Effective Mass Research Articles

Calculation electrical conductivity a two-dimensional electron gas of AlGaN/GaN-based transistors with high electron mobility

An analytical expression of the integral electrical conductivity of a semiconductor nanolayer, the charge carriers of which are located in a triangular quantum well, is obtained. The isoenergetic surface of the semiconductor material has the shape of a triaxial ellipsoid. The charge carrier behavior is described by the quantum Liouville equation. The dependence of electrical conductivity on dimensionless parameters is analyzed: the transverse electric field strength, the longitudinal electric field frequency, the charge carrier effective masses and the heterointerface specular coefficient. It is established that the conductivity of a triangular well compared to a rectangular well is more dependent on the effective mass, which to allow to select a material with the best high-frequency properties.

Standardized reporting for Head CT Scans in patients suspected of traumatic brain injury (TBI): An international expert endeavor.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of health loss and disability worldwide. Accurate and timely diagnosis of TBI is critical for appropriate treatment and management of the condition. Neuroimaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and characterization of TBI. Computed tomography (CT) is the first-line diagnostic imaging modality typically utilized in patients with suspected acute mild, moderate and severe TBI. Radiology reports play a crucial role in the diagnostic process, providing critical information about the location and extent of brain injury, as well as factors that could prevent secondary injury. However, the complexity and variability of radiology reports can make it challenging for healthcare providers to extract the necessary information for diagnosis and treatment planning. In this article, we report the efforts of an international group of TBI imaging experts to develop a clinical radiology report template for CT scans obtained in patients suspected of TBI and consisting of fourteen different subdivisions (CT technique, mechanism of injury or clinical history, presence of scalp injuries, fractures, potential vascular injuries, potential injuries involving the extra-axial spaces, brain parenchymal injuries, potential injuries involving the cerebrospinal fluid spaces and the ventricular system, mass effect, secondary injuries, prior or coexisting pathology).

Approaching the low thermal conductivity in layered oxychalcogenide Bi2-xPrxO2Se (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) via mass and strain field fluctuatiocn for thermoelectric application

Bi2O2Se, a layered oxychalcogenide has gained much attention among the conventional oxides and chalcogenides based thermoelectric materials because of its high stability and less toxicity. Herein, Bi2-xPrxO2Se (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) is synthesized by ball milling followed by hot press densification technique, the x represents the replacement of Bi with Pr in atomic%. The influence of isovalent Pr substitution on the structural and thermal transport properties of Bi2O2Se were studied. The formation of tetragonal crystal structure with space group I4/mmm is confirmed by X ray diffraction (XRD) Pattern. HRTEM micrographs reveals the crystalline nature and lattice defects in the synthesized composition. The influence of 10 at % Pr substitution at Bi site reduces the thermal conductivity to 0.276 Wm−1K−1 at 653 K, originated from short phonon lifetime due to the effect of mass and strain field fluctuation. This result exhibits that the incorporation of Pr substitution in Bi2O2Se can dramatically enhance the thermoelectric performance of Bi2O2Se ceramic by reducing thermal conductivity.

The band structure of a chain of periodically ordered different quantum dots

The paper introduces a model for a superlattice comprising periodically arranged quantum dots (QDs) and proposes a method for calculating the energy spectrum. This theory was applied to a chain of QDs. The study employed the effective mass approximation and solved the Schrödinger equation using the tight-binding model and nearest neighbor approximation. The energy spectra of electrons were determined as functions of the wave vector, and the theory facilitated the calculation of dispersion dependencies and bandwidths. The presence of different QDs resulted in the subdivision of the mini-zone into upper and lower zones. It was demonstrated and analyzed that the width of the upper zones consistently exceeds that of the lower ones. Furthermore, when the QDs possess identical sizes and materials, no forbidden zone is observed.

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MRI Imaging Appearance in Mullerian Duct Anomalies

Abstract Background Müllerian duct anomalies include a complex spectrum of anatomical anomalies that arise from deviations during the normal development of the Müllerian ducts. In paediatrics, such defects cannot present with any clinical symptoms before puberty, yet, they can also have obstructive symptoms or a mass effect due to presence of a non communicating rudimentary horn or transverse vaginal septum. At the beginning of puberty, girls with these anomalies might have primary amenorrhea, pelvic pain or endometriosis. Müllerian duct anomalies have also associated with a variety of other congenital abnormalities. Aim of the Work To review MRI features of Mullerian Duct Anomalies and classify them according to ASRM and ESHRE-ESGE classifications. Patients and Methods The study was a case series study that included 37 patients who underwent pelvic MRI at Radiology Department “Ain Shams University hospitals” in Cairo, Egypt. Results In our study, Hypoplastic, Agenesis and Didelphysis found to have the same ratio of (21.6%), while Bicornuate uterus was (13.5%), septate (8.1%), unicornuate and transverse vaginal septum all were of (5.4%) incidence and the least common was arcuate uterus with (2.7%) incidence. Conclusion MRI is a highly helpful technique for evaluating female genital abnormalities and is able to consistently provide the essential imaging characteristics for the accurate identification of Mullerian malformations. Additionally, incidental pelvic disease and any related renal abnormalities may be thoroughly evaluated by MRI in a single scan, removing the need for additional diagnostic procedures.

Association of Dynamic Trajectories of Time-Series Data and Life-Threatening Mass Effect in Large Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke.

Life-threatening, space-occupying mass effect due to cerebral edema and/or hemorrhagic transformation is an early complication of patients with middle cerebral artery stroke. Little is known about longitudinal trajectories of laboratory and vital signs leading up to radiographic and clinical deterioration related to this mass effect. We curated a retrospective data set of 635 patients with large middle cerebral artery stroke totaling 95,463 data points for 10 longitudinal covariates and 40 time-independent covariates. We assessed trajectories of the 10 longitudinal variables during the 72h preceding three outcomes representative of life-threatening mass effect: midline shift ≥ 5mm, pineal gland shift (PGS) > 4mm, and decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC). We used a "backward-looking" trajectory approach. Patients were aligned based on outcome occurrence time and the trajectory of each variable was assessed before that outcome by accounting for cases and noncases, adjusting for confounders. We evaluated longitudinal trajectories with Cox proportional time-dependent regression. Of 635 patients, 49.0% were female, and the mean age was 69years. Thirty five percent of patients had midline shift ≥ 5mm, 24.3% of patients had PGS > 4mm, and 10.7% of patients underwent DHC. Backward-looking trajectories showed mild increases in white blood cell count (10-11K/UL within 72h), temperature (up to half a degree within 24h), and sodium levels (1-3mEq/L within 24h) before the three outcomes of interest. We also observed a decrease in heart rate (75-65 beats per minute) 24h before DHC. We found a significant association between increased white blood cell count with PGS > 4mm (hazard ratio 1.05, p value 0.007). Longitudinal profiling adjusted for confounders demonstrated that white blood cell count, temperature, and sodium levels appear to increase before radiographic and clinical indicators of space-occupying mass effect. These findings will inform the development of multivariable dynamic risk models to aid prediction of life-threatening, space-occupying mass effect.

Universal strain engineering for enhancing the hole mobility and dopability in p-type semiconductors

Modern electronic and optoelectronic devices rely on the development of the complementary pair of n-type and p-type semiconductors. However, it is often seen that n-type semiconductors are easier to realize and offer superior performances than their p-type counterparts, with p-type semiconductors showing much lower hole mobility and inefficient carrier doping. Here, by using first-principles studies, we demonstrate that lattice strain engineering can be a universal approach to enhance the hole mobility and dopability in p-type semiconductors. A broad class of p-type semiconductors, including anion p orbital derived valence band compounds (nitrides, oxides, halides, and chalcogenides), s orbital based post-transition metal oxides (e.g., SnO), and d-orbital based transition metal oxides (e.g., NiO), have been applied on strain to demonstrate their valence band modulation ability for the purpose of increasing the hole mobility and p-type dopability. We show that compressive lattice strain generally results in an upshifted valence band edge and reduced effective hole mass, leading to enhanced p-type dopability and increased hole mobility. Our work highlights strain engineering as a universal and effective approach for achieving better performed p-type compound semiconductors.

Trigeminal Microvascular Decompression and Meckel's Cave Tumor Resection via Retrosigmoid Approach With Suprameatal Extension: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

The leading cause of trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) relies on the microvascular conflict between the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) loop and the dorsal root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve (TN). However, lesions along the TN have been described as a possible cause of TGN for direct mass effect or indirect vascular transposition. Thus, the surgical approach to TGN in patients harboring cerebellopontine angle or Meckel's cave tumor should be methodically chosen. The retrosigmoid (RS) approach with suprameatal extension offers direct access to the TN in both its cisternal and Meckel's cave segment, allowing optimal TN decompression from vascular and tumoral components. Although the RS approach with suprameatal extension has been described in numerous studies,1-4 videos detailing its key steps in addressing a multicomponent TGN are lacking. In this video, we highlight the case of a 46 year-old woman with 6 months of medically refractory typical TGN with a right en plaque meningioma involving the petrous bone, petroclival junction, Meckel's cave, and tentorium. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging was suspicious for a compressive SCA loop over the dorsal root entry zone. The patient underwent a RS approach with suprameatal extension for subtotal resection of the tumor and microvascular decompression of the TGN. The patient recovered with no complications and TGN resolved.

Effects of mass and damping ratios on the flow-induced vibration of two staggered circular cylinders

The mass ratio between structure and fluid and the structural damping ratio have been shown to significantly affect the flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an isolated circular cylinder. Their influences on multiple staggered circular cylinders commonly found in offshore structures have, however, not been clearly understood. This study numerically investigates the vibration responses and flow field of two staggered circular cylinders with the shear stress transfer k–ω turbulence model and the overset mesh method. The accuracy of the numerical method adopted is validated against published experimental results, and the effects of the mass ratio and damping ratio on FIV are systematically investigated. The structural responses of the two cylinders are found more sensitive to the mass ratio than the damping ratio. The amplitude of vibration increases, in general, with a reduction in the mass ratio or damping ratio, and the vibration is much more significant when the mass ratio is less or equal to unity as compared to those from other mass ratio values. A reduction in the mass ratio is found leading to more diverse vortex shedding modes with fast transition from one into another. The self-excited dynamic forces represented by the added mass ratio ma* and added damping ratio ζa are further analyzed. It is found that the added mass ratio is positive under low inflow velocity, and it gradually becomes negative with higher inflow velocity. The added damping ratio is generally negative under low inflow velocity and it increases with the inflow velocity. Furthermore, the added damping ratio decreases with the inflow velocity only when the mass ratio is smaller than unity.

Effects of mass and damping ratios on the flow-induced vibration of two staggered circular cylinders

The mass ratio between structure and fluid and the structural damping ratio have been shown to significantly affect the flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an isolated circular cylinder. Their influences on multiple staggered circular cylinders commonly found in offshore structures have, however, not been clearly understood. This study numerically investigates the vibration responses and flow field of two staggered circular cylinders with the shear stress transfer k–ω turbulence model and the overset mesh method. The accuracy of the numerical method adopted is validated against published experimental results, and the effects of the mass ratio and damping ratio on FIV are systematically investigated. The structural responses of the two cylinders are found more sensitive to the mass ratio than the damping ratio. The amplitude of vibration increases, in general, with a reduction in the mass ratio or damping ratio, and the vibration is much more significant when the mass ratio is less or equal to unity as compared to those from other mass ratio values. A reduction in the mass ratio is found leading to more diverse vortex shedding modes with fast transition from one into another. The self-excited dynamic forces represented by the added mass ratio ma* and added damping ratio ζa are further analyzed. It is found that the added mass ratio is positive under low inflow velocity, and it gradually becomes negative with higher inflow velocity. The added damping ratio is generally negative under low inflow velocity and it increases with the inflow velocity. Furthermore, the added damping ratio decreases with the inflow velocity only when the mass ratio is smaller than unity.

The chiral dependence of effective masses of polaron spin states in chiral structures

The renormalization of effective masses of polaron spin states in chiral structures is studied based on the direct spin-phonon coupling, in which the simple formulas for the renormalization of effective masses are derived for polarons with spin-up and spin-down states using a linear-combination operator method. The theoretical calculations show that the effective masses are renormalized significantly with increasing the cut-off wave vector of phonon modes and the renormalized magnitudes are different for right-handed and left-handed structures. Moreover, the renormalized magnitude for the spin-down state is larger than the spin-up one. This asymmetrical behavior naturally gives rise to very different conductivities for spin-up and spin-down states as electrons transmitted through the systems. These results not only enrich the microscopic origin of CISS mechanism, but also enlighten more experimental ways to explore CISS.

Emerging flat bands and spin polarization in nanodiamond island superlattices with varying carrier effective masses

For the first time, a set of regular 2D sp2/sp3 hybrid superlattices of nanodiamond islands confined between two graphene sheets (NDI-c2G) were proposed and explored using Density Functional Theory Periodic Boundary Conditions simulations. The fusion involves coronene and ovalene molecules with top and bottom graphene lattices, which can be treated with electron beam irradiation and atomic hydrogen at the nanodiamond site in three different configurations: (111)CD, (0001)HD, and (2¯110)HD. This creates distorted sp3 nanodiamond sublattices within the sp2 graphene fragments, serving as regions with confined electrons, making the charge carriers’ effective masses heavier. The presence of spin-splitting valence spin-up and conduction spin-down flat bands near the Fermi level in cubic ((111)CD-I and (111)CD-II) and hexagonal ((2¯110)HD)-II) superlattices resulted in magnetic moments of 3.99μB, 3.99μB, and 1.99μB per unit cell, respectively. Various configurations significantly impacted their electronic properties, resulting in spin-polarized and non-spin-polarized systems with flat bands near the Fermi level, exhibiting a semiconducting nature. The averaged spin moments per carbon atom were 0.16μB, 0.14μB, and 0.08μB, localized at the sp2/sp3 interfaces of the nanodiamond sites. Analysis of the electronic states, band structure, charge carrier effective masses, and spin density distribution suggests NDI-c2G shares similar electronic nature to strongly correlated twisted bilayer graphenes at small magic angles.

Exploring potential of lead-free KSn0.5Ge0.5I3 based perovskite solar cell: A combined first-principle DFT and SCAPS-1D study

Perovskite solar cells present a promising alternative to conventional silicon or lead-based solar cells, offering a synergistic blend of cost-effectiveness and potential for elevated power conversion efficiency. We investigated the potential of an innovative KSn0.5Ge0.5I3-based perovskite solar cell (PSC) using density functional theory (DFT) and SCAPS-1D simulation studies. Computational analysis via DFT probed the crystal structure, elastic, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties of KSn0.5Ge0.5I3. Tolerance factor computation (0.94) and negative formation energy (-3.16 eV) affirmed the thermodynamic stability of the orthorhombic phase in KSn0.5Ge0.5I3. Optical variables including refractive index, absorption coefficient, dielectric function, optical loss, and reflectivity, were computed to explore KSn0.5Ge0.5I3 viability in PV applications. Band structure analysis, density of states (DOS), and projected density of states (PDOS) have been used to determine the band gap (∼1.87 eV), effective masses, and mobility of e-/h+. We have conducted SCAPS-1D simulation for diverse PSCs configurations using various holes transport layers (HTLs) and electron transport layers (ETLs), identified IGZO (Eg = 3.05 eV) as a proficient ETL while CuSbS2 (Eg = 1.58 eV) as an effective HTL. A comprehensive investigation of parameters such as absorber layer thickness, shunt and series resistance, donor and acceptor density, absorber defect density, back contact metal, temperature, and interface characteristics was undertaken, and the impact on PV device performances was assessed through current-voltage (IV) and quantum efficiency (Q.E) characteristics curves. These findings underscore the potential of KSn0.5Ge0.5I3 as a promising material for PSCs, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly avenue for future renewable energy.

Giant planet formation in the solar system

The formation history of Jupiter has been of interest due to its ability to shape the solar system’s history. Yet little attention has been paid to the formation and growth of Saturn and the other giant planets. Here we explore through N-body simulations the implications of the simplest disc and pebble accretion model with steady-state accretion and an assumed ring structure in the disc at 5 AU on the formation of the giant planets in the solar system. We conducted a statistical survey of different disc parameters and initial conditions of the protoplanetary disc to establish which combination best reproduces the present outer solar system. We examined the effect of the initial planetesimal disc mass, the number of planetesimals and their size-frequency distribution slope, pebble accretion prescription and sticking efficiency on the likelihood of forming gas giants and their orbital distribution. The results reveal that the accretion sticking efficiency is the most sensitive parameter to control the final masses and number of giant planets. We have been unable to replicate the formation of all three types of giant planets in the solar system in a single simulation. The probability distribution of the final location of the giant planets is approximately constant in logr, suggesting there is a slight preference for formation closer to the Sun but no preference for more massive planets to form closer. The eccentricity distribution has a higher mean for more massive planets indicating that systems with more massive planets are more violent. We compute the average formation time for proto-Jupiter to reach 10 Earth masses to be 〈tc,J〉=1.1±0.3 Myr and for proto-Saturn 〈tc,S〉=3.3±0.4 Myr, while for the ice giants this increases to 〈tc,I〉=4.9±0.1 Myr. The formation timescales of the cores of the gas giants are distinct at >95% confidence, suggesting that they formed sequentially.

Impact of the unimodal molar mass distribution on the mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites below the glass transition temperature: A generic, coarse-grained molecular dynamics study

Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have shown great potential to meet the ever-growing requirements of modern engineering applications. Nowadays, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are increasingly employed to complement experimental work and thereby gain a deeper understanding of the complex structure–property relations of PNCs. However, with respect to the thermoplastic’s mechanical behavior, the role of its average molar mass M¯n is rarely addressed, and many MD studies only consider uniform (monodispersed) polymers. Therefore, this contribution investigates the impact that M¯n and the dispersity Đ have on the stiffness and strength of PNCs through coarse-grained MD. To this end, we employed a Kremer–Grest bead–spring model and observed the expected increase in the mechanical performance of the neat polymer for larger M¯n. Our results indicated that the unimodal molar mass distribution does not impact the mechanical behavior in the investigated dispersity range 1.0≤Đ≤1.09. For the PNC, we obtained the same M¯n-dependence and Đ-independence of the mechanical properties over a wide range of filler sizes and contents. This contribution proves that even simple MD models can reproduce the experimentally well researched effect of the molar mass. Hence, this work is an important step in understanding the complex structure–property relations of PNCs, which is essential to unlock their full potential.

Ionic liquid mediated one-step perpendicular assembly in block copolymer thin films for ultrafiltration membrane applications

The rapid rise of oil and gas, petrochemical, food processing, and pharmaceutical industries has added a complex mixture of contaminants like oil, particulates, metals, and other organic compounds to wastewater. Multipurpose membranes with precise pore structure can offer a solution to this problem and block copolymers (BCP) can be used to achieve such structures. Achieving vertical assembly of BCP domains provides a perfect template for developing uniform through film channels for separation and transport of material, besides being useful for the rectification of defects in photolithography patterns. Producing such morphologies may require extensive film/substrate processing and is not always feasible for scale-up. With this article, we demonstrate a facile solution casting method to induce vertical domain assembly in as-cast diblock copolymer thin films in the presence of an ionic liquid (IL) additive that preferentially segregates to one block and neutralizes interfacial interactions. We also show the tunability of domain sizes by controlling the additive concentration. These vertically aligned morphologies are important for the development of next-generation lithographic techniques and form excellent templates for ultrafiltration membranes with uniform pore sizes. This article demonstrates how IL additives can be used to obtain stable non-equilibrium morphologies in as-cast BCP films and the effect of BCP molecular mass, block volume fractions, and IL content on self-assembly.

Inferring Small Neutron Star Spins with Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers

The precise measurement of neutron star (NS) spins can provide important insight into the formation and evolution of compact binaries containing NSs. While traditional methods of NS spin measurement rely on pulsar observations, gravitational-wave detections offer a complementary avenue. However, determining component spins with gravitational waves is hindered by the small dimensionless spins of the NSs and the degeneracy in the mass and spin parameters. This degeneracy can be addressed by the inclusion of higher-order modes in the waveform, which are important for systems with unequal masses. This study shows the suitability of NS–black hole mergers, which are naturally mass-asymmetric, for precise NS spin measurements. We explore the effects of the black hole masses and spins, higher-mode content, inclination angles, and detector sensitivity on the measurement of NS spin. We find that networks with next-generation observatories like the Cosmic Explorer and the Einstein Telescope can distinguish NS dimensionless spin of 0.04 (0.1) from zero at 1σ confidence for events within ∼350 (∼1000) Mpc. Networks with A+ and A♯ detectors achieve similar distinction within ∼30 (∼70) Mpc and ∼50 (∼110) Mpc, respectively.

Performance investigation of a novel free piston Stirling pump for reverse osmosis desalination systems

Renewable energy (RE)-powered desalination technology is considered a cleaner and promising alternative for alleviating energy exhaustion and environmental pollution resulting from traditional desalination. Currently available solar thermal reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems are based on the organic Rankine cycle. With the aim to expand the driving mode of reverse osmosis desalination as well as simplify the transmission chain and reduce mechanical energy losses, a novel hydraulic free piston Stirling pump (FPSP) is developed and a simple model is designed and tested for conceptual validation. A free piston Stirling pump - powered reverse osmosis desalination system is presented, and a thermodynamic–dynamic coupling model is established. A parametric analysis is performed with an emphasis on the effects of temperatures, charge pressure, spring stiffnesses, damping coefficients, and masses on the system performance, including the frequency, power output, water yield, and efficiency. Results showed that the frequency in the pumping process was higher than that in the suction process because of the different loads. Within the range investigated, the performance improved as the hot-end temperature, charge pressure, spring stiffnesses, and damping coefficient of the power piston increased, while it deteriorated with a decrease in the damping coefficient of the displacer and the piston masses. Specifically, the power output and water yield reached the optimum value as the cold-end temperature was maintained around 310 K. Under representative parameter conditions, the power output could reach 12.15 kW and the water yield was approximately 6.07 × 10−4 m3/s. In addition, the temperatures and charge pressure influence the system efficiency most.

On the electromechanical bandgap of microscale vibration isolation metamaterial beams with flexoelectric effect

In this paper, a type of metamaterial isolation beam consisting a cantilever beam with flexoelectric film attached is provided. Electrodes interconnect on the surface to create parallel resonant shunt circuits, enabling band-stop filtering. The electromechanical control equations are derived using the Hamiltonian principle. A closed-form analytical expression for the bandgap range is obtained via the root locus method. Theoretical results are validated through finite element methods. Findings reveal that the operational bandgap of millimeter-scale flexoelectric metamaterial isolation beams is 5.2 times greater than that of conventional piezoelectric metamaterial beams. Furthermore, the vibration excitation amplitude is reduced by 99.9%. These results highlight the significant advantages of flexoelectric materials for microscale high-frequency passive isolation, providing superior stability in complex vibration environments. The research investigates the effects of end mass, electrode plate count, and external resistance on the vibration isolation performance of flexoelectric metamaterial beams. The study also examines the variations in relative bandgap width between flexoelectric and piezoelectric metamaterial beams concerning material, size, and structural parameters, identifying optimal values. Notable differences in bandgap characteristics are observed between flexoelectric and piezoelectric beams; for instance, while piezoelectric beams have an optimal substrate elastic modulus, flexoelectric beams do not, and the optimal film thickness for flexoelectric beams is 2.2 times that for piezoelectric beams.