Oil Mass Fraction Research Articles

SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF OIL IN THE SOIL FOR THE TERRITORY OF THE INDUSTRIAL ZONE OF THE UZEN DEPOSIT IN THE MANGYSTAU REGION

The development and operation of an oil field is accompanied by an oil spill and the formation of oil-contaminated soils. The process of natural restoration of oil-contaminated soils is extremely slow. Therefore, among environmental protection measures, the rationing of oil content in soils is extremely important. The purpose of the work is to develop a standard for the maximum permissible concentration of oil in the soil for the industrial zone of the Uzen field.Methods. The basis for the development of the maximum permissible concentration of oil in the soils of the studied field is the "Methodological recommendations for the hygienic justification of the maximum permissible concentration of chemicals in the soil". The determination of the mass fraction of oil in the studied media was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. The chemical composition of the soil was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The determination of the specific activity of radionuclides was carried out by gamma-spectrometric method on the «MKS 01A Multirad» spectrometer. Results and discussion. During the work for the field, in accordance with the requirements for substantiating the maximum permissible concentration, an assessment was made on the physico-chemical and biological properties of soils and oils. Based on the experimental data obtained, the maximum permissible concentration of oil in the soil of the industrial zone of the Uzen field at the level of 3 g/kg is justified and reflects the real conditions in which oil intake in the soil will not cause harmful effects on human health and the environment.

Effects of different oil fractions and tannic acid concentrations on konjac glucomannan-stabilized emulsions

Polysaccharide-stabilized emulsions have received extensive attention, but emulsifying activity of polysaccharides is poor. In this study, konjac glucomannan (KGM) and tannic acid (TA) complex (KGM-TA) was prepared via non-covalent binding to increase the polysaccharide interfacial stability. The emulsifying stabilities of KGM-TA complex-stabilized emulsions were analyzed under different TA concentrations and oil fractions. The results indicated that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds were the main binding forces for KGM-TA complex, which were closely related to TA concentrations. The interfacial tension of KGM-TA complex decreased from 20.0 mN/m to 13.4 mN/m with TA concentration increasing from 0 % to 0.3 %, indicating that TA improved the interfacial activity of KGM. Meanwhile, the contact angle of KGM-TA complex was closer to 90° with the increasing TA concentrations. The emulsifying stability of KGM-TA complex-stabilized emulsions increased in an oil mass fraction-dependent manner, reaching the maximum at 75 % oil mass fraction. Moreover, the droplet sizes of KGM-TA complex-stabilized high-internal-phase emulsions (HIPEs) decreased from 82.7 μm to 44.7 μm with TA concentration increasing from 0 to 0.3 %. Therefore, high TA concentrations were conducive to the improvement of the emulsifying stability of KGM-TA complex-stabilized HIPEs. High oil mass fraction promoted the interfacial contact of adjacent droplets, thus enhancing the non-covalent binding of KGM molecules at the interfaces with TA as bridges. Additionally, the high TA concentrations increased the gel network density in the aqueous phase, thus enhancing the emulsifying stability of emulsions. Our findings reveal the mechanisms by which polysaccharide-polyphenol complex stabilized HIPEs. Therefore, this study provides theoretical basis and references for the developments of polysaccharide emulsifier with high emulsifying capability and high-stability emulsions.

КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ И КАЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ЭФИРНОГО МАСЛА ИЗ СОЦВЕТИЙ И ЛИСТЬЕВ CANNABIS SATIVA СОРТА МАРИЯ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ РАЗНЫМИ СПОСОБАМИ ФЕРМЕНТАЦИИ

The purpose of the study is to evaluate samples of the Cannabis sativa plant for the possibility of using them as a source of essential oils. Objectives: to establish methods for hydrodistillation of essential oil from samples of Cannabis sativa variety Maria, obtained by different fermentation methods, to determine the most effective method for obtaining essential oil that meets the requirements for the mass fraction of essential oil and physicochemical parameters; to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the essential oil of the studied objects of research. The objects of the study are fresh leaves and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa variety Maria, collected in September 2023 from a plantation in the Sukhobuzimsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Region, and fermented leaves and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa variety Maria, collected from a plantation in the Ermakovo District of the Krasnoyarsk Region in 2021. Two methods were used for fermentation: natural and with specified parameters. The hydrodistillation process was studied on a standard Clevenger-type apparatus for 5 hours, the obtained samples of essential oils were studied by volume of output in accordance with the method of isola¬ting essential oils, quality indicators and the mass fraction of essential oils were determined. The volume of essential oil obtained in experimental samples directly depends on the time of the distillation process and the conditions of Cannabis sativa fermentation. The largest amount of hemp essential oil was obtained from fresh leaves and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa variety Maria (0.42 %) from the average value of the samples. The organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of the essential oil obtained as a result of fermentation meet the requirements for essential oils. The use of different methods of fermentation of leaves and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa affects not only the yield of essential oil, but also to a large extent its quality.

The filling effects of starch-based emulsion microgels in gel-based systems

The emergence of emulsion microgels, formed from one or more emulsion droplets encapsulated in a soft solid, with mechanical properties that mimic the sensory properties of fat, holds promise for fat replacement applications in gel-based food products. This study builds upon the existing knowledge of emulsions and emulsion gels, focusing on the design and characterization of starch-based emulsion microgels as functional fillers in gel matrices. In brief, emulsions stabilized by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch was prepared first at an oil mass fraction ratio of 60%. Then, the obtained OSA starch stabilized emulsion was mixed with natural wheat starch at varying ratios to prepare emulsion microgel through a top-down approach. And the particle sizes of these emulsion microgels ranged from 10 to 100 μm, in addition, rheological analysis showed that microgels had solid-like behavior with their storage modulus (G′) exceeding the loss modulus (G″). To evaluate the potential of these emulsion microgels in replacing fats in food systems, the effects of these emulsion microgels as fillers in tapioca starch-based gels was further investigated, with the emulsions serving as filler controls. Microgel-filled gels demonstrated good water-holding capacity and gel strength compared to emulsion-filled gels, indicating their potential to enhance the moisture retention and mechanical properties of food products. Moreover, microgel-filled gels exhibited better deformability resistance and deformation recovery. Overall, emulsion microgels show promise as fillers for improving the sensory and mechanical properties of starch-based gel foods.

Anatomy, ploidy level, and essential oil composition of <i>Hyssopus officinalis</i> ʻNikitskiy Beliyʼ <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex situ</i>

Background. Clonal micropropagation is a biotechnological method for plant multiplication. The existing data on the structure of organs in vitro, genetic stability, and essential oil composition are limited for Hyssopus officinalis L., so this study was aimead at investigating these aspects under a short period of in vitro culturing.Materials and methods. Plants of Hyssopus officinalis ʻNikitskiy Beliyʼ cultivated ex situ, in vitro and ex vitro were analyzed. Conventional methods were applied to study plant anatomy, ploidy level, and relative DNA content, as well as to extract and analyze essential oil. Statistical analysis was performed using the Past 4.03 software.Results. According to the results obtained, with 6-BAP introduced into MS nutrient medium in optimal concentrations (0.3– 0.5 mg/L), the general in vitro structure of leaf blades in the developed microshoots was similar to those in ex situ plants, while the qualitative and quantitative changes observed were induced by the effect of specific culturing conditions and plant rejuvenation. The analysis of the ploidy level and relative DNA content in the nuclei isolated from the leaf tissue cells of the microshoots ex vitro after adaptation revealed no changes compared to the ex situ leaf parameters. The mass fraction of essential oil and its component composition in the mother plants and ex vitro regenerants were similar.Conclusion. Cultivation of Hyssopus officinalis ʻNikitskiy Beliyʼ microshoots on MS nutrient medium with 6-BAP optimal concentrations promotes morphogenesis without significant deviations in the ploidy level, relative DNA content, essential oil yield, or its component composition. The developed protocol for clonal micropropagation of Hyssopus officinalis ʻNikitskiy Beliyʼ provides clones identical to the ex situ plants.

DESCRIPTION OF A COLLECTION OF SALVIA SCLAREA L. IN TERMS OF ITS BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The study object is the accumulation of essential oil in the inflorescences of clarysage, the content of its main components and the sclareol yield. The study purpose is to analyze a collection of clarysage (112 specimens) in terms of the basic biochemical properties (the essential oil content in raw material, its chemical composition and the sclareol yield) and to identify the specimens showing good prospects for inclusion in the breeding process. The study was carried out in 2018–2020 at the experimental plot of the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea located in the piedmont region of Crimea (KrymskayaRoza village, Belogorsk district). The climate is moderate continental. The average year-round temperature is +10 °С. The average year-round air humidity is 70%, the hydrothermic factor is 0.91. The accounting and analyses were performed in accordance with the techniques developed. The study revealed higher degree of genetic determination of the essential oil buildup in plants as compared to the weather effect. As noted, increased precipitation and extremely high temperatures during the plant flowering and seed formation time affect negatively the sclareol buildup. The variability of the properties analyzed (Cv=7.8–23.4%) bears evidence to a feasibility of selecting promising parent material for breeding. Based on the outcomes of the collection analysis there have been isolated 12 specimens leaving behind the varieties cultivated in terms of the basic biochemical properties including five specimens with a high mass fraction of essential oil – 0.90–1.06% on the dry basis (as compared to 0.6–0.88% in the varieties cultivated) and seven specimens with a high sclareol content in raw material – 2.00–2.35% (as compared to 1.58–1.71% in the varieties cultivated).

Study on Bridging Characteristics of Fiber Particles in Flowing Insulating Oil Under DC Electric Field

This paper investigates the bridging behavior of fiber particles in insulating oil under the background of flow-electric coupled field, which is of great significance for explaining the micro-discharge and the deterioration of overall electrical property of insulating oil in transformer. Based on the observation experiments, a constructed oil circulation device and shooting system is used to study the bridging characteristics of fiber particle swarm in oil flow under DC electric field. The effects of electric field intensity, oil flow velocity and mass fraction of particles in oil on the bridging process are analyzed in detail, and the changes of conduction current between electrodes under different conditions are recorded. The results show that the bridging behavior of fiber particle swarm is the result of the combined action of flow field and electric field. The forces provided by electric field on the fiber particles cause them to aggregate and bridge between electrodes, and with the increase of field intensity, the bridging speed increases significantly. The influence of flow velocity is more complicated, and it has different effects on the bridging process of particles under low and high field intensity. The mass fraction of fiber particles in oil is negatively correlated with the difficulty of bridging between electrodes. Finally, the bridging mechanism is explained from the perspective of the forces on particles and electric field distortion, and the variation characteristics of conduction current between electrodes are analyzed.

Изучение коллекции розы эфиромасличной по комплексу хозяйственно ценных показателей

Abstract. The article presents the results of the study of essential oil-bearing rose samples according to the most valuable indicators. The purpose of the current research was twofold: characterize essential-oil-bearing rose collection in terms of the morphobiological parameters and economically valuable traits; identify samples promising for selection. Research methods. Analysis of essential-oil-bearing rose samples was carried out according to the methodological guidelines for essential oil crops in 2017–2020. Under field and laboratory conditions, we analyzed such indicators as flowering time, winter hardiness, budding ability, flower weight, essential oil content in inflorescences. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out. Results. The essential-oil-bearing rose collection nursery was laid in 2012 at the experimental site of the Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants located in the foothill zone of Crimea (Krymskaya Roza vill., Belogorskiy district). Significant variability of the flower weight and mass fraction of essential oil (Cv = 24.6…36.3 %) was noted. The dependence of the main indicators on meteorological conditions during the period of active vegetation of plants was analyzed. It was found that extremely high temperature regime and insufficient rainfall in April–May reduced the duration of flowering in the essential-oil-bearing rose collection, on average, by 3–5 days. It was noted that, despite the differences in the response of samples to weather conditions, the leading factor determining the level of essential oil accumulation in inflorescences is genotype. According to the complex or individual valuable indicators, we identified 14 best specimens, seven of which were with the highest content of essential oil in inflorescences (0.030–0.049 %). Scientific novelty. For the first time, a one-time detailed study of the collection was conducted according to a set of valuable traits. The collection comprises 50 specimens including five varieties of Crimean breeding (originator – Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea) and five – from Bulgaria. The information obtained will allow selecting samples that are promising as source material for breeding, as well as predicting the expected productivity of essential-oil-bearing rose varieties under specific weather conditions of the region.

High internal phase emulsion stabilized by whey protein isolate-gum Arabic Maillard conjugate: Characterization and application in 3D printing

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by protein-polysaccharide are attracting considerable attention in the food industry and have been used in the emerging 3D printing. However, research on protein-polysaccharide Maillard conjugates with health-promoting effects used in HIPEs and 3D printing is limited. Developing HIPEs with enhanced stability, printability, and desirable functional properties remains a challenge. This study was aimed to investigate the potential of whey protein isolate-gum Arabic Maillard conjugates (WPI-GA-C) as emulsifiers for stabilizing HIPEs and to prepare HIPEs with improved properties for personalized functional foods and 3D printing. The effects of WPI-GA-C concentration and oil mass fraction on the properties of HIPEs were systematically characterized. The results showed that the WPI-GA-C concentration and oil mass fraction had significant effects on the particle size, processability, and textural, rheological and 3D printing properties of HIPEs. The HIPEs stabilized with 3% WPI-GA-C and 80% oil mass fraction exhibited better self-supporting properties, higher viscosity, higher storage modulus, and lower frequency dependence compared with HIPEs prepared with lower WPI-GA-C concentrations (1% and 2%) and lower oil mass fractions (74% and 77%). The prepared HIPEs could be used as food-grade 3D printing inks to print models with good dimensional printing accuracy. In conclusion, WPI-GA-C could be used to prepare stable HIPEs as potential inks for 3D printing. These results provided new insights into personalized functional food applications with protein-polysaccharide Maillard conjugate stabilized emulsions.

Phase Diagram of Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Cellulose Nanocrystals.

Cellulose is a promising renewable and biocompatible biopolymer for stabilizing Pickering emulsions (PEs). In the present study, PEs were produced by low-frequency ultrasounds with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and caprylic/capric triglycerides. Phase diagrams allowed to understand mechanisms of formation and long-term stabilization of PEs. Emulsion type, continuous phase viscosity, and yield of oil incorporation were studied after PEs formation. Droplet size, oil release, and stability were measured weekly up to 56 days of storage. Results showed that oil mass fraction above 70% w/w led to unstable W/O PEs. Lower oil mass fraction formed O/W PEs of stability depending on CNC content and oil mass fraction. Droplet size stability increased with CNCs/oil ratio. A very low CNCs/oil ratio led to phase separation and oil release. High CNC content stabilized oil droplets surface, increased aqueous phase viscosity, and prevented creaming. Highly stable PEs were produced for CNC content above 3% (w/w) and oil mass fraction below 50% (w/w). Mechanisms for PEs formation and stabilization were proposed for various CNC contents and oil mass fractions.

Prediction of nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel exhaust gases when using composite fuel

BACKGROUND: The problem of using composite fuel (CF) in diesel engines consists in a wide variation of their physicochemical properties, which affect the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ex-haust gases (EG). Therefore, the predictive assessment of the formation of NOx with EG when using CF is very relevant.
 AIMS: Predictive assessment of quantitative NOx emission with diesel EG when using various types and compositions of CF. Scientific novelty lies in development of the method of prediction of NOx emission by a diesel engine when using CF.
 METHODS: The method of prediction of quantitative NOx emissions with diesel EG regarding the use of various CF kinds and compositions has been developed. Predictive indicators of NOx emissions have been defined. Multi-parameter characteristics of NOx emission with EG of the D-245.582 diesel engine of 4ChN 11.0/12.5 size have been obtained experimentally. Degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values is assessed.
 RESULTS: As a result of the carried-out studies, it was theoretically established that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to increased NOx emissions with diesel EG from 131 to 2225 ppm and from 75 to 1450 ppm respectively. The increase in NOx emissions with the EG from 152 to 2125 ppm for CF consisting of DF and RO and from 175 to 1550 ppm for CF consisting of DF and E in the above mentioned operating modes experimentally confirmed. The degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values is 90.14%, which in turn indicates the possibility of using the developed methodology as a predictive indicator.
 CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the studies, it was established that the developed method of prediction of quantitative NOx emissions with diesel EG is highly likely to use for preliminary assessment when various CF kinds and compositions are considered, as the degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values, assessed with a statistical processing method and experimental error calculation, is 90.14%.

Oil Separation of Lubricating Greases under Static Conditions: Analytical Photo-Centrifuge and DIN 51817

Lubricating greases enclose oil in porous structures of aggregated thickener particles. Their tendency to separate oil under static conditions is evaluated according to DIN 51817 or DIN ISO 22285 in tests of up to 168 h with the mass fraction of separated oil as result. With an analytical photo-centrifuge, separated oil mass fractions can be tracked in real time in the instrument operating temperature range from 4–60 °C. Due to the higher mechanical load compared to standard tests, the grease samples separate more and faster oil, significantly speeding up the analysis process. Fitting the measured data from both methods with the function wO = wO,∞ exp(−t/tc), the parameters maximum oil separation wO,∞ and characteristic time tc are obtained as measures of oil separation extent and rate. Both parameters help to compare the two methods and to interpret the oil separation characteristics of greases. Using four commercial greases of NLGI classes 0–2, the analytical photo-centrifuge measuring method is presented in detail and its results are discussed in reference to those of standard DIN 51817.

Prediction of ignition time delay in a diesel engine when using composite fuel

BACKGROUND: Analytical determination of ignition time delay (ITD) which would give a prediction of ignition in diesel engines of various types using composite fuel (CF) of various kinds and compositions depending on loading and speed operation modes is a relevant issue.
 AIMS: Determination of the ITD values for a diesel engine at all loading and speed operation modes with using various kinds and compositions of CF.
 METHODS: In order to determine ITD, theoretical and experimental studies of the D-245.582 tractor diesel engine of 4ChN 11.0/12.5 size with using compositions of CF including diesel oil (DO) and rapeseed oil (RO) or ethanol (E) were carried out. As a result of the studies, the diesel engine ITD predictive indicators determination method considering dependence on loading and speed operation modes and CF kind and composition has been developed.
 RESULTS: Calculated values of the ITD numerical relationships revealed that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to diesel engine ITD decrease from 7.69 to 4.82 degrees of crankshaft rotation and from 11.70 to 7.92 degrees of crankshaft rotation respectively. It was experimentally found that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to diesel engine ITD decrease from 7.59 to 4.22 degrees of crankshaft rotation and from 11.20 to 7.72 degrees of crankshaft rotation respectively. The degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values, assessed with a statistical processing method and experimental error calculation, is 94.04%.
 CONCLUSIONS: Practical value of the study lies in prediction of diesel engine ITD with using composite fuels of various kinds and compositions at all loading and speed operation modes.

Development of sour cream with vegetable oils using a food emulsion stabilised by an emulsifying complex

This scientific work describes the research that aims to study the use of a finely dispersed, aggregately stable food emulsion with a mass fraction of blended oil of 50% and xanthan gum in the composition of sour cream with vegetable oils as an analogue of traditional sour cream. The samples of fat-containing fermented-milk bases as a component of sour cream with vegetable oils with a fat content of 10-20% were obtained using two methods. The first method consists in normalising the fat content of the fermented-milk base obtained by fermentation of skimmed cow's milk with a food emulsion, and the second one – is in the fermentation of a normalised mixture consisting of a food emulsion and skimmed cow's milk. When comparing the duration of fermentation of skimmed cow's milk and normalised mixtures with a fat content of 10 to 20%, it was established that in order to achieve the minimum value of the titrated acidity of the clot of 60 °T, the duration of fermentation of skimmed cow's milk is 6 hours, of a normalised mixture with a fat content of 10% – 8 hours, 15% – 12 hours, 20% – 16 hours. According to the organoleptic quality indicators, the samples of fat-containing fermented-milk bases with a fat content of 20%, obtained by two methods, had an indiscrete but unsuitable thick consistency, which was adjusted using xanthan gum. According to the organoleptic quality indicators, it was established that in order to obtain a sour cream with vegetable oils with an indiscrete and thick consistency, 0.15% of xanthan gum should be added to the fat-containing base obtained by the first method, and 0.20% – to the fat-containing base obtained by the second method. The study of determining the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in sour cream with vegetable oils with a fat content of 20% shows an increased content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids – 2.13% and 10.88%, respectively, compared to sour cream obtained by the traditional technology.

Estimation of fat content in soft tissues using dual frequency ultrasound—A phantom study

This paper presents an initial investigation into the use of dual frequency pulse-echo ultrasound, second order ultrasound field (SURF) imaging, to measure the fat content of soft tissues. The SURF imaging method was used to measure the non-linear bulk elasticity (NBE) of several fatty phantoms that were created by mixing different mass fractions of soybean oil uniformly into agar phantoms. The median of the measured NBE within the estimation region was found to increase linearly with fat mass fraction (R2 = 0.99), from 1.7 GPa-1 at 9.6% fat to 2.52 GPa-1 at 63.6% fat, thus, showing promise as a sensitive parameter for fat content measurement. Comparisons to mixture laws in earlier literature are made, and the most important error sources that need to be considered for the in vivo applications of the method are discussed.

Application of the IR spectrometry method in the screening study of various oat species

BACKGROUND: The infrared reflection spectroscopy application method for rapid assessment of biochemical parameters in various types of oats is shown. On the basis of the biochemical data obtained in the laboratory of VIR, calibration models of protein, oil and starch content were constructed.
 AIM: The aim of the study is to develop an express method of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) spectroscopy to determine the main biochemical parameters in oat seeds and to build calibration models for the MATRIX-I IR analyser to quantify the mass fraction of protein, oil and starch in oat seeds based on data obtained by traditional methods.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biochemical quality indicators (protein, oil, starch) were studied on seeds of filmy oats (Avena sativa L.) grown in 20152016 in the North-Western Region of the Russian Federation. Calibration models for the determination of protein, oil and starch in oat seeds (98 samples, harvest 20142015) were developed for the MATRIX-I IR analyzer by Bruker Optics (Germany). Values obtained by traditional chemical methods of analysis were used to construct calibration models. Oat seed oil was determined by the Soxlet method, protein by the Kjeldahl method, starch by the Evers polarimetric method. All indicators were recalculated for dry weight.
 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The reliability of the developed models was checked by the results of protein, oil and starch determination in the seeds of the test batch according to the indicator of the calibration correctness. The data obtained using the calibration curve on the MATRIX-I device had no significant differences with the results of chemical studies. Therefore, calibration can be used for screening analysis for protein, oil and starch content in oat samples. This method allows you to save valuable material, increase labour productivity due to the speed of obtaining data, does not require reagents and is safe.

QUALITATIVE INDICATORS MAYONNESIS «DOMASHNII» FROM A MIXTURE OF VEGETABLE OILS

Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 3.3% of the human diet in the daily market. Despite the growth in the range of mayonnaise over the past year, the problem of manufacturing domestic mayonnaise of a balanced composition that meets all the requirements for this type of product remains relevant. A comprehensive multi-level approach to assessing the nutrition of the Kazakh people revealed a wide range of nutritional status disorders. In particular, these include the consumption of animal fats and deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are indispensable nutritional factors and their composition should correspond to 3-4% of the energy value of the diet. This article presents options for the development of mayonnaise with a balanced composition. A new functional mayonnaise product with a balanced composition of ɷ-3 and ɷ-6 fatty acids has been developed based on a mixture of vegetable oils (sunflower, linseed, and safflower) with a balanced composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The main physico-chemical parameters and fatty acids of a sample of a mixture of vegetable oils were determined. Humidity was determined by drying to constant weight, the mass fraction of oil according to Soxhlet, pH indicators - by the potentiometric method according to GOST 31762-2012. Based on the results of studies, taking into account the physicochemical parameters and biological properties of vegetable oil, it was found that when a new type of mayonnaise with high nutritional and biological value is obtained, human nutrition is not disturbed during use. The use of vegetable raw materials in the production of new mayonnaise with high nutritional and biological value expands the range of this type of product, increases its biological value and extends its shelf life.

Nucleation of jet engine oil vapours is a large source of aviation-related ultrafine particles

Large airports are a major source of ultrafine particles, which spread across densely populated residential areas, affecting air quality and human health. Jet engine lubrication oils are detectable in aviation-related ultrafine particles, however, their role in particle formation and growth remains unclear. Here we show the volatility and new-particle-formation ability of a common synthetic jet oil, and the quantified oil fraction in ambient ultrafine particles downwind of Frankfurt International Airport, Germany. We find that the oil mass fraction is largest in the smallest particles (10-18 nm) with 21% on average. Combining ambient particle-phase concentration and volatility of the jet oil compounds, we determine a lower-limit saturation ratio larger than 1 × 105 for ultra-low volatility organic compounds. This indicates that the oil is an efficient nucleation agent. Our results demonstrate that jet oil nucleation is an important mechanism that can explain the abundant observations of high number concentrations of non-refractory ultrafine particles near airports.

Development of an offshore response guidance tool for determining the impact of SSDI on released gas and benzene from artificial subsea oil well blowout simulations

We present an analysis of 2225 simulations of artificial oil well blowouts in nearshore and offshore waters of Newfoundland, Canada. In the simulations, we coupled the VDROP-J and TAMOC models to simulate the fate and transport of oil and gas from the release to the sea surface. Simulations were conducted with and without subsea dispersant injection. We analyzed the simulation database to quantify the mass fraction of oil and gas that surfaces, the mass fraction of released benzene that surfaces, and the horizontal offset to the surfacing zone. These data are also synthesized to yield empirical correlations to predict these output metrics from key input parameters. These correlations are summarized in an excel spreadsheet that allows rapid evaluation of spill dynamics with minimal initial knowledge of spill details. We call this tool an offshore response guidance table, which allows exploration of spill dynamics under diverse spill and response options.

Stratification and heat transfer characteristics of partially miscible lubricating oil-refrigerant mixtures during pool boiling

• Partially miscible oil-refrigerant mixture stratifies into four layers at boiling. • Newly proposed nucleate boiling model reflects effects of mixture stratifications. • Bubble dynamics and concentration diffusion determine mass transfer among layers. • Predicted thicknesses of separated layers agree well with observation results. • Mean deviation between predicted and measured heat transfer coefficients is 15.3% Applying partially miscible lubricating oil-refrigerant mixtures instead of completely miscible ones in refrigeration systems is a promising way to avoid the refrigerant insufficiency, and the application of partially miscible oil requires the clarity of nucleate pool boiling characteristics of partially miscible mixtures. As partially miscible mixtures at boiling conditions show an entirely different stratification process compared to completely miscible mixtures or partially miscible mixtures at non-boiling conditions studied by former researchers, the existing researches cannot be directly applied to evaluate pool boiling characteristics of the partially miscible mixture. The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate and model both stratification and heat transfer performance of nucleate pool boiling of the partially miscible oil-refrigerant mixture. The stratification phenomenon at boiling of partially miscible mixtures is observed, and up to four layers (i.e., an oil-rich micro-layer, a middle oil-poor layer, a top oil-rich layer, and a gas phase layer) are found. The boiling process of partially miscible mixtures stratifying from a single layer into four layers is modelled, and calculation methods of mass transfer rates among layers are proposed. The model validation shows that predicted thicknesses of layers accord with experimental images, which covers the conditions of heat flux ranging from 5 to 15 kW/m 2 , initial oil mass fraction ranging from 5 to 15%, and initial height ranging from 80 to 120 mm. Predicted heat transfer coefficients agree with 80% of the experimental data within the deviation of ± 25%, and the mean deviation is 15.3%.