Mass Deficit Research Articles

Optimal Management of Calvarial Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis

Calvarial lymphoma is an exceedingly rare phenomenon; the clinical presentation and imaging pattern mimic many diseases of the central nervous system. Several treatment approaches have been undertaken with variable use of surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation; an optimal treatment algorithm has yet to be defined. The aim of this study was to better characterize management strategies and patient outcomes. An illustrative case was presented and a meta-analysis was carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. MEDLINE and Embase were searched for cases of calvarial lymphoma. Outcomes between patients who underwent open surgery and biopsy only were compared directly. In an analysis from 1976 to 2019, 62 patients with a median age of 60 were included. The most common presentations were subcutaneous scalp mass (89%), headaches (26%), and focal neurological deficits (21%). Osteolytic changes on computed tomography were seen in69% of patients with extension into either the intracranial or extracranial space in 97% of cases. Surgical excision was performed in 41 patients with a remission rate of 85%and a recurrence rate of 5%, which didnotvary significantly from patients treated nonsurgically (remission in 75%, P= 0.479; recurrence in 0%, P= 1.000) CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with a progressively enlarging scalp mass, calvarial lymphoma should be in the differential diagnosis, as it can be effectively managed with a biopsy followed by chemotherapy and radiation. The role for open surgery may be limited.

The Role of Strong Gravity and the Nuclear Equation of State on Neutron-star Common-envelope Accretion

Abstract Common-envelope evolution is important in the formation of neutron star binaries within the isolated binary formation channel. As a neutron star inspirals within the envelope of a primary massive star, it accretes and spins up. Because neutron stars are in the strong-gravity regime, they have a substantial relativistic mass deficit, i.e., their gravitational mass is less than their baryonic mass. This effect causes some fraction of the accreted baryonic mass to convert into neutron star binding energy. The relativistic mass deficit also depends on the nuclear equation of state, since more compact neutron stars will have larger binding energies. We model the mass growth and spin-up of neutron stars inspiraling within common-envelope environments and quantify how different initial binary conditions and hadronic equations of state affect the post-common-envelope neutron star’s mass and spin. From these models, we find that neutron star mass growth is suppressed by ≈15%–30%. We also find that for a given amount of accreted baryonic mass, more compact neutron stars will spin-up faster while gaining less gravitational mass, and vice versa. This work demonstrates that a neutron star’s strong gravity and nuclear microphysics plays a role in neutron-star-common-envelope evolution, in addition to the macroscopic astrophysics of the envelope. Strong gravity and the nuclear equation of state may thus affect both the population properties of neutron star binaries and the cosmic double neutron star merger rate.

Prevalência de sarcopenia e fatores associados em pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise em um ambulatório em Caxias do Sul/RS

Introduction: The patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis in most of the cases present low weight associated with muscle mass deficit and low physical performance, also had been diagnosed with sarcopenia. Within the main factors that lead to such outcome, we highlight the hypercatabolism of the disease and the uremic syndrome. The presence of sarcopenia can lead to associated with high mortality rates. The present study aims to evaluate the sarcopenia prevalence and relate factors of hemodialysis on former of clinic patients at Caxias do Sul/RS city. Methods: Anthropometric data collected, such as weight height and age for subsequent calculation and classification of body mass index (BMI), calf circumference (CC), handgrip strength and walking test for sarcopenia diagnosis. Sarcopenia is defined according to criteria pre-established by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). Results: 95 patients evaluated, 21% (n = 20) had sarcopenia, and 36.8% (n = 35) of the subjects were at risk for its development. Regarding the sample characterization, 61.1% (n = 20) were male, 53.7% (n = 51) were <60 years old. The average age found was 55.4 ± 15.1 years. The mean BMI was 25.9 ± 5.1 kg/m², and 45.3% (n = 43) were overweight, 34.7% (n = 3) showed CC indicating muscle depletion. Conclusion: The conditions of probable sarcopenia and sarcopenia were present in most patients studied, especially in older and underweight patients.

Inertial and Gravitational Mass in General Relativity and Their Cosmological Consequences

We revise the concept of mass of a particle in general relativity initiated by Einstein, Brans, and Rosen in the fifties, using the results of P. Havas and J.N. Goldberg on the equations of motion for point-like particles. We show how one can define a constant inertial mass, and a variable gravitational mass dependent on their gravitational interaction with the rest of particles. The introduced gravitational mass allows us to construct a cosmological model that satisfactorily accounts for the observed deficit of mass, the dark energy and the cosmological constant, without the assumption of new forms of matter or energy: dark matter and dark energy can be explained as a gravitational effect in the framework of the standard general theory of relativity.

ANTHROPOMETRIC AND DIETARY ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS WITH GLYCOGENOSIS TYPE I.

ABSTRACTObjective: To perform anthropometric and dietary evaluation of patients with glycogenosis type Ia and Ib.Methods: This cross-sectional study is composed of a sample of 11 patients with glycogenosis divided into two subgroups according to the classification of glycogenosis (type Ia=5 and type Ib=6), aged between 4 and 20 years. The analyzed anthropometric variables were weight, height, body mass index, and measures of lean and fat body mass, which were compared with reference values. For dietary assessment, a food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate energy and macronutrients intake as well as the amount of raw cornstarch consumed. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test were performed, considering a significance level of 5%.Results: Patients ingested raw cornstarch in the amount of 0.49 to 1.34 g/kg/dose at a frequency of six times a day, which is lower than recommended (1.75-2.50 g/kg/dose, four times a day). The amount of energy intake was, on average, 50% higher than energy requirements; however, carbohydrate intake was below the adequacy percentage in 5/11 patients. Short stature was found in 4/10 patients; obesity, in 3/11; and muscle mass deficit, in 7/11. There were no statistical differences between the subgroups.Conclusions: In patients with glycogenosis type I, there was deficit in growth and muscle mass, but no differences were found between the subgroups (Ia and Ib). Although the diet did not exceed the adequacy of carbohydrates, about 1/3 of the patients presented obesity, probably due to higher energy intake.

Body mass and hibernation microclimate may predict bat susceptibility to white-nose syndrome.

In multihost disease systems, differences in mortality between species may reflect variation in host physiology, morphology, and behavior. In systems where the pathogen can persist in the environment, microclimate conditions, and the adaptation of the host to these conditions, may also impact mortality. White‐nose syndrome (WNS) is an emerging disease of hibernating bats caused by an environmentally persistent fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans. We assessed the effects of body mass, torpid metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, and hibernaculum temperature and water vapor deficit on predicted overwinter survival of bats infected by P. destructans. We used a hibernation energetics model in an individual‐based model framework to predict the probability of survival of nine bat species at eight sampling sites across North America. The model predicts time until fat exhaustion as a function of species‐specific host characteristics, hibernaculum microclimate, and fungal growth. We fit a linear model to determine relationships with each variable and predicted survival and semipartial correlation coefficients to determine the major drivers in variation in bat survival. We found host body mass and hibernaculum water vapor deficit explained over half of the variation in survival with WNS across species. As previous work on the interplay between host and pathogen physiology and the environment has focused on species with narrow microclimate preferences, our view on this relationship is limited. Our results highlight some key predictors of interspecific survival among western bat species and provide a framework to assess impacts of WNS as the fungus continues to spread into western North America.

Beta-Cell Mass in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes, and Its Relation to Pancreas Fat: A Mini-Review.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Although insulin resistance is assumed to be a main pathophysiological feature of the development of T2DM, recent studies have revealed that a deficit of functional beta-cell mass is an essential factor for the pathophysiology of T2DM. Pancreatic fat contents increase with obesity and are suggested to cause beta-cell dysfunction. Since the beta-cell dysfunction induced by obesity or progressive decline with disease duration results in a worsening glycemic control, and treatment failure, preserving beta-cell mass is an important treatment strategy for T2DM. In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge on beta-cell mass, beta-cell function, and pancreas fat in obesity and T2DM, and we discuss treatment strategies for T2DM in relation to beta-cell preservation.

Voluntary wheel running ameliorates select paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced sickness behaviors and associated melanocortin signaling

While chemotherapy remains a common cancer treatment, it is associated with debilitating side effects (e.g., anorexia, weight loss, and fatigue) that adversely affect patient quality of life and increase mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying taxane chemotherapy-induced side effects, and effective treatments to ameliorate them, are not well-established. Here, we tested the longitudinal relationship between a clinically-relevant paclitaxel regimen, inflammation, and sickness behaviors (loss of body mass, anorexia, fever, and fatigue) in adult, female mice. Furthermore, we sought to identify the extent to which voluntary exercise (wheel running) attenuates paclitaxel-induced sickness behaviors and underlying central pathways. Body mass and food intake decreased following six doses of chemotherapy treatment relative to vehicle controls, lasting less than 5 days after the last dose. Paclitaxel treatment also transiently decreased locomotion (open field test), voluntary wheel running, home-cage locomotion, and core body temperature without affecting motor coordination (rotarod task). Circulating interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalamic Il1b gene expression remained elevated in chemotherapy-treated mice at least 3 days after the last dose. Exercise intervention did not ameliorate fatigue or inflammation, but hastened recovery from paclitaxel-induced weight loss. Body mass recovery was associated with the wheel running-induced recovery of body composition, paclitaxel-induced alterations to hypothalamic melanocortin signaling, and associated peripheral circulating hormones (ghrelin and leptin). The present findings demonstrate the benefits of exercise on faster recovery from paclitaxel-induced body mass loss and deficits in melanocortin signaling and suggests the development of therapies targeting the melanocortin pathway to reduce paclitaxel-induced weight loss.

Mass of a short-range correlated nucleon * *Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB34030301) and the National Science Foundation China (11305007)

Nucleon properties and structure should be modified by short-range correlations (SRC) among nucleons. By analyzing SRC ratio data, we extract the mass of a nucleon in an SRC pair and the expected number of pn-SRC pairs in deuterium, under the assumption that the SRC nucleon mass is universal for different nuclei. The nucleon mass of a two-nucleon SRC pair is = 852 ± 18 MeV, and the number of pn-SRC pairs in deuterium is =0.021 ± 0.005. The mass deficit of the strongly overlapping nucleon can be explained by the trace anomaly contribution to the mass in QCD or alternatively by the vacuum energy in the MIT bag model.

Heat Flow in SW of Galicia And NW of Portugal. The Interpretation of a Seismic Anomaly

Four heat flow density values and five temperature-depth profiles were obtained in a heterogeneous region considering heat flow by conduction in the vertical direction, and heat sources in the crust due to radioactivity decay. The heat produced in the upper layers of the crust was obtained based on gamma-ray charts and published data of laboratory radioactivity measurements on samples taken from the region. Seismic data were used to obtain the thickness of the different layers of the upper and middle crust and the depth of the Moho discontinuity considered coincident with the crust/mantle boundary. The heat flow at the surface is obtained by adding the heat flow from the mantle with the heat generated by the radioactive sources in the crust. The method was applied to a region with one measured heat flow density value (Ourense) and four points without any heat flow density measurement. A heat flow value from the mantle was obtained with Ourense data. Special attention was given to a region (A) with a seismic anomaly near the surface. The anomaly was explained by mass deficit near the surface that gives rise to an abnormal density value and an increase in seismic wave velocity values. The decrease in density is due to the presence of water in the region forming an aquifer. Geothermometer values obtained from samples of water in the thermal springs of Tuy (Spain) and Monção (Portugal) were used as the water temperature at the bottom of the aquifer. Isostatic balance in the region was considered to obtain density values and the amount of water in the region. Thermal conductivity and radioactivity heat source values in the region were obtained considering the amount of water in the region. Values from 86 to 97 mW/m2 were obtained using the same value of heat flow from the mantle. This is due to different values of heat produced in the crust due to different thickness layer values or/and to different heat production values.

Evaluation of body composition, resting metabolic rate and frequency of metabolic disorders in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome

Kleinfelter syndrome (KS) is a common genetic disease characterized by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. The high risk of developing of metabolic disorders in patients with KS is be explained by the presence of androgen deficiency, which leads to a decrease in the amount of lean soft mass and an increase of the adipose tissue content. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is determined by the amount of lean soft mass, and its reduction can contribute to weight gain and the progression of metabolic disorders in KS. Body composition, assessment of basal metabolism and metabolic profile in adolescents with KS. The study included 28 adolescents with KS, comparable in age and stage of sexual maturation. All patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence of clinical laboratory signs of hypogonadism. Patients passed through the evaluation of metabolic profile, bioelectrical impedance analysis for the body composition and chamber-based indirect calorimetry for the evaluation of BMR. Normal indicants of body composition were determined in 20 (71.4%) adolescents, excess of adipose mass – in 6 (21.4%) patients, and deficit of adipose mass – in 7.2% of cases. Among 6 patients with excess of adipose mass, three were obese or overweight, while the rest had normal SDS body mass index (BMI). 64.3% of adolescents showed normal indicants of energy exchange at rest, 6 (21.4%) – a decrease of BMR, 4 (14.3%) - an increase of BMR. A comparative analysis of patient groups did not reveal statistically significant differences in BMR adjusted to a lean soft mass (OO/TM) (p=0.36). Insulin resistance was detected in 11 patients (39.3%), and the incidence of dyslipidemia was 3.6%. The groups did not significantly differ in terms of glycemia levels in the fasted state and lipid profile indicants. Most adolescents with KS have normal indicants of body composition and basal metabolism, as well as a low frequency of metabolic disorders, regardless of the level of total testosterone in blood. In some patients with normal SDS BMI, excess of adipose mass is detected. The lack of correlation between the level of testosterone and the intensity of BMR may indicate a slight effect of androgen deficiency on energy exchange at rest in adolescents with KS.

External Validity of the T-SAFT90: A Soccer Simulation Including Technical and Jumping Activities.

To examinethe physiological, muscle-damage, endocrine, and immune responses to a modified soccer-simulation protocol to include technical and jumping activities characteristic of match play (the Technical Soccer-Specific Aerobic Field Test; T-SAFT90). Eighteen university players (age23 [2]y, stature175 [5]cm, body mass74 [11]kg) performed the 90-minute protocol, with acute physiological responses monitored via heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion (6-20 scale), and body mass changes. Creatine kinase, myoglobin, cortisol, and leukocyte subset concentrations were measured at baseline, immediately (0h), and 24 hours post T-SAFT90. T-SAFT90 incurred an average heart rate equivalent to 87% (5%) of maximum, 16 (2)a.u. ratings of perceived exertion, and a 1.5% (1.0%) body mass deficit. Moderate to large proliferation of leukocyte subsets (P ≤ .01; leukocytes: 6.4-fold; neutrophils: 5.5-fold; lymphocytes: 2.0-fold) and increases in cortisol (2.3-fold) were observed at 0 hours (effect size = 1.13-3.52), each returning to baseline by 24 hours (P > .45; effect size = 0.05-0.50). Myoglobin peaked immediately post T-SAFT90 (4.8-fold), whereas creatine kinase (24h: 6.0-fold) showed a delayed time course (both P ≤ .001; very large effects; effect size = 2.66 and 3.43, respectively). The magnitude and time course of the physiological, immune, endocrine, and muscle-damage markers observed during and following T-SAFT90 are similar to values reported in match-play literature, demonstrating external validity of the simulation.

Escalating core formation with dark matter self-heating

Exothermic scatterings of dark matter (DM) produce DM particles with significant kick velocities inside DM halos. In collaboration with DM self-interaction, the excess kinetic energy of the produced DM particles is distributed to the others, which self-heats the DM particles as a whole. The DM self-heating is efficient towards the halo center, and the heat injection is used to enhance the formation of a uniform density core inside halos. The effect of DM self-heating is expected to be more significant in smaller halos for two reasons: 1) the exothermic cross section times the relative velocity, $\left\langle\sigma_{\rm exo}v_{\rm rel}\right\rangle$, is constant; 2) and the ratio of the injected heat to the velocity dispersion squared gets larger towards smaller halos. For the first time, we quantitatively investigate the core formation from DM self-heating for halos in a wide mass range ($10^{9}$-$10^{15}\,{\rm M}_\odot$) using the gravothermal fluid formalism. Notably, we demonstrate that the core formation is sharply escalating towards smaller halos by taking the self-heating DM (i.e., DM that semi-annihilates and self-interacts) as an example. We show that the sharp escalation of core formation may cause a tension in simultaneously explaining the observed central mass deficit of Milky Way satellites, and field dwarf/low surface brightness spiral galaxies. While the details of the self-heating effect may differ among models, we expect that the sharp halo-mass dependence of the core formation is a general feature of exothermic DM.

Field‐Based Estimate of the Sediment Deficit in Coastal Louisiana

AbstractCoastal and deltaic sediment balances are crucial for a region's sustainability. However, such balances remain difficult to quantify accurately, particularly for large regions. We calculate organic and mineral sediment mass and volume balances using field measurements from 273 Coastwide Reference Monitoring System sites across the Louisiana Coast between 2006 and 2015. The rapid relative sea level rise rate (average 13.4 mm/year) is offset by the small dry bulk densities observed (average 0.3 g/cm3) to produce a 16.2 ± 41.1% mass deficit and 24.1 ± 14.0% volume deficit, significantly smaller than recent predictions for 2000–2100 (73–79% mass deficit). Geostatisical estimates show that this deficit is primarily located in areas not directly nourished by major rivers, yet these regions still accumulate ~24 MT/year of mineral sediment. A fluvial sediment discharge of 113.8 MT/year suggests a coast‐wide trapping efficiency of 31.5 ± 15.8% of the riverine sediment, excluding subaqueous deposition. Organic accumulation accounts for 25% of all mass accumulation during our study period, and total organic mass accumulation per unit area is relatively constant in both directly and indirectly nourished regions. Sediment characteristics in the modern coastal wetlands differ from the Holocene deposit, suggesting secular changes within the system that will likely continue to influence coastal dynamics over the coming decades. Our results suggest that the gap between accommodation and accumulation (mass or volume) during this decade was not as large as the previously predicted century average.

Contrasting compositions between phenocrystic and xenocrystic olivines in the Cenozoic basalts from central Mongolia: Constraints on source lithology and regional uplift

AbstractTwo Cenozoic prominent features are spatio-temporally associated in central Mongolia, i.e., the continental basalts and regional uplift, but their genesis and relationship remain unclear. This study presents major- and trace-element compositions for olivine phenocrysts and xenocrysts, as well as data of bulk-rock geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes for the host basalts. The studied basalts mostly have trachybasalt compositions with high total alkali (Na2O + K2O = 5.1–8.2 wt%) contents and all display OIB-like trace element patterns (e.g., spikes of Ba, Nb, and Ta and troughs of Th and U) and EM1-like Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions. Compared to the partial melting products of mantle peridotite, these basaltic samples have higher FeO/MnO, Zn/Mn, and Zn/Fe ratios. Meanwhile, phenocrystic olivines are characterized by lower Ca, Mn, Mn/Zn, and Mn/Fe but higher Ni than their counterparts in the peridotitic melts, indicating a pyroxenite-rich mantle source. The above geochemical data suggest that the source of the studied basalts was mainly made up of secondary pyroxenite produced by the reaction of recycled oceanic crust with its ambient mantle peridotite. The calculated magma oxygen fugacities (ΔFMQ-0.26 to +0.42) and mantle melting temperatures (1343–1430 °C) do not support a genetic link with the stagnant Pacific slab or with a deep mantle plume. Instead, the far-field effect of India-Eurasia convergence possibly tapped the upper asthenospheric mantle, subsequent melting of which gave rise to the dispersive Cenozoic basalts. On the other hand, the xenocrystic olivines exhibit zoned textures with high-Fo (up to 92) cores and low-Fo (down to 76) rims, reflecting the melt-rock interaction. Preservation of zoned olivine xenocrysts indicates rapid magma ascent and widespread melt-rock reaction in the mantle lithosphere, which may modify the rheology and accelerate the mechanical erosion of mantle lithosphere. Consequently, mass deficit in the lithosphere could have caused isostatic uplift of central Mongolia in the Cenozoic.

Levantamento do estado nutricional e de complicações associadas à terapia nutricional enteral domiciliar em idosos

Introduction: The high prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and neurodegenerative diseases in elderly has been increasing the hospitalizations risk and, consequently, the malnutrition risk, which leads to a greater need for enteral tube feeding (ETF). Thus, this article aims to conduct a survey about nutritional status and complications related to home enteral tube feeding (HETF) in elderly. Methods: This is a descriptive observational study conducted in a medium-sized municipality of Greater São Paulo (Metropolitan region). To collect data, a survey of medical records and home visits was carried out from January 2012 to April 2018. Patients aged 60 years and over who had information on bowel habits, presence of pressure ulcers, position of feeding tube and anthropometric data of calf circumference (CC) and arm circumference (AC) were eligible. The values found for CC and AC were interpreted according to the reference cut-off points. Results: The study included 43 elderly people, 67.4% female and 32.6% male. The nasogastric feeding tube was present in 62,8% of the patients. Pressure ulcer was the most prevalent (58.1%) complications associated with HETF. Diarrhea was present in 4.7% of the elderly and constipation in 44.2%. In regard of nutritional status, muscle mass depletion was present in 88.4% of the elderly and severe mass deficit in 62.9% of them. Conclusions: The assessment of the nutritional status and complications associated with HETF in elderly showed that more than a half had some muscle mass deficit and the pressure ulcer was the most prevalent complication, followed by constipation and diarrhea.

Quantifying the Central European Droughts in 2018 and 2019 With GRACE Follow‐On

AbstractThe GRACE‐FO satellites launched in May 2018 are able to quantify the water mass deficit in Central Europe during the two consecutive summer droughts of 2018 and 2019. Relative to the long‐term climatology, the water mass deficits were −112 ± 10.5 Gt in 2018 and −145 ± 12 Gt in 2019. These deficits are 73% and 94% of the mean amplitude of seasonal water storage variations, which is so severe that a recovery cannot be expected within 1 year. The water deficits in 2018 and 2019 are the largest in the whole GRACE and GRACE‐FO time span. Globally, the data do not show an offset between the two missions, which proves the successful continuation of GRACE by GRACE‐FO and thus the reliability of the observed extreme events in Central Europe. This allows for a joint assessment of the four Central European droughts in 2003, 2015, 2018, and 2019 in terms of total water storage deficits.

Tracheostomy Post Liver Transplant: Predictors, Complications, and Outcomes

BackgroundLiver transplant (LT) patients have an increased risk of postoperative respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy. This study sought to characterize objective clinical predictors of tracheostomy.Material/MethodsThe records for 2017 LT patients at a single institution were reviewed. Patients requiring tracheostomy were first compared with all other patients. A case-control subgroup analysis was conducted in which 98 tracheostomy patients were matched with 98 non-tracheostomy LT patients. For the case-control study, muscle mass was assessed using preoperative computed tomography scans.ResultsAmong 2017 LT patients, 98 required tracheostomy (5%), with a 19% complication rate. Tracheostomy patients were older and had a higher model for end-stage liver disease score, a lower body mass index (BMI), and a greater smoking history. Tracheostomy patients had a longer hospital stay (45 vs. 10 days, P<0.001) and worse 1-year survival (65% vs. 91%, P<0.001). Ten-year Cox regression patient survival for tracheostomy patients was significantly worse (32% vs. 68%, P<0.001). In the case-control analysis, respiratory failure patients were older (P<0.01) and had a lower BMI (P=0.05). They also had a muscle mass deficit of −39% compared with matched LT controls (P<0.001). No significant differences were seen with pre-LT total protein or albumin or with forced expiratory volume in 1 s divided by forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) values.ConclusionsPredictors for respiratory failure requiring post-LT tracheostomy include higher model for end-stage liver disease score, older age, lower BMI, greater smoking history, and worse sarcopenia. Patients requiring tracheostomy have dramatically longer hospital stays and worse survival.

The role of human constitutional type in forming of bodymass excess and deficite in children of various ages

Nowadays there are no decicive descriptions of constitutional features and body mass deviations in a narrow group taking into consideration their sex, age, habitation region, and a concrete type of body mass deficit or excess. The present study focuses at comparative assessment of number and frequency of pronounced deficit, deficit, nominally normal body mass, preobesity and obesity in junior schoolchildren and adolescents with lepto-, meso- and hypersomal somatotype. All in all 274 persons took part in the study, 130 of junior schoolchildren aged 7 to 9 years (64 boys and 66 girls) as well as 142 adolescents 1417 years old (65 boys and 77 girls). Somatotype was determined in all children with the help of I.I. Salivon and V.A. Melniks method, as well as body mass index was calculated. Comparing the number of children with various deviations of body mass in case of lepto- meso- and hypersomal somatotype was accomplished with the help of precise Fishers criterion for conjugated features tables 3 5. In boys and girls of junior school age with leptosomal (boys 62%, girls 81%) somatotype body mass deficit was predominant, while in adolescents with leptosomal somatotype body mass deficit was found in 37% boys and 15% of girls. Hypersomal boys form obesity and excessive body mass when they enter adolescence. On the other hand 40% girls of junior school age with hypersomal somatotype are already obese and 100% of them preserve obesity till puberty. The results of the study may be useful for specifying individual recommendations for children with metabolic pathology at pre-hospital stage for correction of both excess and deficit of body mass should be made prior to entering puberty.

Characteristics of the metabolic status of children of the first year of life with protein-energy deficiency depending on the gestational age at birth.

Comparative analysis of energy-plastic exchange indicators in mature and premature children of the first year of life in the development of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) was carried out. Unidirectional changes are revealed, including an increase in creatinine, lactate and creatine phosphokinase activity levels, suggesting a n increasing muscle mass deficit against the background of glucose anaerobic oxidation activation. In preterm infants, glucose and triacylglicerine levels decrease, which reflects uncompensated insufficiency of energy substrates and, accordingly, ATP level. Multidirectional deviations in metabolism are pyruvate and ATP content: increase in full-term infants and decrease in preterm infants, that should be taken into account when monitoring condition of children with PEM. A significant decrease of pyruvic acid in preterm infants against the background of the levels of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, and transferrin, not exceeding reference values, can obviously testify to the active use of this integral metabolite to maintain the fund of substituted amino acids. Development of this pathology in both mature and premature infants creates a pre-morbid background for iron deficiency anemia-diagnostic panel, which should be supplemented by calculation of transferrin saturation coefficient. Regardless of gestational age in childbirth during the formation of PEM, the lipid spectrum is rearranged according to atherogenic type: at normal values of total cholesterol, there is a significant increase in low and very low density lipoproteins with an increase in the atherogenicity coefficient. This singles out children with the pathology in question as a risk group for the development of the atherosclerotic process later, which justifies the recommendation to control the lipid profile in children of the first year of life.