systems in complex automotive geometries.

Abnormal Relaxation Behavior of Excited Electrons in the Flat Band of Kagome Compound Nb3Cl8.

Carrier dynamics is crucial in semiconductors, and it determines their conductivity, response time, and overall functionality. In flat bands (FBs), carriers with high effective masses are predicted to host unconventional transport properties. The FBs usually overlap with other trivial energy bands, however, making it difficult to accurately distinguish their carrier dynamics. In this paper, we have investigated the flat-band carrier dynamics of excited electrons in Nb3Cl8, which hosts ideal nonoverlapping FBs near the Fermi level. The optical transition between Hubbard bands is abnormally weakened, exhibiting weak interband absorption and its related slow photoresponse with a time constant of ∼120 s, which are associated with flat-band Mottness-induced large electron effective mass and parity-forbidden transitions. Besides, the localized states created by chlorine vacancies also act as trapping centers for carriers with a time constant of ∼600 s, which are similar to those of the compact localized states of the FB, making the relaxation behavior even more extraordinary. The presence and impacts of atomic defects are confirmed experimentally and theoretically. This work has revealed the abnormal flat-band carrier dynamics of Nb3Cl8, which is essential for understanding the optical, electrical, and thermal transport properties of flat-band materials.

Unraveling the Formation Process of an Organic Photovoltaic Active Layer During High‐Speed Coating Via a Synergistic Concentration‐Temperature Gradient Control Strategy

AbstractThe Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) strategy has emerged as a highly effective approach for enhancing the performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs), notably boosting light harvesting and fill factor through spectral complementarity and morphology optimization. Crucially, the LbL processing strategy has been found to mitigate or overcome the decline in power conversion efficiency (PCE) during high‐speed blade coating. Despite these advancements, there remains a scarcity of research into the film‐formation process and the corresponding control strategies in high‐speed printing. A novel synergistic concentration‐temperature gradient control (SCTGC) strategy aimed at achieving high‐performance LbL‐type active layers at ultra‐fast coating speeds. This investigation reveals that both baseplate temperature and solution concentration exert a nonmonotonic regulatory influence on PCEs. Fine‐tuning the concentration gradient proves instrumental in balancing microfluidic competition within the wet film, thereby facilitating stable mass transport during the film formation process, and enhancing the high‐speed processability of the relevant OPV system. Additionally, the variations in crystallization kinetics under different temperatures are monitored. This work sheds light on the coating mechanism and film formation in high‐speed coating, highlighting the efficiency of the SCTGC method.

Heat and mass transfer in MHD flow of SWCNT and graphene nanoparticles suspension in Casson fluid

AbstractThe exceptional mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoparticles, particularly their high aspect ratio and flexibility, position them as highly promising materials for the next generation of armor technology. Their incorporation into protective wear, such as bullet‐proof vests, offers the potential for significant improvements in both performance and cost efficiency. By replacing traditional materials with CNTs and graphene, the durability and maintenance of these protective devices could be substantially enhanced, leading to more effective and sustainable solutions for personal safety. This study focuses on the complex phenomena of heat and mass transport within a suspension of CNTs and graphene nanoparticles dispersed in a Casson fluid, particularly under the influence of an applied magnetic field. The analysis begins by reformulating the governing equations using similarity variables to transform them into a dimensionless form to simplify the problem. The resulting dimensionless equations are then solved using the three‐stage Lobatto IIIa finite difference method, a robust numerical technique well‐suited for solving boundary value problems in fluid dynamics. The results of this investigation highlight a significant 78.41% reduction in skin friction when compared with traditional CNT‐water nanofluid systems. This considerable decrease in skin friction not only reveals the superior performance of the CNT‐graphene nanofluid suspension but also opens up new possibilities for the design and development of advanced protective materials. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on nanofluid applications and offer valuable insights for future research in the field of advanced armor technology.

Significance of magnetic field and Darcy–Forchheimer law on dynamics of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow over a spinning disc with Arrhenius activation energy and shape factor

Purpose The purpose of the study is to explore the three-dimensional heat and mass transport dynamics of the magneto-hydrodynamic non-Newtonian (Casson fluid) hybrid nanofluid flow comprised of − as nanoparticles suspended in base liquid water as it passes through a flexible spinning disc. The influence of a magnetic field, rotation parameter, porosity, Darcy−Forchheimer, Arrhenius’s activation energy, chemical reaction, Schmidt number and nanoparticle shape effects are substantial physical features of the investigation. Furthermore, the influence of hybrid nanofluid on Brownian motion and thermophoresis features has been represented using the Buongiorno model. The novelty of the work is intended to contribute to a better understanding of Casson non-Newtonian fluid boundary layer flow. Design/methodology/approach The governing mathematical equations that explain the flow and heat and mass transport phenomena for fluid domains include the Navier−Stokes equation, the thermal energy equation and the solutal concentration equations. The governing equations are expressed as partial differential equations, which are then converted into a suitable set of non-linear ordinary differential equations by using the necessary similarity variables. The ordinary differential equations are computed by combining the shooting operation with the three-stage Lobatto BVP4c technique. Findings Graphs and tables are used in the process of analysing the characteristics of velocity distributions, temperature profiles and solutal curves at varying values of the parameters, along with friction drag, heat transfer rate and Sherwood number. It has been revealed that the radial and axial velocities decrease when the Casson parameter value increases and that the rate of heat transmission is higher in hybrid nanofluids with nanoparticles in the shape of a blade. The increase in Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters causes a rise in the temperature profile. Also, an increase in the activation energy parameter improves the solutal curve. The use of nanoparticles was shown to improve extrusion properties, the rotary heat process and biofuel generation. Originality/value All results are presented graphically and all physical quantities are computed and tabulated. The current results are compared to previous investigations and found to agree significantly with them.

Nanofibrous Covalent Organic Frameworks as the Cathode, Separator, and Anode for Batteries with High Energy Density and Ultrafast-Charging Performance.

To meet the demand for longer driving ranges and shorter charging times of power equipment in electric vehicles, engineering fast-charging batteries with exceptional capacity and extended lifespan is highly desired. In this work, we have developed a stable ultrafast-charging and high-energy-density all-nanofibrous covalent organic framework (COF) battery (ANCB) by designing a series of imine-based nanofibrous COFs for the cathode, separator, and anode by Schiff-base reactions. Hierarchical porous structures enabled by nanofibrous COFs were constructed for enhanced kinetics. Rational chemical structures have been designed for the cathode, separator, and anode materials, respectively. A nanofibrous COF (AA-COF) with bipolarization active sites and a wider layer spacing has been designed using a triphenylamine group for the cathode to achieve high voltage limits with fast mass transport. For the anode, a nanofibrous COF (TT-COF) with abundant polar groups, active sites, and homogenized Li+ flux based on imine, triazine, and benzene has been synthesized to ensure stable fast-charging performance. As for the separator, a COF-based electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite nanofibrous separator (BB-COF/PAN) with hierarchical pores and high-temperature stability has been prepared to take up more electrolyte, promote mass transport, and enable as high-temperature operation as possible. The as-assembled ANCB delivers a high energy density of 517 Wh kg-1, a high power density of 9771 W kg-1 with only 56 s of ultrafast-charging time, and high-temperature operational potential, accompanied by a 0.56% capacity fading rate per cycle at 5 A g-1 and 100 °C. This ANCB features an ultralong lifespan and distinguished ultrafast-charging performance, making it a promising candidate for powering equipment in electric vehicles.

Use of three-dimensional crossgradient joint inversion of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) and seismic refraction data for overburden geohazards mapping.

Offshore energy-transition activities typically require the construction of new subsurface facilities where overburden heterogeneity and deformation pattern may not be fully understood. Anisotropic marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) and seismic refraction imaging can be adapted to geohazards assessment of the overburden to mitigate safety and costs risks in such areas. This is investigated using an area in deepwater NW Borneo as the type-example. For this proof-of-concept study, a well-established Multiphysics joint inversion code was extended to handle marine seismic refraction data from conventional towed streamers. Realistic field-scale synthetic models with anomalous resistivities and velocities in the shallow section (∼50-200 m below mudline) were built and their CSEM and seismic refraction responses were first inverted separately and then jointly in 3D using the crossgradient method. The joint inversion recovered the anomalous bodies better than the separate inversions. The velocity model from the joint inversion showed improvement from the separate inversion but required a good starting model. As a further test of the methodology, first-break travel times were picked from legacy 3D seismic data and inverted with the available sparse CSEM data. For model verification, resistivity and velocity profiles from separate and joint inversion models were extracted at a well location in the survey area and compared with actual well logs. The joint inversion models matched the well logs better than the separate inversion models. Moreover, known geohazards (complex fault-sets and lateral-inflows) from independent geomatic study were imaged in the joint inversion models. Also, the resistivity anisotropy ratio tracked anomalous zones that correspond to zones of recent complex faulting and potential lateral inflows in the overburden mass transport systems. Thus, joint inversion of CSEM and seismic refraction data has potential to improve the mapping of overburden hazards offshore, with the associated resistivity anisotropy serving as a proxy for active ground deformation.

Fine-tuning syngas composition using laser surface modified silver electrode for CO2 electroreduction

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and H2O to synthesize gas (H2 and CO mixture) is of significant interest due to established industrial pathways to tune the H2 to CO composition to generate an array of valuable products including methanol, synthetic fuel, synthetic natural gas, and hydrogen. However, controlled H2:CO ratios are challenging on CO-active electrocatalysts like silver. We demonstrate that applying laser engineering to adjust the surface wetting state of a silver electrocatalyst with water contact angles θw ranging from 47° and 135°, H2:CO ratios can be tuned from 1 to 4 at modest potentials (−0.7 V versus RHE, RHE—reversible hydrogen electrode) with almost total unity Faradaic efficiency. Both hydrophilic (θw = 47°) and more hydrophobic (θw = 135°) samples showed an increasing H2:CO trend with rising potentials (0.7–1.2 V versus RHE) due to mass transport. Conversely, silver electrocatalyst with θw = 110° exhibited a constant H2:CO ratio of 4. This indicates catalyst wettability potentially affects *H and *HOCO intermediates’ adsorption, impacting H2:CO ratios. Our results show the feasibility of syngas composition control on silver catalysts via surface wettability, providing a simpler alternative to complex multicomponent electrocatalytic systems.

Microporous Substrate Effect on SECM Steady State Current- A 3D Modeling Study Critical to Battery Electrode Performance

Abstract Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables the study of mass transport in porous substrates with microscale spatial resolution, which is profoundly influenced by the substrate's architecture. Here, a 3D SECM modeling was used to compare the impact of substrate geometry on transport in three porous structures: a superposition (SP) and two high fidelity (HF-1 and HF-2) models. It was found that the steady-state current decreases with an increase in the geometric complexity from SP to HF-1 to HF-2, indicating the presence of more tortuous paths in HF-2. Despite having the same porosity and thickness values, the disparity between the SP and the two HF substrates shows the effect of microporous geometry. Our findings also demonstrated the deviation of all three substrates from Bruggeman's predictions, which highlights the significance of modeling to rationalize the transport properties in commercial battery electrodes.

Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Break-In/Conditioning of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have proven to be a promising power source for various applications ranging from portable devices to automotive and stationary power systems. The production of PEMFC involves numerous stages in the value chain, with each stage presenting unique challenges and opportunities to improve the overall performance and durability of the PEMFC stack. These include steps such as manufacturing the key components such as the platinum-based catalyst, processing these components into the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), and stacking the MEAs to ultimately produce a PEMFC stack. However, it is also known that the break-in or conditioning phase of the stack plays a crucial role in the final performance as well as durability. It involves several key phenomena such as hydration of the membrane, swelling of the ionomer, redistribution of the catalyst and the creation of suitable electrochemical interfaces - establishment of the triple phase boundary. These improve the proton conductivity, the mass transport of reactants and products, the catalytic activity of the electrode and thus the overall efficiency of the FC. The cruciality of break-in is demonstrated by the improvement in performance, which can even be over 50 % compared to the initial state. The state-of-the-art approach for the break-in of MEAs involves an electrochemical protocol, such as voltage cycling, using a PEMFC testing station. This method is time-consuming, equipment-intensive, and costly. Therefore, new, elegant, and cost-effective solutions are needed. Nevertheless, the primary aim is to achieve maximum/optimal performance so that it is fully operational and ready for the market. It is therefore essential to better understand and deconvolute these complex mechanisms taking place during break-in/conditioning. Strategies include controlled humidity and temperature cycling, novel electrode materials and other advanced break-in methods such as air braking, vacuum activation or steaming. In addition, it is critical to address the challenges associated with standardisation and quantification of protocols to enable interlaboratory comparisons to further advance the field.

Rotational Taylor dispersion in linear flows

The coupling between advection and diffusion in position space can often lead to enhanced mass transport compared with diffusion without flow. An important framework used to characterize the long-time diffusive transport in position space is the generalized Taylor dispersion theory. In contrast, the dynamics and transport in orientation space remains less developed. In this work we develop a rotational Taylor dispersion theory that characterizes the long-time orientational transport of a spheroidal particle in linear flows that is constrained to rotate in the velocity-gradient plane. Similar to Taylor dispersion in position space, the orientational distribution of axisymmetric particles in linear flows at long times satisfies an effective advection–diffusion equation in orientation space. Using this framework, we then calculate the long-time average angular velocity and dispersion coefficient for both simple shear and extensional flows. Analytic expressions for the transport coefficients are derived in several asymptotic limits including nearly spherical particles, weak flow and strong flow. Our analysis shows that at long times the effective rotational dispersion is enhanced in simple shear and suppressed in extensional flow. The asymptotic solutions agree with full numerical solutions of the derived macrotransport equations and results from Brownian dynamics simulations. Our results show that the interplay between flow-induced rotations and Brownian diffusion can fundamentally change the long-time transport dynamics.

Chitosan pyrolysis in the presence of a ZnCl2/NaCl salts for carbons with electrocatalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solutions.

The one-step carbonization of low cost and abundant chitosan biopolymer in the presence of salt eutectics ZnCl2/NaCl results in nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures(8.5 wt.% total nitrogen content). NaCl yields the spacious 3D structure, which allows external oxygen to easily reach the active sites for the oxygen reductionreaction (ORR) distinguished by their high onset potential and the maximum turnover frequency of 0.132 e site⁻1s⁻1. Data show that the presence of NaCl during the synthesis exhibits the formation of pores having large specific volumes and surface(specific surface area of 1217 m2g-1), and holds advantage by their pores characteristics such as their micro-size part, which provides a platform for mass transport distribution in three-dimensional N-doped catalysts for ORR. It holds benefit over sample pre-treated with LiCl in terms of the micropores specific volume and area, seen as their percentage rate, measured in the BET. Therefore, the average concentration of the active site on the surface is larger.

Maintenance Challenges in Maritime Environments and the Impact on Urban Mobility: Machico Stayed Bridge

This article investigates the challenges of maintaining the Machico Cable-Stayed Bridge in a marine environment, focusing on its implications for urban mobility. The primary problem addressed is the impact of harsh marine conditions on the structural integrity of the bridge, which poses significant challenges for ongoing maintenance and safety. The research highlights unique aspects such as the effects of saltwater exposure on materials and the interplay between infrastructure and urban transit dynamics. By emphasizing these critical issues, this study aims to provide insights into effective maintenance strategies and contribute to the broader discourse on urban mobility in coastal regions.

Axisymmetric Cylindrical Green’s Function for the Steady-State Advection-Diffusion Operator with Uniform Velocity

The advection-diffusion equation has a wide range of applications as it governs energy and mass transport in a moving medium. Analytical solutions of the advection-diffusion equation for classes of boundary conditions amounts to finding exact expressions of the Green’s function of the advection-diffusion operator. In this work, the Green’s function of the steady-state advection-diffusion operator is obtained for an axisymmetric cylindrical problem with uniform velocity along the axis of the cylinder. The solution is exact, as axial diffusion (or conduction) is not neglected. The method of solution utilizes a formalism relating the Green’s function of the diffusion operator to that of the steady-state advection-diffusion operator with uniform velocity. The Green’s function obtained is applied to a Dirichlet boundary value problem. The distribution, (either particle concentration, or temperature), is plotted for various values of Péclet numbers. This work demonstrates how to invert the steady-state advection-diffusion operator with uniform velocity in a non-trivial geometry, namely the cylinder.

Public Transport Delay Prediction using Deep Learning

A system of trains, buses, subways, ferries, and other vehicles that are accessible to the public is referred to as public transportation, also known as public transit or mass transit. These networks are usually run by private or public organisations are made to efficiently transport large numbers of people in urban and suburban areas. It usually operates on set schedules and routes and has a listed fare for each journey. Long wait periods and lengthy travel times resulting from delays are two problems that frequently plague public transportation services. There are several things that can cause a delay in public transport, such as an excess of passengers, heavy traffic, accidents, and other unforeseen circumstances. The availability of a more accurate delay prediction for public transportation might increase users’ confidence and their willingness to pay more for transit services. Over the past two decades, a number of studies on prediction algorithms for transportation data have been proposed. Most of the work is on machine learning model development, focusing on delay prediction and taking into account several factors such as weather conditions and infrastructure issues. This paper proposes a deep learning model to predict public transportation delays using data from public transportation and the weather. The results obtained from this research work are compared with several other existing works. Our experiment has demonstrated that the deep neural network (DNN) is the best model to predict transit delay compared to several other machine learning and deep learning models.

An Angstrom-Scale Protective Skin Grown In Situ on Perovskite Oxide to Enhance Stability in Water.

The utilization of perovskite oxide as a catalyst for aqueous reactions is promising but challenging in stability. Here, we propose an in situ growth strategy that constructs an ultrathin protective skin on the Sr0.9Fe0.81Ta0.09Ni0.1O3-δ perovskite surface and thus effectively solves the stability issue. Using a spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope, we observe the coexistence of an angstrom-scale (~7 Å) Fe2O3 protective skin and FeNi alloy nanoparticles. A number of alloy nanoparticles grow along with the skin and uniformly take root on the skin surface. Such a hierarchical structure can reconstruct the surface electronic structure and suppress the ion leaching of perovskite oxide in water. Benefiting from this unique structure, the catalyst has experienced a substantial increase (800 h, more than three orders of magnitude) in its stable operation time in water (for example, in a hydrogen evolution reaction). These results provide valuable insight into solid-solid phase transitions and have substantial implications for using structural defects at surfaces to modulate mass transport and transformation kinetics. Our strategy is sufficiently simple and can be used to subtly manipulate the catalyst structures to improve the performance of perovskite-based catalysts and potentially other oxide catalysts for a wide range of reactions.

Meso/Microporous Single‐Atom Catalysts with Curved Fe‐N4 sites Boost the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity

Zeolitic‐imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are among the most efficient precursors for the synthesis of atomically dispersed Fe‐N/C materials, which are promising catalysts for enhancing the performance of Zn‐air batteries (ZABs) and proton exchange fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, existing ZIF‐derived Fe‐N/C electrocatalysts mostly consist of microporous materials, leading to insufficient mass transport and inadequate battery/cell performance. In this study, we synthesize an atomically dispersed meso/microporous Fe‐N/C material with curved Fe‐N4 active sites, denoted as FeSA‐N/TC, through the pyrolysis of hemin‐modified ZIF films on ZnO nanorods, obtained from the self‐assembly reaction between Zn2+ from ZnO hydrolysis and 2‐methylimidazole. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the curved Fe‐N4 active sites can weaken the intermediate adsorptions, resulting in lower free energy barriers and enhanced performance during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Specifically, FeSA‐N/TC exhibits exceptional ORR performance with half‐wave potentials of 0.925 V in alkaline media and 0.825 V in acidic media. When used as the cathodic catalyst in PEMFCs and ZABs, FeSA‐N/TC achieves high peak power densities (H2‐O2 PEMFC: 1100 mW cm–2; H2‐Air PEMFC: 715 mW cm–2; liquid‐state ZAB: 228 mW cm–2; solid‐state ZAB: 112 mW cm–2), demonstrating its feasibility and efficiency in practical applications.

Meso/Microporous Single-Atom Catalysts with Curved Fe-N4 sites Boost the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity.

Zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are among the most efficient precursors for the synthesis of atomically dispersed Fe-N/C materials, which are promising catalysts for enhancing the performance of Zn-air batteries (ZABs) and proton exchange fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, existing ZIF-derived Fe-N/C electrocatalysts mostly consist of microporous materials, leading to insufficient mass transport and inadequate battery/cell performance. In this study, we synthesize an atomically dispersed meso/microporous Fe-N/C material with curved Fe-N4 active sites, denoted as FeSA-N/TC, through the pyrolysis of hemin-modified ZIF films on ZnO nanorods, obtained from the self-assembly reaction between Zn2+ from ZnO hydrolysis and 2-methylimidazole. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the curved Fe-N4 active sites can weaken the intermediate adsorptions, resulting in lower free energy barriers and enhanced performance during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Specifically, FeSA-N/TC exhibits exceptional ORR performance with half-wave potentials of 0.925 V in alkaline media and 0.825 V in acidic media. When used as the cathodic catalyst in PEMFCs and ZABs, FeSA-N/TC achieves high peak power densities (H2-O2 PEMFC: 1100 mW cm-2; H2-Air PEMFC: 715 mW cm-2; liquid-state ZAB: 228 mW cm-2; solid-state ZAB: 112 mW cm-2), demonstrating its feasibility and efficiency in practical applications.

An Angstrom‐Scale Protective Skin Grown In Situ on Perovskite Oxide to Enhance Stability in Water

The utilization of perovskite oxide as a catalyst for aqueous reactions is promising but challenging in stability. Here, we propose an in situ growth strategy that constructs an ultrathin protective skin on the Sr0.9Fe0.81Ta0.09Ni0.1O3‐δ perovskite surface and thus effectively solves the stability issue. Using a spherical aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscope, we observe the coexistence of an angstrom‐scale (~7 Å) Fe2O3 protective skin and FeNi alloy nanoparticles. A number of alloy nanoparticles grow along with the skin and uniformly take root on the skin surface. Such a hierarchical structure can reconstruct the surface electronic structure and suppress the ion leaching of perovskite oxide in water. Benefiting from this unique structure, the catalyst has experienced a substantial increase (800 h, more than three orders of magnitude) in its stable operation time in water (for example, in a hydrogen evolution reaction). These results provide valuable insight into solid‐solid phase transitions and have substantial implications for using structural defects at surfaces to modulate mass transport and transformation kinetics. Our strategy is sufficiently simple and can be used to subtly manipulate the catalyst structures to improve the performance of perovskite‐based catalysts and potentially other oxide catalysts for a wide range of reactions.

Основные предвестники формирования общепринятых практик осуществления мультимодальных перевозок

The article provides an overview of the history of the emergence of containers, within the framework of such a phenomenon as the container revolution, and also analyzes the modern potential of large transport and logistics infrastructure facilities, as a result and result of the container development trend. As part of the review of the development of modern trends in multimodal transportation, the issue of containerization is quite important, because today a container is not only an equipment for cargo transportation, but also an integral part of the supply chain, and is also able to significantly influence the formation of market tariffs for cargo transportation. Containerization of cargo transportation contributed to the formation of a modern transport and logistics paradigm in the context of international transportation, and also influenced the evolution of existing types of vehicles and special equipment, adapting them to mass transportation of metal containers. Over the history of its existence and development, containers have been adapted for the transportation of a wide variety of types of cargo from dangerous and temperature to bulk and bulk. In this article, within the framework of the calculation unit for assessing the potential of the modern global transport and logistics system, an analysis of the capacity of the largest marine infrastructure facilities - seaports is used, since it was with sea transportation that the containerization process began.