Mass Population Movements Research Articles

Влияние политики раскулачивания на миграции населения в Калмыцкой автономной области. 1929–1934 гг.

Introduction. In 1929–1934, in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region, as part of the policy of dispossession in the country, measures were taken to liquidate farms and relocate to new places the most financially well-off part of the rural population of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. Mass population movements have had a noticeable impact on the social, demographic and ethnic structure of the autonomous region. This aspect of the collectivization policy initiated by the leadership of the USSR in relation to Kalmykia has not been studied specifically. The purpose of the study is to highlight the migration policy of the state during the period of mass dispossession in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region in 1929–1934. The source database includes materials from the funds of state and party authorities of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Results. The article examines the external and internal migrations in the region caused by the policy of dispossession. The resettlement of Kulaks was planned, the conditions of transportation of kulak families, as well as their adaptation to new places, were difficult. The main contingent of dispossessed and exiled, due to the peculiarities of the economic development of the region, were not farmers, but cattle breeders and fishermen. The state did not use their professional skills, employing the repressed in an industrial sphere unfamiliar to them. For the sparsely populated and economically underdeveloped Kalmykia, the dispossession and expulsion of the most enterprising and economic part of the peasantry had negative consequences. It should also be noted that Kalmykia is located in natural conditions that are generally unfavorable for human habitation. The evicted people were old-timers who were adapted to living in difficult local natural conditions, adapted to traditional economic activities. At the same time, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region was the host country. There were many remote and sparsely populated places on its territory, so it attracted runaway kulaks. In its settlements and just in the steppe, they hoped to wait out the persecution and return to their homeland or gain a foothold in a new place of residence. The actions of the authorities to evict the Kulaks increased the migration of the population in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. On the one hand, it led to a forced mass outflow of the population, on the other to the illegal resettlement of a significant number of people who fled from the dispossession of people.

Bioarchaeological approaches to understanding the long-term development of mountain societies

Archaeologists do not always differentiate between human activities, practices and techniques within landscape archaeology. This problem is reflected in some research into the development of pastoralism in the Alps. Here, we develop a framework within a “position paper” that engages with these different processes by assessing recent developments in bioarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental methods. Over the last two decades, alpine research has moved beyond the mere characterisation of human activities toward the classification and interpretation of specific practices and techniques, changing how we study the development of alpine pastoralism. Research into the development of mid-/long-distance transhumance from the Provencal plains to the Western Alps has generated considerable interest over the last 20 years. Therefore, the PATHWAy (Pastoralism, TransHumance in the Western Alps) project focuses on studying the Iron Age to Medieval pastoral systems in the Western Alps and south-eastern France, which is today one of the main regions in Europe where transhumant pastoralism still takes place. Finally, this contribution aims to review how bioarchaeological methods, combined with “cultural” archaeology, inform detailed quotidian aspects of lifeways rather than impactful, mediatised generalising statements, such as mass population movements or simplistic generalisations about past diet.

Changing Epidemiology of Tinea Capitis in Athens, Greece: The Impact of Immigration and Review of Literature.

Mass population movements have altered the epidemiology of tinea capitis (TC) in countries receiving refugees. Periodic monitoring of the local pathogen profiles may serve as a basis for both the selection of appropriate empirical antifungal therapy and the implementation of preventive actions. Therefore, we investigated the impact of an unprecedented immigration wave occurring in Greece since 2015 on the epidemiological trends of TC. All microbiologically confirmed TC cases diagnosed during the period 2012-2019 in a referral academic hospital for dermatological disorders in Athens, Greece, were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 583 patients were recorded, where 348 (60%) were male, 547 (94%) were children and 160 (27%) were immigrants from Balkan, Middle Eastern, Asian as well as African countries. The overall annual incidence of TC was 0.49, with a significant increase over the years (p = 0.007). M. canis was the predominant causative agent (74%), followed by T. violaceum (12%), T. tonsurans (7%) and other rare dermatophyte species (7%). M. canis prevalence decreased from 2014 to 2019 (84% to 67%, p = 0.021) in parallel with a three-fold increase in T. violaceum plus T. tonsurans rates (10% to 32%, p = 0.002). An increasing incidence of TC with a shift towards anthropophilic Trichophyton spp. in Greece could be linked to the immigration flows from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

ANALISA KEBERADAAN MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DI INDONESIA

The existence of Indigenous Peoples (MHA) is recognized and respected by the State through Article 18B of the 45 Constitution. therefore the government is obliged to protect the existence of indigenous peoples. However, the development of today's modern society has even negated the existence of indigenous peoples. The existence of massive population movements and land titling causes individualism to undermine the existence of indigenous and tribal peoples. Therefore, this research will answer whether the existence of MHA still needs to be protected by the government or does it have to change according to the times. Many regulations were launched to regulate MHA, which aims to protect MHA but these regulations by many observers still do not support the protection of MHA. The research method used is normative juridical research, which is a method that is carried out by examining library materials. From the various problems in the research area, it can be concluded that the existence of MHA will gradually become extinct. Article 18 B in the 1945 Constitution already implies the extinction of MHA with the clause "... as long as they are still alive and in accordance with the principles of a unitary state". Therefore the government's protection of MHA is in preparing MHA human resources to face changing times, especially the younger generation.

Text and the City: How the City Shaped Language

Abstract This paper presents the first case of dramatic and large-scale loss of linguistic diversity. Language death has been part of our history as long as languages were spoken, but in the fourth millennium bce urbanisation and a growing regional economy caused a decrease in both language and typological diversity on a much larger scale than ever before. The first cities in Mesopotamia had developed writing and administration which centralised power and disseminated its influence. In particular, standard languages that were used for official purposes over large areas emerged. Written standard language slowed down the rate of change and consolidated diverging dialects. The larger areas in which languages were spoken in combination with increased mobility and long-distance contacts increased language contact and decreased typological differentiation. Massive population movements due to natural and human made disasters wiped out whole linguistic lineages through language shifts. In effect, this was a first wave globalisation, resulting in the first extensive linguistic diversity eradication.

Last Decade Assessment of the Impacts of Regional Climate Change on Crop Yield Variations in the Mediterranean Region

The influence of regional climate change (CC) on agricultural production variance in the Mediterranean region has been discussed based on the assessment of the last decade. Most of the Mediterranean region has experienced frequent natural disasters, expanding population, increase in temperature, and increase in the surface of the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, the temperature in the Mediterranean area is rising 25% faster than the rest of the globe, and in the summer, it is warming 40% faster than the global average. Climate change can alter the food supply, restrict access to food, and degrade food quality. Temperature rises, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in severe weather events, and decreased water availability, for example, might all result in lower agricultural production. The fact that most Mediterranean nations rely on imported basic foodstuffs adds to the severity of the situation. Instability and insecurity of agricultural supply in the region might lead to massive population movement, transforming most Mediterranean nations into a global source of instability. Based on the experience of similar geographical locations, the article has highlighted the essential elements affecting crop productivity and the five domains of water, ecosystems, food, health, and security. Despite the region’s complexity, the Mediterranean region has been offered an overall assessment that predicts the best strategy for the best solution. Such an attempt describes a methodical integration of scientific discoveries to understand better the combined hazards illustrated by the fact that CC has affected food production, resulting in widespread insecurity. Utilizing current technologies in agricultural production has been recommended to support regional nations in reaching higher yields. The significance of this study could be realized by mitigating climatic shocks through a sustainable food production system to accomplish development goals in vulnerable nations.

Mass Gathering and Population Movement in India: Possible Risk of Vector-Borne Diseases

Surveillance tools measure and help to predict the possibility of the onset of any disease including vector-borne diseases during some specific situations likemass gatherings (MGs) that are closely related tothe disease epidemiology (why, what, who, where, when, and how)concerningthe transmission of infectious diseases including vector-borne diseases. Some situations ofmass gatherings may bring closely large and diverse population groups coming from different endemic zones/areas leading tothe transmission of communicable diseases including vector-borne diseases. Mass gatherings (MGs) may have the potential to enhance the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseasesowing to different geographical, social, and climatic factors. Usually, MGs have been thought to have enhanced risks of disease transmission.Theyalso have the potential to increase the opportunities for other types of mechanical injuriesfrom accidents, stampedes, alcohol use, internal group fights etc. that may result in morbidity or mortality.Besides, they are potential breeding places for the proliferation of vector species, capable of transmitting malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and JE including ticks and mites-borne diseases. It is a well-known fact there area large number of asymptomatic cases which act as sub-clinical cases, hence, chances of local transmission through vectors during such mass gatherings can not be ruled out.There is always a need for well-structured, intensified real-time disease and vector surveillance and reporting systems in place which is essential for efficient MG planning, to ensure disease prevention and control. In the present context of the ongoing COVIDpandemic, such surveillance systems havebecome a vital component of such events of mass gatherings and large-scale movement of people.

Global pandemics, conflict and networks - the dynamics of international instability, infodemics and health care in the 21st century.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 global pandemic is a harbinger of a future destabilised world driven by climate change, rapid mass migration, food insecurity, state failures and epidemics. A significant feature fuelling this destabilised world is networked misinformation and disinformation (referred to as an infodemic), particularly in the area of health.AimsTo describe the interactive dynamic of climate change; mass population movement; famine; state failure and epidemic disease, analyse developments over the year 2020–2021 and discuss their relationship to an infodemic about disease and public health responses and how this should be addressed in the future.MethodsUsing the concept of ‘the Five Horsemen’ of epochal change and network theory to guide a narrative review.ResultsConcepts of epidemiology are reflected in how misinformation is spread around the world. Health care services and personnel face threats as a result that make it more difficult to manage pan global health risks effectively.ConclusionsHeath care professionals at an individual and organisational level need to counter infodemic networks. Health care professionals who consistently spread misinformation should have their licence to practice withdrawn.

Fear, force, and flight: configurations of intimidation and displacement in Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’

ABSTRACT While the presence and intensity of armed conflict is often understood as the logical and axiomatic causal factor of flight, this article offers a more in-depth understanding of the myriad of circumstances and factors that shape forced displacement from homes and communities. Based on extensive field research, the article schematically aggregates displacement in Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’ into three broad categories; 1. Direct intimidation 2. Indirect intimidation and 3. Mutual Arbitration. While the ‘extraordinary’ violence of burning homes, smouldering streets, and mass population movements came to symbolise something of an archetypal form of displacement in Northern Ireland, the majority of intimidation and movement during the ‘Troubles’ were the product of more tedious though no less effective forms of ‘everyday’ intimidation and threats. For many, the decision to flee was the culmination of months and sometimes years of enduring a variety of monotonous attacks and intimidation. While the turn towards rational choice within recent refugee approaches seeks to shift the emphasis from predominant narratives of disempowerment and victimhood, nevertheless, the research presented here underscores the primacy of fear and intimidation as the common determinants of forced movement. The communication of those threats, as this article demonstrates, came in many forms and complexions.

Ethnic conflict as a risk amplifier for resurgent P. vivax malaria in temperate zones: A case study from the Caucasus region

One of the most protracted post-Soviet conflicts of the 1990s was a territorial dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the contested Karabakh region. Years of ethnic violence led to the displacement of nearly a million refugees, as well as a public health crisis that included epidemics of malaria, diphtheria and other preventable diseases. Malaria is not usually considered a health risk in temperate climates, but seasonal epidemics were widespread throughout the Caucasus in the early decades of the twentieth century. This paper combines qualitative historical research with geospatial analysis to explore how endemic malaria was controlled during the Soviet era, and how ethnic conflict reconfigured local ecologies to facilitate the re-emergence of P. vivax after the Soviet collapse in the 1990s. This research reveals that ethnic conflicts have specific qualities that increase risks of infectious and vector borne disease outbreaks, even in places that have successfully achieved a modern health and mortality profile. The risk amplifiers of ethnic conflicts include 1) the creation of contested spaces controlled by separatists that are outside of any national public health surveillance system; 2) mass population movements and refugee outflows due to ethnic violence; and 3) changes in land use that expand potential mosquito breeding sites throughout the conflict zone. Continued hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan, combined with the repopulation of key vector species (specifically An. sacharovi) lead us to conclude that populations in the Caucasus remain vulnerable to resurgent outbreaks of ethno-nationalist violence as well as the return of seasonal malaria, even after decades of successful control.

Dynamics of mass migration

AbstractArmed conflicts, natural disasters, environmental degradation, or other crises can trigger massive population movements that present a serious challenge for the destination countries. We provide a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of population movements and their interaction with border‐control policy of destination authorities. Our model exhibits a trade‐off between the speed of the border‐control response and the total cost of bringing immigration flows back to a target level. Simulations of the model, based on the 2015 Syrian refugee crisis, also highlight the implications of criminalizing human‐smuggling activity and the influence of a diaspora on the dynamics of migration.

Postwar Rebuilding and Resettlements in the Soviet Union: A Case of Azeri Migration

Mass population movements of Soviet residents—deportees, evacuees, accused kulaks, refugees, soldiers, and others—are a characteristic feature of early Soviet history. Some of these forms of migratory violence peaked during the experience of total war in the 1940s, but others continued well past the cessation of wartime hostilities. This was the case in the South Caucasus, which narrowly avoided German occupation and the mass civilian upheaval that stalked other parts of the Soviet Union, but nonetheless hosted successive wartime and postwar migrations that disrupted local communities.

National Health-Oriented Hazard Assessment in Iran Based on the First Priority for Action in Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

Background Understanding disaster risk is the first priority for action based on the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), and hazard assessment is the first step in the assessment of disaster risks. Therefore, assessing health-oriented hazards is the first measure in disaster risk assessment in the medical universities area in Iran. This article introduces a national experience and results obtained from designing a national tool for defining and assessment of health-oriented hazards in Iran. Methods In the present study, a National Health-Oriented Hazard Assessment tool (NHHAT) was developed by experts and implemented by the Iranian Ministry of Health for gathering data according to frequency, probability, magnitude, and vulnerability of the hazards to identify the first ten hazards of medical universities in the two decades ago (2000–2021). Finally, the top 20 health-oriented hazards were identified among the ten hazards reported by each university. Results According to the findings, the four most important hazards were road traffic accidents, earthquakes, drought, and seasonal floods. Nevertheless, the hazards such as desertification, tunnel events, soil liquefaction, mass population movement, and sea progression were among the rarest ones reported in the medical universities in Iran. Conclusion Many functional aspects of disaster risk management depend on the realistic and accurate information related to the main elements of risk, especially the probable hazards in the communities. The comprehensive hazard assessment can only provide such information using context-bond tools. This is an applied study and a national implementation to fulfill the priority of the Sendai framework (i.e., understanding disasters risk) in Iran. It is suggested that other countries should also compile standard tools to explore the hazards for designing up-to-date hazard maps.

Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr: Population movement, mass gathering and escalating of COVID-19 – A perspective from Indonesia

In Indonesia, the most populous Moslem-majority country, despite the possibility of underreported coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases, 6,248 confirmed cases and 535 deaths have been recorded. With upcoming Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr, between 18-23 million of Indonesians may move from urban locations (with high counts of COVDI-19) to rural areas with fewer cases currently but less laboratory capacity to diagnose cases. This review summaries the current situation of CO.VID-19 in Indonesia and discusses the possible impacts of mass population movement, Ramadan-related activities, and Eid al-Fitr celebration days on COVID-19 transmission in the country.

Forecast Models for Urban Dynamics (Kathmandu Valley)

Forecast Models for Urban Dynamics (Kathmandu Valley)

Moving down the urban hierarchy: Turning point of China’s internal migration caused by age structure and hukou system

Internal migration is critically important in China, where the fertility rate is declining and international immigration is under strict control. This study explores the massive population movement in China, examines the migration pattern of non- hukou migrants, 2010–2015 and 2014–2015 migration patterns through the urban hierarchy of the urban system using migration trajectories derived from the 2015 One Percent Population Sample Survey. Results reveal an emerging reversal from a predominantly upward pattern (e.g. most of the net flows move to high-level cities) to a downward one (e.g. from super-large/extra-large cities to large cities) in the recent migration trend. Regional disparities are significant. An upward and eastward tendency still dominates in the western, central and northeastern regions, whereas a downward and decentralised tendency has been initiated in the eastern region. The causes for the structural change include common factors found in developed countries, such as the influence of age and life courses. The age structure of China’s population caused by the ‘one-child’ policy weakened the upward momentum and led to a strengthening downward trend in the current migration pattern. The contextual and institutional factor hukou also has a significant effect on people’s migration directions. Hukou attracts people to move up or down the hierarchy to their registered place or where they can acquire registration. The characteristics of registered migrants reflect the different criteria of cities in granting hukou.

Negative effects of massive intercity population movement on the security of urban agglomerations

Negative effects of massive intercity population movement on the security of urban agglomerations

Together in the Same Boat: Exiled Nationalist State and Chinese Civil War Exiles in 1950s Taiwan

AbstractWhen the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came to power, one million mainland Chinese were forcibly displaced to Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek's regime. Today, this event is still largely considered as a relocation of government or a military withdrawal operation instead of a massive population movement. Contrary to popular belief, many of the displaced mainlanders were not Nationalist elites. Most were common soldiers, petty civil servants, and war refugees from different walks of life. Based on newspapers, magazines, surveys, declassified official documents produced in 1950s Taiwan and contemporary oral history, this article uncovers the complicated relationship between the regime in exile and the people in exile. It argues that the interdependency between the two, in particular between the migrant state and the socially atomized lower class migrants, was formed gradually over a decade due to two main factors: wartime displacement and the need to face an unfriendly local population together.

TURKEY-EU RELATIONS IN CONTEXT OF SYRIAN CRISIS: READMISSION AGREEMENT AND VISA LIBERALIZATION

Internal disorder in Syria, started in 2011, led to mass population movements. Turkey, soon, became both a host and a transit country for migrants. 2015, when transitions to Europe heavily intensified, was the year of revival in terms of Turkey-EU relations. With Readmission Agreement, signed on March 18, 2016, both sides became solution partners of the migration crisis. But by virtue of the increasing number of the Syrians and the prolonging war, conditions and the perspectives started to change in years and aroused divergence both within Europe and Turkey. Despite Turkey committed its obligations in full, EU still unrealized its commitment of visa liberalization and there happened many problems in allocating promised financial support in time and properly. Combined with these; handling a humanitarian issue in a financial and political approach, has led to a shift in cooperation paradigm which had normally been supposed to be permanent and burden-sharing centered.

Identidades de desarraigo y diaspora. La travesia de los moriscos granadinos hasta Pastrana

La expulsión de los moriscos del reino de Granada y su dispersión por toda Castilla, fue uno de los de los grandes movimientos masivos de población durante la Edad Moderna castellana. Se trató de una migración ordenada por Felipe II tras la guerra de las Alpujarras que desplazó a más de 80.000 moriscos tras el conflicto armado. En este artículo se analiza el caso concreto de la villa ducal de Pastrana que en 1570 es lugar de destino de una de las partidas más importantes, y los vestigios de arraigo/desarraigo que su presencia deja sobre la estructura urbana de esta población. Se estudia su brusca llegada y la construcción de un nuevo barrio donde acogerlos, patrocinado por el I duque de Pastrana, Ruy Gómez de Silva y financiado por ricos mercaderes moriscos. Y la huella de integración que, silenciosamente, generó su presencia con la reproducción de jardines populares de tradición andalusí.