Mass Transfer Kinetics Research Articles

Effect of growth conditions and reactor configuration on the growth uniformity of large-scale graphene by chemical vapor deposition

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an affordable method for the preparation of large-scale and high-quality graphene. With the increase in CVD reactor size, gas mass transfer, flow state, and gas phase dynamics become more complicated. In this study, computational fluid dynamics is used to investigate factors affecting the uniformity of large-scale graphene growth under different growth conditions and reactor configurations. The dimensionless number defined in this paper and the Grashof number are utilized to distinguish the species transfer patterns and the flow states, respectively. A gas-surface dynamics model is established to simulate the graphene growth. Results reveal that the graphene growth rate uniformity is the highest at very low pressure and flow rate due to the flow symmetry and diffusion-dominated species transfer. At an increased pressure of 20 Torr, the uniformity of the graphene growth rate becomes higher axially and lower circumferentially with an increasing inlet mass flow rate. When the flow rate is fixed at 1500 SCCM and pressure is reduced from 20 to 2 Torr, graphene growth uniformity first increases and then decreases due to the influence of gas phase dynamics. Graphene growth rates are analyzed across ordinary reactor configurations and four configurations with inner tubes at 20 Torr pressure and 1500 SCCM flow rate. Comprehensive evaluation suggests that the ordinary reactor configuration performs best under these conditions. This research offers insights into the macroscopic growth mechanism of large-scale graphene and provides guidance for designing growth conditions in large-area graphene production.

Evaluation of thin film microextraction based on graphene oxide/ polymer composite: Experimental and theoretical insights

Experimental and theoretical assessments of a graphene oxide-based polymer as adsorbent for thin film microextraction (TFME) were conducted as part of this research. Graphene oxide (GO) was embedded in the organic polymer poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) to prepare a sorbent suitable for direct-immersion TFME. A TFME membrane coating prepared with the GO/PS-DVB sorbent and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as binder was then applied for extraction of organic pollutants from aqueous and gaseous samples. The surface morphology of the TFME coating was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Various TFME parameters influencing extraction efficiency, such as extraction time and temperature, desorption temperature, and ionic strength, were investigated and optimized. In a comparison of TFME membranes, the GO/PS-DVB/PDMS TFME membrane was shown to yield higher extraction efficiencies for the targeted analytes than the pure PDMS and DVB/PDMS TFME membranes. The calibration graphs of the organic pollutants displayed linearity for most of the target analytes within the 10–2000 ng L−1 concentration range. The repeatability (RSD %, n = 5) and reproducibility (RSD %, n = 3) of the method were in the ranges of 2.2–5.9 %, and 3.2–8.5 %, respectively, at a concentration level of 500 ng L−1, whereas accuracy (%) ranged between 79.8 and 119 %. The developed method was successfully applied for determinations of organic pollutants in tap water, lake water, and wastewater samples. Furthermore, the impact of mass transfer kinetics on extractions by the GO/PS-DVB/PDMS TFME membrane from gaseous samples was theoretically discussed and experimentally verified. The results of this work demonstrate that the GO/PS-DVB/PDMS TFME method is a simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for pre-treatment of organic pollutants.

Modeling of Mass Transfer and Reaction Kinetics in ZnO Nanoparticle Micro-Reactor Systems for AMX and DOX Degradation

This study aims to model the coupled phenomena of photocatalytic reaction and mass transfer in the degradation of Amoxicillin (AMX) and Doxycycline (DOX) using Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles within microreactor systems. The objective is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interaction between the photocatalytic degradation kinetics and the mass transfer processes to optimize the conditions for efficient antibiotic removal from contaminated water. This involves characterizing the reaction kinetics via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, estimating the mass transfer coefficients, and analyzing the effects of axial dispersion to ensure the accurate determination of intrinsic kinetic constants and minimize mass transfer limitations. This study used a syringe pump to ensure a consistent flow of antibiotic solution into the microreactor. The results indicate that AMX reaches adsorption equilibrium more rapidly than DOX, corresponding to its faster photocatalytic degradation kinetics and higher final conversion rate (89% for AMX, 86% for DOX). The mass transfer coefficient (kd) was estimated using the Sherwood number, derived from three different models, with the constant Sherwood model best fitting the R1 microreactor data. An analysis of the Damköhler number (DaII) indicates that high flow rates minimize mass transfer limitations in the R1 microreactor, allowing the determination of near-intrinsic kinetic constants. On the contrary, at low flow rates, kinetic constants are apparent as a result of mass-transfer limitations. The study concludes that higher flow rates (≥ 10 mL/h) in the R1 microreactor are preferable to approach intrinsic kinetics and reduce mass transfer limitations during photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. These findings underscore the potential of ZnO-based oxidation processes in treating antibiotic-contaminated water with optimized conditions, providing a pathway for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment.

Assessment of hygrothermal performance of raw earth envelope at overall building scale

Environmental challenges in the building sector have made raw earth a significant ecological alternative. The development of sustainable materials and a clear understanding of their behaviour are essential for sustainable construction. This work aims to respond to this societal issue.This investigation uses a HAM-BES cosimulation methodology that integrates dynamic thermal simulation code (TRNSYS) with a hygrothermal transfer model developed by Luikov and solved by Comsol Multiphysics. The study aims to investigate the energy needs of different building envelopes in several climates where there is raw-earth architecture. A comparison between a cob monolayer envelope and a polystyrene insulated polystyrene insulated brick multilayer envelope has been carried out. This study shows that the raw earth monolayer wall has a higher energy need for oceanic and tropical climate with, respectively, 14 and 19%. A decrease in demand has been found for the desert climate. Moreover, it was shown that the coupling of heat and mass transfers results in a notable reduction in energy demand that can reach 11.5% annually and up to 23% quarterly for tropical climate. These findings highlight the efficiency of raw earth materials and stress the importance of thoroughly understanding and incorporating heat and mass transfer dynamics in the evaluation of sustainability for biobased and earth-based construction materials.

Electrocatalytic reduction of simulated industrial CO2 and CO mixtures: Revising chronoamperometry to enable selective gas mixture reduction via cyclic voltammetry

While substantial advancements have been achieved in the electrocatalytic reduction of pure CO2 or CO, the reduction of carbon oxide mixtures remains underexplored, a key limitation in scaling the technology for industrial applications. This underexplored domain gains practical importance by considering carbon oxide mixtures, given that CO and CO2 together constitute a large proportion of diverse industrial gas streams. However, the simultaneous reduction of mixed CO and CO2 poses a potential challenge due to their differing optimal reduction potentials, which complicates an efficient reduction process. While cyclic voltammetry (CV) is typically used for characterization, which involves sweeping between positive and negative potentials, we utilized it to conduct reduction reactions within a defined negative potential window. This approach, serving as an alternative to conventional chronoamperometry that maintains a constant potential, ensures a continuous reduction reaction throughout the entire cycling process. By employing cycling between the optimized reduction potentials of CO2 (−1.4 V) and CO (−1.6 V), CV achieved an increase in production efficiency, ranging from 25 % to 40 % for predominant products (HCOOH and C2H4), in comparison to chronoamperometry. Meanwhile, the results underscored the dependency of performance enhancement on the scan rate of cycling, revealing plausible correlations with mass transfer and electrode surface dynamics. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the selectivity towards HCOOH and C2H4 is closely related to the CO2/CO ratios of gas sources. This provides insight into the potential for modulating selectivity of industrial gas reduction for improved product quality and customization.

Mathematical formulation and computation of the dynamics of blood flow, heat and mass transfer during MRI scanning

Computational modeling of arterial blood flow, heat and mass transfer during MRI scanning is studied. The flow is assumed to be unsteady, in-compressible, and asymmetric. Mathematical formulation considers the presence of stenosis, joule heating viscous dissipation and chemical reaction. The explicit finite difference scheme is used to numerically solve the model equations. The MATLAB software was used to plot the graphical results. The study reveals that, during MRI scanning, both radial and axial velocities diminish with increase in the strength of magnetic fields. Besides, the study found that, Eckert number and Hartman number enhance the blood’s temperature and the same, diminishes with increase in Prandtl and Reynolds numbers. Concentration profile is observed to decline with increase in chemical reaction parameter, Schmidt number and Reynolds number. Soret number on the other hand, is observed to positively influence the concentration.

Integrated model of ozone mass transfer and oxidation kinetic: Construction, solving and analysis

Ozone-based advanced oxidation process (O3-AOPs) is rapidly evolving, but the surge of emerging pollutants brings new challenges for ozone oxidation research. Herein, we proposed a state-of-the-art model for simultaneously analyzing both ozone mass transfer and oxidation kinetics during ozone oxidation of emerging organic contaminants. The numerical solution and graphical representations of the integrated model were utilized to analyze the dynamics of ozone and pollutant concentration. An in-depth analysis of the integrated model revealed that the reaction rate constants in this present study were higher than previously reported apparent reaction rate constants, and catalysts were not always necessary. Finally, we developed an installable mobile application (APP) that allowed the simulation of the dynamic process for ozone oxidizing organic pollutants in the laboratory, which offered theoretical support for the selection of experimental conditions. The results of model simulation not only provide scientific explanations for counter-intuitive experimental phenomena, but also optimized experimental conditions to enhance ozone utilization.

On thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer aspects of CH4 adsorption onto coconut shell-based carbonaceous material

The current study investigates the equilibrium methane (CH4) adsorption capacity and the adsorption kinetics of a locally produced coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC CARB 6X12 60) for pressure and temperatures ranging from 0 to 55 bar and -20 to 70 °C, respectively. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics are determined using an in-house developed adsorption test rig. A maximum methane adsorption uptake of 0.140 kg/kg is obtained at -20 °C and 40 bar pressure. The adsorption equilibrium isotherm data are fitted using Toth, Dubinin-Astakhov (DA), and Modified-DA isotherm models. Afterwards, the kinetics study is done considering pseudo first order, second order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models. In continuation, based on the DA isotherm model, Clausius Clapeyron relation, and Maxwell's relations, the expressions for the crucial thermodynamic parameter of adsorbed phase, i.e., isosteric heat of adsorption, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy is derived, and same is estimated using DA isotherm parameters. Additionally, the activated carbon's thermophysical properties (i.e., thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat) are determined using the TPS 2500 S analyzer, which works on the hot-disk principle. Using the most suitable isotherm (DA) and kinetic model (pseudo second order), heat and mass transfer analysis is carried out on novel reactor configuration with an external cooling jacket, double row of cooling pipes with external longitudinal fins for methane storage using a 3D transient model in Comsol Multiphysics. The charge characteristics are studied for gas charging pressure varying from 1 to 50 bar and cooling fluid temperature of -20 to 70 °C. Iso-concentration contours are plotted to identify the pressure-temperature combination resulting in identical storage capacity (i.e., including both gaseous and adsorbed phases). Further simulations are carried out for constant pressure charging and constant flow discharge conditions to expound upon the effects of the dormancy period, gas charging pressure, and cooling/heating fluid temperature. 14% improvement in total discharge amount is obtained with a dormancy period between charging and discharging compared to no dormancy case.

Mathematical modelling for sustainable extraction of oil from rice bran, safflower seeds and flaxseeds employing supercritical carbon dioxide at pilot scale: An insight to comprehensive physico-chemical analysis

This study reports the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from rice bran, safflower seeds, and flaxseeds performed at varying conditions of pressure (250–450 bar), temperature (45 and 60 ⁰C) and supercritical carbon dioxide flow rate of 1 kg/min at pilot scale. The oils obtained were evaluated for yield, fatty acid composition and other physico-chemical properties. They were compared with the oil obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and the conventional extraction method with n-hexane. The total mass yields obtained by both the methods were comparable. The highest experimental extraction yields were obtained at 450 bar 60 ⁰C for rice bran oil (16.2 %), safflower oil (27.8 %), and flaxseed oil (30.8 %), at 1 kg /min flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide which was considered optimal at the studied conditions. It was observed that the extracted oils via supercritical carbon dioxide exhibited enormous reduction in phosphorus content of rice bran oil (3.5 ppm), safflower oil (1.2 ppm) and flaxseed oil (2.32 ppm) as compared to conventional extraction. Rice bran oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide retained most of the antioxidant contents, oryzanol as compared to Soxhlet extracted oil and contained significantly lower (1.3 %) amounts of wax. Further, extraction curves were evaluated by a mathematical model where broken and intact cells was applied to consider mass transfer kinetics of extracted oil.

Challenges in mathematical modeling of dynamic mass transfer controlled by capillary and viscous forces in spontaneous fluid imbibition processes

Challenges in mathematical modeling of dynamic mass transfer controlled by capillary and viscous forces in spontaneous fluid imbibition processes

An experimental study of the dynamics and mass transfer of a rising bubble

In this work, the rise characteristics of shrinking CO2 and non-shrinking N2 bubbles in distilled water for a wide range of bubble sizes in ellipsoidal and wobbly regime (deq = 1.5 mm to 6.5 mm) have been investigated. For these bubbles, their size, trajectory, and rise velocity have been measured using a moving camera system, while the dissolved CO2 is qualitatively studied using a planar laser-induced fluorescence (P-LIF) technique. We explore the interplay between hydrodynamics and mass transfer using well-studied regimes in bubble behaviour. Our results show that the interrelation between mass transfer and bubble rise dynamics is quasi-steady in nature and strongly dependent on wake-induced effects: shape and path oscillations. Based on an analogy of the two phenomena, we conclude that the behaviour of smaller bubbles (<2 mm) as immobile spheres from a mass transfer perspective is not related to the mobility of the interface, but a lack of surface renewal of dissolved gas at the interface. We propose a mechanistic correlation for calculating the mass transfer coefficient, kL, in this regime of bubble size, using the knowledge of the drag coefficient.

Unlocking the power of activated carbon-mediated peracetic acid activation for efficient antibiotics abatement in groundwater: Coupling the processes of electron transfer, radical production, and adsorption

The activation of peracetic acid (PAA) by activated carbon (AC) is a promising approach for reducing micropollutants in groundwater. However, to harness the PAA/AC system’s potential and achieve sustainable and low-impact groundwater remediation, it is crucial to quantify the individual contributions of active species. In this study, we developed a combined degradation kinetic and adsorption mass transfer model to elucidate the roles of free radicals, electron transfer processes (ETP), and adsorption on the degradation of antibiotics by PAA in groundwater. Our findings reveal that ETP predominantly facilitated the activation of PAA by modified activated carbon (AC600), contributing to ∼61% of the overall degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The carbonyl group (CO) on the surface of AC600 was identified as a probable site for the ETP. Free radicals contributed to ∼39% of the degradation, while adsorption was negligible. Thermodynamic and activation energy analyses indicate that the degradation of SMX within the PAA/AC600 system requires a relatively low energy input (27.66 kJ/mol), which is within the lower range of various heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions, thus making it easily achievable. These novel insights enhance our understanding of the AC600-mediated PAA activation mechanism and lay the groundwork for developing efficient and sustainable technologies for mitigating groundwater pollution. Environmental ImplicationThe antibiotics in groundwater raises alarming environmental concerns. As groundwater serves as a primary source of drinking water for nearly half the global population, the development of eco-friendly technologies for antibiotic-contaminated groundwater remediation becomes imperative. The innovative PAA/AC600 system demonstrates significant efficacy in degrading micropollutants, particularly sulfonamide antibiotics. By integrating degradation kinetics and adsorption mass transfer models, this study sheds light on the intricate mechanisms involved, emphasizing the potential of carbon materials as sustainable tools in the ongoing battle for clean and safe groundwater.

Tempospatially Confined Catalytic Membranes for Advanced Water Remediation.

The application of homogeneous catalysts in water remediation is limited by their excessive chemical and energy input, weak regenerability, and potential leaching. Heterogeneous catalytic membranes (CMs) offer a new approach to facilitate efficient, selective, and continuous pollutant degradation. Thus, integrating membranes and continuous filtration with heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can promote thermodynamic and kinetic mass transfers in spatially confined intrapores and facilitate diffusion-reaction processes. Despite the remarkable advantages of heterogeneous CMs, their engineering application is practically restricted due to the fuzzy design criteria for specific applications. Herein, the recent advances in CMs for advanced water remediation are critically reviewed and the design flow for tempospatially confined CMs is proposed. Further, state-of-the-art CM materials and their catalytic mechanisms are reviewed, after which the tempospatial confinement mechanisms comprising the nanoconfinement effect, interface effect, and kinetic mass transfer are emphasized, thus clarifying their roles in the construction and performance optimization of CMs. Additionally, the fabrication methods for CMs based on their catalysts and pore sizes are summarized and an overview of their application and performance evaluations is presented. Finally, future directions for CMs in materials research and water treatment, are presented.

Three-Dimensional Model for Bioventing: Mathematical Solution, Calibration and Validation

Bioventing is an established technique extensively employed in the remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. In this study, the objective was to develop an improved foundational bioventing model that characterizes gas flow in vadose zones where aqueous and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) are present and immobile, accounting for interphase mass transfer and first order biodegradation kinetics. By incorporating a correlation for the biodegradation rate constant, which is a function of soil properties including initial population of petroleum degrader microorganisms in soil, sand content, clay content, water content, and soil organic matter content, this model offers the ability to integrate a specific biodegradation rate constant tailored to the soil properties for each site. The governing equations were solved using the finite volume method in OpenFOAM employing the “porousMultiphaseFoam v2107” (PMF) toolbox. The equation describing gas flow in unsaturated soil was solved using a mixed pressure-saturation method, where calculated values were employed to solve the component transport equations. Calibration was done against a set of experimental data for a meso-scale reactor considering contaminant volatilization rate as the pre-calibration parameter and the mass transfer coefficient between aqueous and NAPL phase as the main calibration parameter. The calibrated model then was validated by simulating a large-scale reactor. The modelling results showed an error of 2.9% for calibrated case and 4.7% error for validation case which present the fitness to the experimental data, proving that the enhanced bioventing model holds the potential to improve predictions of bioventing and facilitate the development of efficient strategies to remediate soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Mass transfer kinetics of polyethylene degradation by bacterial-fungal consortium

Understanding the biodegradation rate of polyethylene (PE) plastic waste mediated by bacterial-fungal consortium (BFC) is important to ensure effective design process of the bioremediation technology. The aims of this study were to scrutinize the behaviors of PE plastic degradation mediated by the BFC colonies numerically simulated the experimental data using the modified mass transfer factor models and to analyze the kinetics and mechanisms of internal, external and global mass transfer. The performance of rectangular reactor (RR) to biologically degrade the PE plastic increased up to 61.5% shows an increased efficiency of 55.9% stimulated by the presence of BFC colonies. Trend in the variation of internal mass transfer is almost the same with that of global mass transfer and is far higher than that of external mass transfer (EMT). The rate-limiting step of PE plastic degradation is dependent on the resistance of EMT. The application of BFC colonies aimed to improve the biodegradation rate of PE plastic waste contributes to advancing the future environmental engineering technologies.

Edible coatings for enhancing osmodehydration process of pears using glucose solution: a study on mass transfer kinetics and quality assessment

SummaryThe present study aimed to evaluate the combined application of edible coatings (alginate or pectin) and the osmotic dehydration process (glucose solution at 40 °Brix and 60 °Brix, solution temperatures of 20 and 40 °C, and process times of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h) on mass transfer kinetics and physicochemical parameters (weight reduction (WR), water loss (WL), solids gain (SG), and optical and mechanical properties) of pear cubes. The best dehydration performance was observed in the coated samples treated at 60 °Brix‐40 °C. At the end of this process, the coated samples showed higher values of WR (77.30% and 75.13%) and WL (77.39%; 74.38%) and lower values of SG (1.69% and 1.24%) than the uncoated samples (WR: 65.97%, WL: 68.38%, and SG: 4.12%). Additionally, optimal retention of optical and mechanical properties was achieved in the coated samples exposed to the 40 °Brix‐40 °C condition.

Accelerating Charge Kinetics in Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Modulating the Cobalt Coordination in Heterostructures of Cadmium Sulfide/Metal-Organic Layer.

Artificial photocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2R) holds great promise to directly store solar energy into chemical bonds. The slow charge and mass transfer kinetics at the triphasic solid-liquid-gas interface calls for the rational design of heterogeneous photocatalysts concertedly boosting interfacial charge transfer, local CO2 concentration, and exposure of active sites. To meet these requirements, in this study heterostructures of CdS/MOL (MOL = metal-organic layer) furnishing different redox Co sites are fabricated for CO2R photocatalysts. It is found that the coordination environment of Co is key to photocatalytic activity. The best catalyst ensemble comprising ligand-chelated Co2+ with the bipyridine electron mediator demonstrates a high CO yield rate of 1523µmol h-1 gcat -1, selectivity of 95.8% and TON of 1462.4, which are ranked among the best seen in literature. Comprehensive photochemical and electroanalytical characterizations attribute the high CO2R performance to the improved photocarrier separation and charge kinetics originated from the proper energy band alignment and coordination chemistry. This work highlights the construction of 2D heterostructures and modulation of transition metal coordination to expedite the charge kinetics in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Modeling and Fundamental Dynamics of Vacuum, Gas, and Antisolvent Quenching for Scalable Perovskite Processes.

Hybrid perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) promise cost-effective fabrication with large-scale solution-based manufacturing processes as well as high power conversion efficiencies. Almost all of today's high-performance solution-processed perovskite absorber films rely on so-called quenching techniques that rapidly increase supersaturation to induce a prompt crystallization. However, to date, there are no metrics for comparing results obtained with different quenching methods. In response, the first quantitative modeling framework for gas quenching, anti-solvent quenching, and vacuum quenching is developed herein. Based on dynamic thickness measurements in a vacuum chamber, previous works on drying dynamics, and commonly known material properties, a detailed analysis of mass transfer dynamics is performed for each quenching technique. The derived models are delivered along with an open-source software framework that is modular and extensible. Thereby, a deep understanding of the impact of each process parameter on mass transfer dynamics is provided. Moreover, the supersaturation rate at critical concentration is proposed as a decisive benchmark of quenching effectiveness, yielding ≈ 10-3 - 10-1s-1 for vacuum quenching, ≈ 10-5 - 10-3s-1 for static gas quenching, ≈ 10-2 - 100s-1 for dynamic gas quenching and ≈ 102s-1 for antisolvent quenching. This benchmark fosters transferability and scalability of hybrid perovskite fabrication, transforming the "art of device making" to well-defined process engineering.

Analysis of Mass Transfer Kinetics at Lipid Bilayer Membranes of Liposome by Means of Electrokinetic Chromatography and Moment Theory

Analysis of Mass Transfer Kinetics at Lipid Bilayer Membranes of Liposome by Means of Electrokinetic Chromatography and Moment Theory

Evaluation of multiscale mechanisms of ultrasound-assisted extraction from porous plant materials: Experiment and modeling on this intensified process

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an intensified mass transfer process, which can utilize natural resources effectively, but still lacks detailed mechanisms for multiscale effects. This study investigates the mass transfer mechanisms of UAE combined with material’s pore structure at multiscale. Porous material was prepared by roasting green coffee beans (GCB) at 120 °C (RCB120) and 180 °C (RCB180), and their UAE efficiency for phytochemicals (caffeine, trigonelline, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) were evaluated by experiment and modeling. Besides, the physicochemical properties, mass transfer kinetics, and multi-physical field simulation were studied. Results indicated that positive synergy effects on extraction existed between ultrasound and material’s pore structure. Higher mass transfer coefficients of UAE (GCB 0.16 min−1, RCB120 0.38 min−1, RCB180 0.46 min−1) was achieved with higher total porosity (4.47 %, 9.17 %, 13.52 %) and connected porosity (0 %, 3.79 %, 5.98 %). Moreover, simulation results revealed that micro acoustic streaming and pressure difference around particles were the main driving force for enhancing mass transfer, and the velocity (0.29–0.36 m/s) increased with power density (0.64–1.01 W/mL). The microscale model proved that increased yield from UAE-RCB was attributed to internal convection diffusion within particles. This study exploited a novel benefit of ultrasound on extraction and inspired its future application in non-thermal food processing.