Vapor Mass Fraction Research Articles

Feasibility and adaptability investigation on wet hydrogen dehumidification using vortex tube

This paper aims at exploring the feasibility of removing water vapour from wet hydrogen by vortex tube. For this purpose, a numerical model is developed for wet hydrogen condensing flow by adding two transport equations. Three different operating parameters, cold mass fraction, inlet pressure and molar fraction of water vapour, are discussed in terms of the impact on the flow and condensation process. The results show that the increase of the inlet pressure and the cold mass fraction can provide a favourable condensation environment for water vapour, which resulting in the increase of the number of droplets and mass fraction of the liquid. Condensation process is aggravated with high molar fraction of water vapour at inlet, although there is no significant change in pressure and temperature fields. Furthermore, a comprehensive study is performed by analysing the dehumidification performance and entropy generation. The maximum value of dehumidification performance up to 83.12% while cold mass fraction is 0.8218 and inlet pressure is 5 bar, which shows a good feasibility for wet hydrogen dehumidification.

Application design and two-phase flow simulation of a circulating solar heat collection tube in the desalination system of western China

This paper designed a kind of circulating solar heat collection tubes (CSHT) for a cyclic desalination system. CSHT was consist of tubes with vacuum layer, I-shaped and U-shaped connectors. In order to analyze the influence of factors of solar intensity (I), inlet fluid temperature (Ti), inlet velocity (u) and tube diameter (D) on the thermal performance of CSHT, phase transformation process in tubes was simulated by FLUENT, and User-Defined Functions of mass and heat source terms were introduced. Results showed outlet temperature and vapor mass fraction were both positively correlated with I and Ti, but negatively correlated with u and D. Then sensitivity analysis was introduced and conducted for ranking the factors, and their average sensitivity values were in descending order of I, D, u, Ti. Under orthogonal test, three optimal schemes (D = 25 mm) of simulation were picked out, and their average heat collection efficiency and exergy efficiency were 81.31% and 77.50%, respectively. Finally, similarity criterion was applied to transmit information of quantitative data from experimental model to corresponding prototype. Through similarity criteria analysis, three optimal schemes were obtained under the condition of tube diameter is 37 mm (diameter is 25 mm in numerical simulation). Optimal operation velocities can be 0.097 m/s, 0.127 m/s and 0.164 m/s respectively in the pilot of CSHT, under the solar intensity values of 800 W/m2, 1000 W/m2 and 1200 W/m2.

Towards the evaluation of heat and mass transfer in pipe flows with cocurrent falling films using One‐Dimensional Turbulence

AbstractTurbulent mixed convection in an air‐water system is evaluated with a novel numerical solver implementing the stochastic One‐Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model in a turbulent air flow surrounded by a laminar cocurrent water falling film in a cylindrical geometry. The ODT model is used as a reduced order surrogate model for the effects of turbulent advection, turbulent heat flux, and turbulent mass‐flux within a one‐dimensional domain. An ad‐hoc temporal‐to‐spatial transformation relying on the bulk flow gas velocity is used to obtain streamwise‐dependent statistics of the flow. The ODT simulation results are compared to simulations obtained with the assumption of a quasi‐laminar one‐dimensional gas flow, and to Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) reference data for a cocurrent water falling film evaporator [1]. The results show that the turbulent transport plays a decisive role in the estimation of interface gradients of temperature and vapor mass fraction. Although ODT predicts global quantities such as the interface temperature in a reasonable way, the model falls short of successfully predicting streamwise‐dependent radial profiles. Despite the shortcomings, the framework presented here is the first stepping stone towards the evaluation of complex multiphase momentum, mass, and heat transfer couplings with full scale resolution on potential evaporative devices. The model, thus, provides valuable information with minimal empiricism on the dynamics of the small scales for pioneering engineering applications.

Thermal protection of a vertical plate using ethylene glycol film cooling flowing down on a vertical plate

This paper concerns a numerical investigation of the evaporative cooling of liquid film falling along a vertical channel. The first plate is insulated and wetted by an ethylene glycol liquid film while the second one (y = d) is dry and isothermal. A marching procedure is employed for solution of the equation of mass momentum, energy and concentration in the flow. Numerical results for air-ethylene glycol system are presented. The effects of ambient gas temperature and inlet vapor mass fraction of ethylene glycol on the heat and mass transfer and on the ethylene glycol liquid film evaporation are investigated.

Modeling condensing flows of humid air in transonic nozzles

The ability to accurately model condensing flows is crucial for understanding such flows in many applications. Condensing flows of pure steam have been studied extensively in the past, and several droplet growth models have been derived. The rationale for the choice of growth models for condensation in humid air is less established. Furthermore, only a few validation cases for condensation in such flows exist. This paper aims to identify existing limitations of common droplet growth laws. The Hertz—Knudsen model is compared to heat-transfer-based models by Gyarmathy and Young, using an Euler—Lagrange approach in Ansys Fluent. For this, an adaption for Young’s growth law is introduced, allowing its application in condensation of different gas mixtures. The numerical model has been validated and applied to flows in nozzles and turbines in previous publications. The accuracy of the droplet growth models is investigated in transonic nozzle test cases. A case with pure steam and a case with humid air at two different humidity values are considered. Finally, the influence of humidity, Knudsen number, and droplet radius on the growth rate of each model is shown analytically. Flows at lower humidity values with longer condensation zones are shown to benefit from the higher sensitivity of the Hertz—Knudsen model to the mass fraction of water vapor in the flow. Heat-transfer-based models tend to overestimate condensation in such flows. However, the ability to empirically adapt the growth model by Young and its applicability in different Knudsen numbers results in good agreement with validation data over a wide range of cases.

Numerical study on the phase change and spray characteristics of liquid ammonia flash spray

Ammonia is regarded as one of the carbon-free alternative fuels for energy systems. The direct utilization of liquid ammonia in gas turbines can reduce the complexity and start-up time of the system. Liquid ammonia is susceptible to flash boiling because of its low boiling point, especially under standard conditions. The boiling point is 239.7 K under 1 atm, which is different from those of traditional hydrocarbon fuels and brings challenges for liquid ammonia spray and combustion simulation. However, the validity of phase-change models for liquid ammonia remains unclear and needs further exploration. Therefore, the present work aims to numerically evaluate the existing evaporation and boiling models for liquid ammonia flash spray. Large eddy simulations were conducted in the Euler-Lagrangian framework, considering droplet kinetics, evaporation, boiling, radiation, and gas-particle interactions. Specifically, five phase-change models were evaluated by comparing the simulation results with recently published experimental data for the vaporization of the ammonia flash spray in terms of the penetration length, spray morphology, and temperature-diameter distribution law. The results indicated that the combined model (the Zuo model combined with the Langmuir-Knudsen model) was more suitable under superheated conditions and agreed reasonably with the experimental results obtained under various temperature and pressure conditions. The evaporation rate tended to increase with decreasing pressure, leading to a significant reduction in the droplets and gas field temperatures. The interaction between the droplet and gas phases was significantly affected by pressure. The ammonia vapor mass fraction first decreased and then increased with an increase in temperature under low pressure, whereby it exhibited only a positive correlation at high ambient pressure. Finally, the effect of the particle diameter distribution was explored and discussed.

The effects of temperature and humidity on the deposition of nebulized droplet in an idealized mouth-throat model

Inhalation therapy is a practical approach to treat respiratory diseases. Vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN), a device for inhalation therapy, is favored for its advantages, such as portability and noiselessness. The droplet deposition experiment using the VMN was carried out in an idealized mouth-throat (MT) model. This study used the 0.9% w/v concentration of nebulized sodium chloride (NaCl) droplet to measure the deposition fraction (DF). The inhalation flow rates were changed under two different temperature and humidity conditions, and the variation of droplet DFs as a function of inertial parameters was obtained under different inhalation flow rate conditions. The results show that the DF first decreases and then increases with the increasing inertial parameter, which is distinctly different from previous conclusions for dry powder or particle experiments and simulations. It indicates that the droplet evaporation substantially affects the transport and deposition. The results also show that increasing the mass fraction of water vapor in the air increases droplet DF in the airway.

Study on two-phase cloud dispersion from liquefied CO2 release

The knowledge of two-phase cloud dispersion mechanism from HLG (hazardous liquefied gas) release is the prerequisite for accurate assessment and precise rescue of such accidents. In this paper, an experiment of two-phase cloud dispersion from liquefied CO2 hole release is performed. The source terms, such as vapour mass fraction, release velocity and mean droplet diameter, are calculated based on thermodynamic theory. Taking phase transition of CO2 droplets to gas into account, CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model for two-phase cloud dispersion is established. The predicted cloud temperatures at the downstream agree well with the experimental data, with the maximum relative error of 5.8% and average relative error of 2.3%. The consequence distances in the downstream direction and in the crosswise direction calculated through two-phase model are larger than those through single-phase model, with the relative differences of 57.8% and 53.6% respectively. CO2 concentration calculated by two-phase model is smaller in the vicinity of release hole, and larger beyond 0.135 m downstream. A smaller leakage rate results in a lower CO2 concentration and a higher cloud temperature.

Lab-scale electrostatic droplet collection from a fog plume with droplet evaporation

The electrostatic droplet collection shows a great potential in harvesting water from fog. However, how and to what extent the droplet evaporation affects the droplet collection efficiency is unclear, which is a key problem to promote the industrial application of the electrostatic fog collection technology. A lab-scale electrostatic fog plume collector was proposed and a numerical model was developed to take the droplet evaporation into account. Experimental and numerical results demonstrated that the fluid transport process in the electrostatic device can be numerically predicted with reasonable accuracy. The ionic wind generated by the corona discharge inhibits the droplet dispersion, which aids the droplet collection. The water vapor mass fraction difference between the fog plume and the ambient air was proposed as the indicator of the droplet evaporation degree. It was found that the droplet collection efficiency decreases with the increasing water vapor mass fraction difference in an exponential law. Furthermore, the droplet collection efficiency loss caused by the droplet evaporation enhances with the decreasing droplet mass concentration in the plume and a loss of 85% occurs when the droplet mass concentration is 6 g/m3. The droplet collection efficiency decreases with the increasing fog plume velocity and a droplet collection efficiency loss of 28%∼43% exists when the plume velocity ranges from 1.3 to 5 m/s.

Vapor mixing in turbulent vaporizing flows

Scalar mixing and evaporation processes are analyzed in a compressible two-phase homogeneous and isotropic turbulence configuration. To this end, the fully compressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a pressure-based method and a mass-conservative interface capturing method (CLSVOF). Temperature and vapor mass fraction transport equations are coupled with the momentum equation via the evaporation rate: i.e. heat and mass transfer has an effect on the flow dynamic through the generation of a Stefan flow at the interface. In this formalism, a pressure equation is developed to include the acoustic, thermal dilatation and compressibility effects. Moreover, the method can consider several gas structures in the same domain, each with independent temperature, density, and thermodynamic pressure. The latter is important to simulate atomization, where interaction among the liquid structures (such as breakup or coalescence) can generate multiple gas inclusions. This work is one of the first to describe with high fidelity the vaporization and turbulent mixing occurring in dense two-phase flows.A statistical analysis of the vapor mass fraction field is performed. The obtained results reveal the influence of the non-homogeneous scalar source at the interface, which depend directly on the local interface temperature, on the PDF shape. Under these conditions, the vapor mass fraction PDF deviates from the Gaussian and beta PDF shapes, frequently used for turbulent combustion modeling. Furthermore, access to the local surface averaged vapor mass fraction and evaporation rate at the interface allows a statistical analysis of these variables. Results show a large dispersion of both quantities, especially at the early times of the simulations, which contradict the usual assumption of a constant vapor mass fraction (or vaporization rate) at the interface used in the literature in standard vaporization models. Finally, the influence of the mean interface curvature on the evaporation rate is quantified and discussed. Large evaporation rate are present when the interface is convex (positive mean curvature). On the contrary, local saturation zones are present near concave interface (negative mean curvature), reducing the evaporation rate magnitude.

Experimental study on interface characteristics of liquid sodium-water vapor interaction in SWR

When the sodium-water boundary in the sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) fails, water vapor will enter the liquid sodium and cause the sodium water reaction (SWR) accident. SWR may lead to many serious consequences for power plant. Thus, it is a non-negligible factor to be considered in the design and operation of SFR. In this study, experiments on the interaction between liquid sodium and water vapor were carried out. The reaction phenomena, temperature of liquid sodium, morphology of reaction product and other characteristics of the chemical were summarized and analyzed in this paper. The experiment was conducted under different initial sodium temperatures (300–450 °C) and different mass fraction of water vapor (0.1–0.9 at 200 °C) conditions. Visualization scheme was used in this experiment and the reaction process was recorded by a high-speed camera. The results indicate that both mass fraction of water vapor and initial temperature of liquid sodium are important factors in the reaction process. The mass fraction of water vapor affects the actual reaction rate. The initial temperature determines the form of reaction products (liquid NaOH) on the surface of liquid sodium. For the experiments with initial temperature below 400 °C, the reaction products appear as bubbles and foams. While the initial experiment temperature exceeds 400 °C (including 400 °C), bubbles and foams gone, replaced by a thin film. By analyzing the conditions of bubble generation, the surface tension of liquid NaOH is an important cause, which can be affected by the temperature and bounding water molecules. Furthermore, according to the measurement results of sodium temperature, the reaction products in the form of a large concentration of foams have a strong blocking effect on mass transfer and greatly slow down the actual reaction rate. This research has important reference significance for the study of the mechanism of liquid sodium and water vapor reaction.

Comparison of organic coolants for boiling cooling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Cooling and temperature homogeneity are the key technical problems for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) thermal management. In this paper, a one-dimensional model of a PEMFC with phase-change cooling (flow boiling cooling) is proposed for PEMFC thermal management, and the heat transfer of microchannel flow boiling is integrated with PEMFC cooling. Five organic coolants (Novec 649, HFC-365mfc, HFE-356mec, HFE-347pcf2, and HFE-7100) and single-phase water are compared by the PEMFC average temperature of the catalyst layer (ATCL) and temperature difference of the catalyst layer (TDCL). The PEMFC temperature characteristics with organic coolant are investigated in detail. The results indicate that HFE-7100 exhibited the lowest ATCL and minimum TDCL among the coolants. The maximum TDCL of HFE-7100 is 5.5 K at current density of 1.2 A/cm2, which can completely keep the PEMFC operating temperature at proper and uniform conditions. The minimum ATCL of Novec 649 is over 353 K, which dissatisfies the cooling demand. The TDCLs of PEMFCs with different organic coolants have a minimum value when the coolant outlet vapour mass fraction is 0.4. Temperature uniformity should be the most important factor for mass flow control in PEMFCs using organic coolants.

Numerical simulation of evaporating wavy falling liquid films in laminar gas streams

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the interfacial heat and mass transfer from evaporating wavy falling liquid films in interaction with laminar gas streams. The OpenFOAM solver has been used to conduct the simulations where the liquid-gas interface is resolved using the Volume of Fluid method of solving for three phases, i.e., liquid, vapor, and air. The configuration considered is a falling liquid (water) film on a heated vertical plate with a confined laminar moist air (gas) flow that is either (a) co-current or (b) counter-current to the downward liquid flow. The evaporation at the liquid-gas interface is driven by the interfacial gradient of the vapor mass fraction. Interfacial waves are triggered using a monochromatic forcing disturbance that leads to sinusoidal or solitary waves forming at the liquid-gas interface under respective forcing frequencies. The numerical model is validated with the available experimental data. The results show nearly a 15% enhancement in time-averaged Sherwood number (Sh) due to film waviness (sinusoidal or solitary) at the lower volumetric gas flow rate, Qg = +50 (co-current) and Qg = −50 (counter-current). This enhancement in the Sh for both the waves further increases by 11% with Qg = +800 and 196% with Qg = −800. A closer examination of the mass transfer process over a wave demonstrates that with Qg = +50, the concentration of the gas side streamlines at the trough locations of the wave leads to higher values of Sh at these locations. However, with Qg = +800, although the overall Sh increases, vortices appear at the wave trough locations, leading to a corresponding decrease in the local Sh values. Correlations are proposed for predicting Sh under co-current and counter-current gas flow effects.

Numerical analysis of a solar still with phase change material under the basin

The present paper is aimed to analyze the effect of energy storage by adding phase change material (PCM) on the bottom of a solar still, via a transient numerical study. A detailed validation was made by comparing the numerical results with experimental and numerical data reported in the literature, obtaining a <1 % relative difference. The simulations were made with the ambient conditions of the two solstices (Jun 21st and Dec 21st) in a city with a desert climate. Four different materials were used to analyze the effect of adding PCM with different phase change temperatures and latent heat. Also, three PCM thicknesses were analyzed for the case with RT70 HC (1, 0.5, and 0.25 cm). A reference case (without PCM) is proposed for the comparison. The hourly and cumulative productivity is presented for each case, and the temperature and water vapor mass fraction contours and velocity vectors for the case with the best performance. Besides, overall efficiency and the Stefan number were calculated as performance indicators. The material RT70 HC is the one with bigger improvement, despite it was not completely melted. Because of this, the mass of PCM was considered a parameter. In the best case, the cumulative productivity increases from 4.53 to 5.42 kg/m2, which increases the overall efficiency from 55.78 to 66.70 %. The RT70 HC could store up to 70.42 units of latent heat per unit of sensible heat.

Numerical and experimental examinations of free convection condensation of steam in the presence of air over the cooled panel

In this paper, experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to evaluate the steam condensation in the presence of air over a vertical plate for a small temperature difference between the air and a cold wall. In the paper, we describe the experimental set-up, emphasizing the conditioning and measuring equipment introduced for this research. A numerical model is also described in detail. The estimated condensation quantities agreed well with the experimental data. According to the data, simulated total condensation quantities were higher than measured total condensation amounts in all cases, ranging from 6.8 to 13.4% (average 8.9%). The condensation rate increases by 28% as the sub-cooling temperature rises from 2.1 °C to 4.4 °C. The mass fraction of water vapor in the air also induces condensation. Average condensation flux decreases 41.7% when relative humidity decreases from 74.9 to 65.4% at the same surface temperature. In the last part, an empirical correlation, which is characterized by the partial pressure difference of water vapor at the surface and out of the boundary layer conditions, was proposed to estimate the condensation flux over the vertical plate. This practical correlation is novel and can be used for various engineering applications.

Water Vapor Transport Across an Arid Sand Surface—Non‐Linear Thermal Coupling, Wind‐Driven Pore Advection, Subsurface Waves, and Exchange With the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

AbstractAlthough vapor exchanged across hyper‐arid surfaces without free liquid affects the water budget of sand seas, its mechanism is poorly documented for want of accurate instruments with fine spatial resolution. To rectify this, we report bulk density profiles and spatiotemporal variations of vapor mass fraction just below the surface of a mobile dune, acquired with a multi‐sensor capacitance probe sensitive to tiny water films adsorbed on sand grains. We also record wind speed and direction, ambient temperature and relative humidity, net radiation flux, and subsurface temperature profiles over 2 days. The data validate a non‐linear model of vapor mass fraction. Unlike heat, which conducts through grains, vapor percolates across the interstitial pore space by advection and diffusion. On time scales longer than evaporation, adsorbed films equilibrate with their surroundings and hinder molecular diffusion. Their non‐linear coupling with subsurface temperature generates inflections in vapor profiles without counterpart in simpler diffusive systems. Pore advection arises as wind induces subtle pressure variations over the topography. During periods of aeolian transport, flowing sand dehydrates the surface intermittently, triggering evanescent vapor waves of amplitude decaying exponentially downward on a characteristic length implying an adsorption rate governed by a kinetic‐limited activated process. Finally, the probe yields diffusive and advective exchanges with the atmospheric boundary layer. During the day, their combined flux is smaller than expected, yet nearly proportional to the difference between vapor mass fraction at the surface and aloft. Under stabler stratification at night, or during aeolian sand transport, this relation no longer holds.

Heterogeneous condensation in the free jet of the coaxial nozzle

<p indent="0mm">Contrails frequently appear in the activities of air vehicles. The Euler-Euler approach based on the quadrature method of moments with the <italic>k</italic>-<italic>ω</italic> SST turbulence model is used to simulate the free jet of the coaxial nozzle with heterogeneous condensation to explain the shape, number density, and size distribution of contrails. The investigation analyzes the formation mechanism of the contrail and the flow characteristics of the free jet and obtains the parameters of the contrail. The results reveal that considering the turbulence effect on the particle phase, the diffusion of the particles and the gaseous species has a similar performance in the main section of the jet. With heterogeneous condensation, which consumes a component of the vapor, the particle sizes sharply increase, causing the vapor mass fraction of the jet to considerably decrease and the particle number density and volume fraction distributions to become dislocated. The absolute content of vapor is too small; therefore, the condensation heat release only increases the jet temperature by <sc>0.5 K,</sc> whose effect on the jet development can be ignored. The formed ice crystals almost do not disappear inside the computational domain because the increase rate of the particle sizes is far greater than the reduction rate in the computational domain. The particle size distribution develops from dispersion to concentration, finally presenting an approximately normal distribution, whose particle sizes are mainly concentrated in <sc>0.8–2.0 μm,</sc> accounting for approximately 83% of the particle total in the contrail, as the contrail shape develops in the computational domain from a ring shape to a pear shape, finally presenting a cone shape.

Numerical simulation of water and heat transport in the cathode channel of a PEM fuel cell

Cathode channel of a PEM fuel cell is the critical domain for the transport of water and heat. In this study, a mathematical model of water and heat transport in the cathode channel is established by considering two-phase flow of water and air as well as the phase change between water and vapor. The transport process of the species of air is governed by the convection-diffusion equation. The VOSET (coupled volume-of-fluid and level set method) method is used to track the interface between air and water, and the phase equilibrium method of water and vapor is employed to calculate the mass transfer rate on the two-phase interface. The present model is validated against the results in the literature, then applied to investigate the characteristics of two-phase flow and heat transfer in the cathode channel. The results indicate that in the inlet section, water droplets experience three evolution stages: the growing stage, the coalescence stage and the generation stage of dispersed water drops. However, in the middle and outlet sections of the channel, there are only two stages: the growth of water droplets, and the formation of a water film. The mass transfer rate of phase change in the inlet section of the channel varies over time, exhibiting an initial increase, a decrease followed, and a stabilization finally, with the maximum and stable values of 1.78 × 10−4 kg/s and 1.52 × 10−4 kg/s for Part 1, respectively. In the middle and outlet sections, the mass transfer rate increase firstly and then keeps stable gradually. Furthermore, regarding the distribution of the temperature and vapor mass fraction in the channel, near the upper surface of the channel, the temperature and vapor mass fraction first change slightly (x < 0.03 m) and then rapidly decrease with fluctuations (x > 0.03 m). In the middle of the channel, the temperature and vapor mass fraction slowly decrease with fluctuation.

Impingement/film cooling of C3X vane with double-wall cooling structure using air/mist mixture

This paper establishes a comprehensive vane model which includes a double-wall cooling structure, with a C3X vane as the prototype and the air added with droplets as the coolant. The temperature of the vane, the trajectory of the evaporating droplets, the water vapor mass fraction on the vane surface, the distribution of the Nusselt number at the internal wall of the chamber, and the total pressure loss coefficient of the vane are calculated subsequently under real working conditions. The thermal performance factor is also introduced to evaluate comprehensively the cooling characteristics. It shows that when the coolant is air, the average surface temperature of the vane with double-wall cooling structure drops by 35 K; when a 10% mass fraction of air is replaced by droplets, the average temperature of the vane surface drops substantially by 156∼174 K. At the same time, it is found that a smaller droplet is conducive to the performance improvement. This work reveals a promising method of vane cooling design by using the proposed structure with impingement/film cooling and air/mist mixture, although the double-wall can relatively increase the total pressure loss. The total pressure loss of a vane with a double-wall structure is increased by 10.54% compared to the traditional vane. It is proved that the double-wall cooling structure and the addition of mist to the coolant air can improve significantly the thermal performance factor. As the mist concentration varies, the area-average temperature, the globally-averaged Nusselt number, and the thermal performance factor vary significantly, while the total pressure loss changes slightly. The relationship between the dimensionless area-average temperature and the contribution of mist (in terms of mist concentration and droplet diameter) is explicated.

Model validation of mechanical face seals in two-phase flow conditions

A steady-state one-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model of a mechanical seal in two-phase flow is presented. In this work a non-linear thermal model is implemented using a coupled (monolithic) approach, linking the fluid film and sealing rings. It is solved for the temperature fields of the fluid and solids, heat fluxes between fluids and solids, enthalpy of the fluid, and the vapor mass fraction, using Newtons method. The novelty of this approach lies in 1) the thermal coupling between fluid and solids, and 2) the implementation of saturation curves to couple temperature, enthalpy, and vapor mass fraction. The temperature across the seal gap is described by an analytical parabolic temperature profile by assuming a plane Couette flow in the radial direction. From this assumption, an equation for the wall heat fluxes is derived, which couples the temperature fields of the fluid and solids. The IAPWS-IF97 standard for the thermodynamic properties of water is used to obtain non-linear equations that couples the fluid temperature, enthalpy and the vapor mass fraction. The model and its implementation is described in detail. Several cases of seal behavior and two-phase flow are studied and show good agreement with other results from literature, validating the coupled approach for modelling phase-change in mechanical seals.