Mass Of Grains Research Articles

Pattern in ejecta curtain generated by the impact into granular targets of various sized particles and application to the ejecta curtain observed in the Hayabusa2 impact experiment

We conducted impact experiments using targets composed of particles with size distributions and projectiles with a size larger than or comparable with the maximum size of particles in targets. The pattern and particle concentration in the ejecta curtain were investigated. The results show three types of ejecta curtain features: (i) filament pattern extending throughout the entire curtain and high concentration, (ii) filament pattern and low concentration, and (iii) mesh-like pattern with a structure on smaller scales than the entire curtain and low concentration. When the target consists of particles using a bimodal size distribution with size differences of more than one order of magnitude, the filament pattern appears, exhibiting case (i). If the target consists of particles with various sizes with size differences of more than one order of magnitude, the filament pattern appears, but the concentration decreases, appearing the features of case (ii). Case (iii) occurs when the target consists of particles with a single size or when the mass of particles with a certain size is dominant. Thus, the size distribution of the particles in the targets determines the pattern and particle concentration in the ejecta curtain. Based on these results, we confirm that the pattern in the ejecta curtain caused by the impact of the Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI) in the Hayabusa2 mission showing case (i) is consistent with the evaluated sizes and masses of grains and boulders in the ejecta curtain.Graphical

Creation of the initial breeding material of soft winter wheat with a complex of economically valuable traits

Purpose. Creation of new breeding material of soft winter wheat, highly resistant to diseases of the ear and pest colonization for use in the breeding process. Methods. The studies were carried out in 2017–2020 under conditions of artificial inoculation of wheat plants with pathogens of common bunt and fusariosis of the ear in field infectious nurseries of the Department of Plant Protection of the V. M. Remeslo Institute of Wheat of NAAS. An artificial infectious background of common bunt was created according to the method of A. I. Borggard-Anpilogov, which consists in contamination of seed material with spores several days before sowing. An artificial infectious background of fusarium ear blight was created by spraying soft winter wheat plants in the flowering phase with a suspension of spores isolated from the local pathogen population. Results. According to the results of the conducted research, highly resistant (up to 5% ear dama­ge) combinations of hybrids of the fourth generation of soft wheat were selected against the causative agent of fusarium: ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Nobeoka bozu’ had a thrips population of 5.2 ind./ear, and cereal leaf beetle – 35,0 ind./m2 and ‘Horly­tsia myronivska’ / ‘C-Lokia’, the thrips population of which was 5.0 ind./ear, cereal leaf beetle – 2.0 ind./m2. On an artificial infectious background of fourth-generation hybrids, in terms of resistance to common bunt, the crossing combinations ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Horianka’, ‘Lehenda Myronivska’ / ‘Nana’ were selected, which were affected by common bunt from 15 to 20%, and thrips population was 2.8–8.6 ind./ear, cereal leaf beetle – 5.0–6.0 ind./m2. The highest indicators of the length of the ear, the number of grains in the ear and the mass of grain from the ear were obtained in the combinations of ‘Oberih Myronivskyi’ / ‘Maris Templer’ and ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Horianka’, which were created in accordance with the breeding programs of soft winter wheat for resistance against fusarium head blight and common bunt. Conclusions. The constant lines of soft winter wheat, isolated by complex resistance against diseases and pests, are used in the breeding process of the V. M. Remeslo Institute of Wheat of NAAS and the National Center of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (The Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev, Kharkiv).

AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF LINSEED AS A FUNCTION OF PLANT ARRANGEMENT

The objective of this work was to understand the agronomic performance of flaxseed cultivated in different spacings between rows and plant density, identifying associations between traits for indirect selection. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Augusto Pestana - RS, in the years 2020 and 2021, using a randomized block experimental design organized in a 6x3x2 three-factor scheme, with six sowing densities (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 plants per linear meter), three spacings between rows (0.18 m, 0.36 m, .0.54 m), and two crop seasons (2020 and 2021). In ten plants per plot, plant height, height of insertion of the first capsule, number of basal branches, stem diameter, number of branches on the stem, number of main branches, number of capsules, mass of capsules, number of grains per plot were measured. plant, weight of one hundred grains and weight of grains per plant. In addition, grain yield and plant stand were estimated. Grain yield is enhanced in row spacing of 18 cm with densities of 65 seeds per linear meter in crops with favorable conditions. In flaxseed, the number of capsules, number of grains and the mass of grains per plant exhibit a linear association with grain yield and can be used for indirect selection.

Сreation of buckwheat raw material is the basis of creation of high-yield adaptive varieties

Aim. Of the research is to create a new highly productive initial material of buckwheat with increased resistance to adverse environmental factors. Actuality. According to its biological nature, buckwheat combines a high productivity potential with a relatively low and, it would seem, inconsistent yield. Historically, buckwheat in Ukraine has become almost a national cereal crop, which cereal remains among the important products for the food security of the country. And now, when the war is going on in the country, the cultivation of buckwheat is gaining relevance [6]. An increase in the volume of buckwheat grain production, mainly due to the increase and stabilization of its yield level, is possible due to the use of new breeding methods, and the realization of the genetic potential of the variety - effective cultivation technologies. Methods. Field, laboratory, measuring and weighing. Processing of the results of experimental studies was carried out using the Microsoft Excel 2010 program. Results. According to the individual structural analysis of the plants (breeding sample), the height of the plants, the number of: branches, nodes, inflorescences, grains were determined; mass of grain, plants, straw, 1000 grains. The average level of variation of such indicators as plant height, the number of nodes, and the weight of 1000 grains was observed according to the indicators of direct characteristics of the most productive breeding samples selected according to index indicators. A significant variation was found in the rest of the indicators of the signs. The results of the correlation analysis of the obtained data according to the evaluated indicators confirm a reliable close relationship at the 5% level of significance between the weight of the plant and the number of inflorescences on the plant (r = 0.705), between the number of grains on the plant and the weight of the grain (r = 0.959) and plant mass (r = 0.767), also between grain mass and plant mass (r = 0.798). Conclusions. A reliable close relationship between plant weight and number of inflorescences, number of grains and weight of grain, as well as weight of grain and number of grains was established. The researches conducted by us claim that the individual selection of elite buckwheat plants and their evaluation according to the structural elements of seed productivity, in particular according to the indices: grain size III, individual seed productivity and attraction, make it possible to create promising, high-yielding varieties of edible buckwheat with increased adaptation potential.

Influence of Low-Temperature Modes of Winter Rye Seed Storage on Its Yield-Related Traits

The effect of different storage modes for the seeds of winter rye breeidng sample (Secale cereale L. subsp. cereale var. vulgare Koern) on its longevity, germination and yield structure was studied. Seed samples with a moisture content of 5–7% were stored in an airtight container for up to 42 months at 4 and –20°C. Control of plant germination and assessment of yield-related traits were carried out for three years according to standard methods. The research findings demonstrated the variation of seed germination depending on the sample genotype. No differences were noted in the longevity of seeds after 30 and 42 months of storage under various temperature regimens. The results of the analysis of yield-related traits of plants for two or three consecutive years did not show any significant advantages when influenced by 4 or –20°C on the spike length, number of productive stems and the mass of grain derived from the spike. However, at the same time, differences were found for plant height and weight of 1,000 grains in some cases in the seeds stored at temperatures of 4 or −20°C.

Definition of Performance Determinants in Spring Barley by Path Analysis

Ambiguous results of pairwise correlation analyses and pathway analyses were obtained from different researchers. Therefore, the study of the correlation of traits and conducting a road analysis of the productivity of new genotypes using different sets of traits is relevant. The purpose of this study was to establish the correlation coefficients between the characteristics of spring barley, their direct and side effects on plant productivity, and to identify the determinants of plant selection. The research used the correlation method to determine the correlation coefficients between traits, and the method of path analysis – to establish the direct and side effects of traits on plant productivity. The positive analysis of plant productivity in the variant using quantitative traits without components of productivity revealed positive direct effects in the action on productivity and positive correlation with it traits productive bushiness as determinants of forecasting the effectiveness of high-yielding plants. In the variant using plant productivity and traits of the mass of grain from the main ear and afterspring, the path analysis found that only these two traits had a considerable direct and indirect effect in interaction with other traits on plant productivity, as well as average and high (respectively) correlation with it. Therefore, in the case of determining the mass of grain from the main ear or from the afterspring, these two separate features can also be used as determinants of the forecast of the efficiency of selection of high-yielding plants

Evaluation of promising breeding material based on turgid and durum wheat

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the selected breeding material from a complex combination of turgid hybrid with winter durum wheat of the Donchanka variety. The hybrid selected at the initial stage was further decomposed into red-grain and white-grain genotypes. As a result of the study, higher production characteristics of the selected hybrid genotypes are shown in comparison with the original Donchanka. The increase in the production characteristics of hybrids occurred due to an increase in the number of grains and their size. The highest yield was shown by white-grained hybrid forms, which were distinguished not only by a large number but also by a larger mass of grain from the ear. The red-grain hybrid forms differed by a slightly smaller number of grains in the ear, but their noticeable size, that is, a larger mass of 1000 grains. When crossing a previously obtained hybrid form of turgid wheat [(tur x tur) x Terra] with the Donchanka winter durum wheat variety, highly productive white-grain and red-grain genotypes were identified, which were almost 25% superior to the zoned initial durum wheat variety on such an important breeding trait as the weight of grain from the ear. The quality indicators of grain in these forms remained at the level of the original Donchanka, which makes them a very promising breeding material.

Variability of the elements of spring barley yield structure depending on the hydrothermal conditions of vegetation

The purpose of the research is to identify the main elements of the crop structure that affect the productivity of spring barley in different weather conditions in the Ryazan region. Field studies were carried out in the nursery of the competitive variety trial in 2017-2021 on dark gray forest heavy loam soil. The best zoned double-row varieties of spring barley (Yaromir, Nadezhny, Znatny, Raphael, Lyuboyar) and 4 promising lines were used as the object of research. It has been established that there is a relationship between the elements of the structure of the spring barley yield: the formation of one of the elements can be compensated by a more significant development of the other. In conditions of severe drought (НТС = 0.58-0.70), the greatest positive correlation of yield with the length of the ear (r = +0.437) and the number of grains in the ear (r = +0.279) was revealed. In arid conditions (НТС = 0.75-0.85), the number of plants before harvesting (r = +0.335) and the number of productive stems (r = +0.437) had the greatest impact on the yield. During the moisty year (НТС = 1.36), the productivity of barley was significantly affected by a set of indicators of structural elements: plant height (r = +0.890), grain weight from the ear (r = +0.810), the number of grains in the ear (r = +0.806), ear length (r = +0.774) and the mass of 1000 grains (r = +0.640). When analyzing the elements of the crop structure, a significant dependence (r = +0.674) was established between the length of the ear and the number of grains in it. A negative correlation has been established between the productive bushiness of plants and the mass of 1000 grains, between the number of productive stems and the mass of grain from the ear. It has been found out that the slightly varying traits include the number of grains in the ear (Cv = 4.8%) and the length of the ear (Cv = 9.6%). It has been revealed that the yield of the studied varieties and promising lines has a low variation over the years of Cv = 8.8%, which indicates to the effectiveness of breeding work on developing barley varieties with high and stable yields.

Characteristics of introduced varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the zone of the Southern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Aim. To assess new introduced varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) of different ecological and geographical origin in conditions of the Southern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine according to a set of productivity and adaptability indicators. Methods. During 2018–2020 in the conditions of Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production of the Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev NAAS of Ukraine (Poltava region, 49°18′21″N, 33°13′56″E) 30 new pea samples originating from Belarus, Azerbaijan, Canada, Poland and the Netherlands were studied. In the ripening phase of pods and seeds (BBCH 86–90) in field and laboratory conditions yields, productivity, 1000 beans weight, early-ripening, plant height and height of attachment of the lower pods above the soil level, number of nodes to the first pod and their total number per plant, number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod parameters were studied. Results. As a result of studying new samples of pea, the range of variation of their yield from 200.5 to 300.0 g/m2 was established, while the varieties ‘Aleks’, ‘Atlant’, ‘Minskiy ovoschnoy’ (Belarus), ‘Fidan’ (Azerbaijan), ‘Dacota’ (Canada), ‘Angela’ (Netherlands) were more productive, in which the mass of grain from the plant exceeded 10.0 g. The productivity of the plant was high due to both the increased number of seeds and the weight of 1000 grains. Almost all the studied samples were mediumripe (71–80 days) and are optimal for the Southern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The most early maturing (64–69 days) were the Belarusian varieties ‘Yan’, ‘Gontso’, ‘Goryinets’, ‘Alfa’, ‘Pryivabnyi’, ‘Malyish’ and the Dutch ‘Angela’ variety. The lowest varieties were Belarusian varieties – ‘Goryinets’, ‘Vlad’, ‘Alfa’, ‘Atlant’ and others (31.0–60.0 cm), which can be used as sources on this basis. Special attention should be paid to varieties that combine several valuable features: ‘Aleks’, ‘Atlant’, ‘Minskiy ovoschnoy’, ‘Korelicheskiy ovoschnoy’, ‘Slodyich’, ‘Malyish’, ‘Kosmay’, ‘Kelvidon’ (Belarus), ‘Fidan’ (Azerbaijan), ‘Jof’ (Poland), ‘CDC Limerick’ (Canada), ‘Orix’ (Spain). Conclusions. The above varieties can be recommended as sources of valuable traits for practical use in breeding, and they are suitable for cultivation in the Southern Forest-Steppe, subject to inclusion in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS IN WINTER WHEAT CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE

This article presents the results of studies of the effectiveness of the use of biological products in winter wheat crops. The positive effect of pre-sowing seed inoculation with biological products Azotofit and Help Growth on the germination capacity of winter wheat seeds of the Skagen variety has been established which was 3-4% higher than the control and contributed to an increase in the number of nodal roots by 56% and 50%, respectively, the plant density was 13-9 pcs / m2 more than in the control. In the variants Azotofit and Help Growth, productive tillering was higher by 0.3-0.2 stems / plant. compared with the control, and the infestation of plants by root rot was 6.6-4.7%, respectively. It was established that an increase in winter hardiness as a result of pre-sowing inoculation of winter wheat seeds, which was 93.2-94.5%, respectively, which was 2.7-4% higher than the control indicator and overwintering of plants, which was 546-521 pcs / m2, which 111-85 pieces / m2 more compared to the control. The combination of pre-sowing inoculation with biological products Azotofit, Help Growth and feeding with Organic Balance (during spring tillering) had a positive effect on the bushiness of plants and their productivity, which, in the variant providing for pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with the biological product Azotofit and feeding with Organic Balance, was 580 which is 102 pcs / m2 higher than the control indicator. The use of the studied preparations contributed to the better spring tillering of winter wheat plants and the number of productive stems, in particular, the combination of pre-sowing inoculation, respectively, with the biological products Azotofit and Help. Growth and feeding Organic balance (during the spring tillering period), the number of productive stems is 535-540 pcs / m2, which is 112-117 pcs / m2 more than in the control. The use of the studied biological products had a positive effect on the elements of the structure of the crop, in particular, an increase in the number of grains per spike, the mass of grain per spike and the mass of 1000 grains was noted, which ultimately contributed to obtaining the highest yield of winter wheat, which in the application of Azotofit and Help Growth was 5.64-5.82 t / ha, respectively, which is 0.48-0.66 t / ha more than in the control. When feeding in the tillering phase with Organic, the yield balance was 5.63 t / ha, which is 0.47 t / ha higher than in the control. With a combination of presowing inoculation, respectively, with the biological products Azotofit and Help Growth and feeding Organic balance (during the spring tillering period), the yield was 6.21-6.38 g, which is 1.09-1.22 t / ha more than in the control.

Edaphoclimatic variables in determining flaxseed yield

Flaxseed is an oil plant, belonging to the Linaceae family, of an autogamous species. The objective of this work is to evaluate grain yield through edaphoclimatic variables, which are descriptive of field, soil and climate in relation to the production of the line in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The trial was carried out at the Regional Institute of Rural Development (IRDeR), belonging to the Regional University of the Northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unijuí); the experimental design used was that of randomized blocks, organized in a factorial scheme of 5 application moments x 5 doses of nitrogen in 3 replications, totaling 75 experimental units. The traits evaluated were grain yield in relation to the soil, climate and field attributes. Grain yield is directly and indirectly influenced by base saturation at pH 7.0 and soil compaction, and also by the maximum temperature and minimum temperature. The condition of the climate during the culture cycle influences the components of the grain yield of flaxseed. The maximum and minimum temperature were negatively related to flaxseed grain yield under the conditions of the study. The Track Analyses allowed us to visualize the contribution of both chemical and physical attributes to the final production. Higher values ​​of base saturation enhance flaxseed grain yield. Variables number of capsules, number of capsules that formed grains, number of grains per plant, population, and mass of grains per plant were the variables that determined grain yield.

Influence of seed pre-sowing treatment with growth activating preparations on the durum spring wheat productivity

To provide pasta production with native high-quality raw materials, it is necessary not only to expand the sown area of durum wheat, but also to increase its actual yield. In conditions of environmental crisis, the technology elements aimed at activating metabolic processes in a plant organism become more and more relevant, which makes it possible to significantly increase productivity while saving resources. Durum spring wheat is characterized by weak rooting and slow accumulation of vegetative mass, and is also sensitive to the lack of microelements in the soil. Therefore, it is important to study the effectiveness of complex preparations, which, in addition to growth regulators, contain micro- and macro-elements, and other substances necessary to stimulate growth processes, especially in conditions of moisture deficiency. The effectiveness of multicomponent growth activating preparations was studied on various agricultural crops (winter wheat, barley, sunflower, mustard, etc.). At the same time, the effect of durum spring wheat pre-sowing treatment under insufficient moisture conditions has not been studied enough. The purpose of the research. To study the effect of seed treatment with growth activating preparations with a different active substance composition on the durum spring wheat yield under insufficient moisture conditions. Research methodology. The studies were carried out on the experimental field of the Kharkiv NAU named after V. V. Dokuchayev in 2018–2020. Seed treatment with Vympel, Regoplant, Vermistim and Gulliver preparations was carried out before sowing by the method of semi-dry dressing. Registration plot area was 10 m2. Research results and their discussion. It was found that pre-sowing growth stimulation by activating preparations Vympel and Vermistim promotes an increase in seed germination energy by 4–5 %, laboratory germination – by 2–3 %, field germination – by 5 % in comparing to control. Seed stimulation also had a positive effect on pre-harvest planting density and ear productivity. In case with Vympel, the number of productive ears per 1 m2 exceeded the control by 10 %, in case with Vermistim – by 12 %. At the same time, the mass of grain in an ear increased by 21,3 and 26,2 %, respectively. As a result of changes in the plant productivity elements, wheat productivity increased with the use of Pennant by 16 %, Vermistim – by 14 % of the control. In dry years, the effectiveness of these preparations was higher. A positive effect was also established when using the Gulliver and Regoplant for seed treatment, however, it was insignificant (3 and 4 %). Conclusions. The positive effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with multicomponent growth activating drugs Vympel and Vermistim on germination and the formation of the yield structure elements contributed to an increase in durum spring wheat grain productivity by 16 % and 14 % from control. The positive effect of the using these drugs increased under more stressful conditions of wheat growing. The effectiveness of the using Gulliver and Regoplant was insignificant and unstable over the years. Key words: durum spring wheat, seed treatment, growth activating preparations, productivity elements, yield.

Variability and relationships of agronomic traits of spring soft wheat in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The purpose of the research is to study the variability and relationships of agronomic traits of spring soft wheat in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of Western Siberia and to identify promising sources for use in the breeding process. Studies were carried out in 2018-2021. The objects of the research were 60 samples of spring soft wheat of various origin (Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China) from the collections of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources and Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture. Twenty-one samples of spring soft wheat with the growing period of 80-85 days have been identified. According to productivity the following samples have been selected: PM-83-17 (KP-072, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 236.0 g/m2, Lyutescents 5-17 (KP-073, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 240.0 g/m2, Omskaya 35 (k-64459, Omsk, Russian Federation) - 246 g/m2, Siberian Alliance (k-65242, Barnaul, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 252 g/m2, Lyutescents 105/4 (KP-071, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 294 g/m2, Ekada 70 (k-64547, Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation) - 310 g/m2 (OMGAU 90 standard - 173 g/m2). The Ekada 70 sample had he lowest yield variability, 19.8 %. The closest conjugation between the yield and the number of grains in the ear was revealed (r = 0.3702), the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.3769) (confidence threshold R = 0.3323). The mass of grain per ear is largely determined by the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.9879. The most valuable for breeding work are samples of Russian origin distinguished by a complex of traits: Siberian Alliance, Lyutescens 105/4, Ekada 70.

Influence of elements of cultivation technology on yield and grain quality of winter triticale in the conditions of the Urals

The article presents the results of experimental studies to identify the optimal sowing dates and seeding rates for seeds of winter triticale varieties. Grain yield indicators at different sowing dates and seeding rates for 2019-2020 indicate that 2020 was more favorable for the formation of high productivity of winter triticale. Analysis of two-year data on the productivity of winter triticale varieties showed that with a late sowing period (September 15), a decrease in productivity is observed. The use of an increased seeding rate leads to an increase in the density of the productive stalk, with a simultaneous decrease in the mass of grain in the ear and the grain content in the ear. Favorable conditions were created for plants of the first (August 25) and second (September 5) sowing dates, with a seeding rate of 3.0 million and 4.0 million germinating grains per hectare. It was revealed that, regardless of the seeding rate, an increase in the level of protein in the grain of triticale varieties occurs at a late sowing period (September 15). The maximum protein content was noted in the Kastus variety (15.1%) at the third sowing period, at a seeding rate of 3.0 million germinating grains per hectare. To obtain high and stable yields of winter triticale grain in local conditions, the optimal sowing period should be considered the period from august 25 to September 5, at a seeding rate of 3.0 and 4.0 million germinable grains per hectare. With a favorable regime of moisture supply, it is allowed to sow winter triticale until September 15. The use of an increased rate (5.0 million) is not a factor contributing to an increase in yields in winter triticale varieties under WKO conditions. The most productive varieties adapted to the conditions of the dry steppe zone are the varieties Kastus, Fidelio, Valentin 90, which can be recommended for introduction into production.

Morphogenetic productivity index of winter soft wheat

This research is dedicated to the study of the morphogenetic index of productivity of winter soft wheat. While studying, the number of spikelets in the ear, grains in the ear and the mass of grains in the ear were measured, the morphogenetic index of productivity was calculated according to the main indicators of the shoot. In selection practical work the morphogenetic productivity index is a convenient criterion for evaluating the morphogenetic potential and the yield of the cultivar. 8 (eight) cultivars of winter soft wheat of Saratov selection were taken as study material. The study reveals that the morphogenetic productivity index (MPI) for the number of spikelets per ear varies from 2.36 (Lutescens 230) to 5.43 (Saratovskaya 17). According to the number of grains in the ear, Saratovskaya 17 shows the variety of 2.31 while Kalach 60 shows the variety of 3.9. The Pearl of Povolzhe, Mironovskaya 808, and Kalach 60 demonstrate high values of MPI according to the weight of grains in the ear. The analyzing of the obtained data allows to find out that the MPI values of each of the productivity elements for the same cultivar can greatly differ over the growing years, which, in our opinion, indicates the wide plasticity of the variety in specific weather conditions of the growing season. The analysis of the correlation of MPI indicators with productivity shows that cultivars which have high morphogenetic productivity index (Guberniya, Saratovskaya 90, Kalach 60) are characterized by high productivity.

The Influence of Ecologised Fertiliser Systems on the Elements of Fertility and Productivity of Winter Wheat

One of the strategic areas for the development of modern agriculture is the use of ecologised fertiliser systems composed based on the straw of agricultural crops with the addition of microbiological, humus or chelated fertilisers. This will allow restoring natural resources and getting environmentally friendly products. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of ecologised fertiliser systems on the physical and chemical processes and nitrogen regime of grey forest soil, the development of bio-productivity of winter wheat, and the content of basic microelements in grain. The following methods were used in the research: field, laboratory-analytical, mathematical-statistical. Application of N30P45K45 against the background of pea straw with the addition of a biostimulator and humus fertiliser mostly demonstrated modern approaches to technologies for managing the fertility of grey forest soils based on the principles of environmental safety and resource conservation. Such a fertiliser system provided alkalinisation of the soil solution, optimisation of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content, improvement of the soil nitrogen regime. Under such conditions, optimal parameters of the production process elements (the number and mass of grains in the head) were formed. The most effective in the processes of accumulation of microelements was the organo-mineral system of the following composition: pea straw + N30R45K45 + chelated fertiliser. No excess of the maximum permissible concentration for Cu, Zn, Mn, or Fe was detected. Thus, to harmonise the ecological and productive functions of grey forest soil in the winter wheat cultivation system, a combination of alternative agriculture, which consists in reducing the use of mineral fertilisers, and partial biologisation, is considered promising. This is a way to optimise soil fertility and bio-productivity

Export of macronutrients for coffee fruits submitted to different doses of formulation 20-00-20

The objective of this study was to quantify the export of macronutrients by coffee fruits Coffea canephora “Conilon - BRS Ouro Preto,” under different doses of the fertilizer formulation 20-00-20 under rainfed conditions, in the Western Amazon. The treatments were six doses of fertilizer 20-00-20, in the proportions: 0; 250; 500; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000 kg ha−1 year−1 and the experimental design was completely randomized with 15 replications. There was a difference for the accumulation of dry mass, content and export of nutrients when comparing straw and grain. The export of nutrients by the grain follows a decreasing order: N > K> Mg > P> Ca > S and the export by straw follows the order: K > N> Ca > Mg > S> P. The doses of the formulation not influence the levels of nutrients in the fruits but promoted an exponential increase in dry mass of grains and straw, with a maximum accumulation of 6,413 kg ha−1 of dry mass of grain and 5,455 kg ha−1 in straw at a dose of 3000 kg ha−1. It is concluded that the doses of fertilizer formulation 20-00-20 do not promote changes in the concentrations of nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in the fruits of the coffee tree “Conilon - BRS Ouro Preto.” However, it promotes greater accumulation of dry mass in both grains and straw and greater export of nutrients by the fruits.

АНАЛИЗ КОМБИНАЦИОННОЙ СПОСОБНОСТИ СОРТОВ ЯРОВОГО ЯЧМЕНЯ ПО ПРИЗНАКУ «ИНДЕКС УРОЖАЯ»

Under the contrasting hydrothermal conditions of the Middle Volga forest-steppe in the system of diallel crosses (6×6) the combinative ability of three indices of barley yield index was studied: the ratio of the mass of grain per plant to plant weight, the ratio of the mass of grain from the main shoot to the mass of the shoot, the ratio of the mass of grain from the ear to the mass of the main spice. It was found that the manifestation of all the studied indicators was influenced by the conditions of the year of research and genotype. Hybrid populations on average had higher values of yield index compared to parental forms. All indices of the yield index were inherited mainly by the type of heterosis and positive dominance, while the ratio of the weight of grains per ear to the weight of the main ear, also by the type of intermediate inheritance. Effect indices and variants of general and specific combinational ability were calculated. It was found that both additive and non-additive effects were manifested in trait control, while the role of non-additive effects increased for the ratio of grain mass per plant to plant mass and the ratio of grain mass from the main ear to the ear mass in dry year, and for the ratio of grain mass per ear to the mass of the main ear - additive effects. Coefficient of heritability of plant grain weight to plant weight in broad sense (H2) was 0,70...0,82, in narrow sense (h2) - 0,47...0,51, ), ratio of grain weight of main spike to shoot weight - 0,79...0,88 and 0,44...0,57, ratio of grain weight of main spike to main spike weight - 0,88...0,95 and 0,51...0,66, respectively. It is concluded that these traits are characterized by an average degree of heritability, the selection for increasing the yield index can be successful, but the selection should begin in later generations, in any year under the conditions of moisture. The effects of the Ox correlated significantly with the expression of traits in the original parents (r = 0,75...0,89 for the parental varieties, 0,90...0,95 for the parental varieties and 0,92...0,98 for the parental varieties); therefore, selection of pairs for increasing all indicators can be conducted on the basis of their values in the parental varieties. On the basis of high values of the general combinative ability were identified valuable donors: Nutans 553 and Anna (all indexes of yield index), Margret (ratio of grain mass per plant to the mass of the plant in favorable conditions, the ratio of grain mass from the main shoot to the mass of the shoot). Also identified a number of hybrid combinations with high values of special combinative ability, from which it is possible to select promising breeding lines: Nutans 553/Margret (by all indices of yield index), Condor/Margret (ratio of grain mass per plant to plant weight and ratio of grain mass per ear to the mass of the main ear), Omskiyholozerny 1/Lun (ratio of grain mass per main shoot to the mass of shoot and ratio of grain mass per ear to the mass of the main ear), and their reciprocities. The selected varieties and hybrids are recommended for use in barley breeding programs for yield.

The Formation of the Productivity of Winter Wheat Depends on the Predecessor, Doses of Mineral Fertilizers and Bio Preparations

Wheat is the main agricultural crop in many countries of the world, as well as the main food in the steppe zone, so the system of agrotechnical measures should be aimed at creating favourable conditions for obtaining a high yield. The issue of intensification of grain production is inseparable from the production and use of new biogenic effective drugs that have a positive effect on the growth and development of cultivated plants. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of foliar fertilisation with bacterial preparations, precursors, and doses of mineral fertilisers on grain yield and productivity elements of winter wheat. The paper provides data on the results of the research of winter wheat of the Duma Odeska variety in the conditions of the Educational and Practical Centre of the Mykolaiv NAU in 2019–2021. During the study, generally accepted methods were used: monographic, systematic approach and systematic analysis, analysis and synthesis, field and statistical. The influence of the precursor, foliar feeding with modern bacterial biopreparations and the use of different doses of mineral fertilisers on the elements of the crop structure and grain yield of winter wheat was analysed. It was established that the yield level depended and changed on the precursor taken for foliar feeding of the bacterial preparation, the level of mineral nutrition and to a large extent on the influence of the weather conditions of the growing year. Over the years of research, precursors, mineral fertilisers, and treatment of plant sowing with biological preparations affected the number of productive stems, the number of grains from an ear, the mass of grain from one ear and the mass of 1,000 grains of winter wheat. The conducted studies confirmed the expediency of foliar fertilising in the main periods of vegetation with biological preparations to optimise the nutrition of winter wheat plants with the aim of forming a stable grain yield. The obtained scientific results of the research will contribute to the wide application of biological preparations, which will ensure the rapid and full growth and development of winter wheat plants, which will further contribute to increasing the yield and gross harvest of grain.

Peculiarities of grain quality formation of winter wheat varieties in the right bank forest steppe

Wheat is the main ingredient in most types of bread, rolls, crackers, cookies, biscuits, donuts, pancakes, pancakes, waffles, noodles, pies, pasta, spaghetti, cereals. As well as many other products for breakfast and diet products for children. Grain production has countless feedbacks: bakery, pasta and confectionery products are made from flour; from groats - dietary products, baby food, culinary semi-finished products; from starch - glucose, sausages and confectionery. A comprehensive study of the physical, chemical and technological properties of winter soft varieties has been carried out wheat on the basis of a systematic step-by-step assessment of the quality of grain and flour, with selection for their high quality indicators. The relationship between yield and grain and flour quality values has been studied. For the first time, varietal differences in ecological plasticity and yield stability and basic characteristics of grain quality (mass of grains, mass fraction of protein and gluten in grain) were determined. For the first time a comprehensive study of grain yield and quality traits in the vegetation experiment was conducted. Drought-resistant varieties that form high quality grain in different growing conditions have been isolated. Wheat is the most important food crop in the world grain economy. Wheat grain is considered a highcalorie food, one of the important sources of protein, vitamins B1, B2, B3, PP, phosphorus and iron compounds. The chemical composition of wheat grain depends on soil and climatic factors, growing conditions, varietal properties. Under the influence of these factors, the protein content can vary from 7 to 25 %.