Mash Diet Research Articles

Feedlot performance of Sudanese desert lambs fed with mash or pelleted diet of varying energy levels

This experiment was conducted using 18 Sudan desert ram lambs (22 ± 5.7 kg) to examine the effects of feeding with diets of different energy levels and physical forms on feedlot performance. These lambs were randomly divided into three feed groups of six animals each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Following an acclimatization period of three weeks, three experimental diets were offered, each for one group. High Energy Pellets (HEP) and High Energy Mash (HEM) diets (10.50 MJME/kg DM) of a pelleted and mash form, respectively and Low Energy Diets (LEP) was a pelleted and low energy diet (8.5 MJME/kg DM). The experiment continued for all diets to an average 40 kg live weight lamb. Results revealed lower Dry Matter Intake (DMI) ( P > 0.001), improved Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) ( P < 0.01) and higher Average daily gain (ADG) ( P < 0.01) for the high energy groups compared to the low energy diet group. No significant ( P > 0.05) differences were observed due to pelleting between the two higher energy groups. No significant ( P > 0.05) differences were observed among treatment groups in the Metabolizable Energy (ME) required to put a unit of body weight gain.

Influence of feed form and conditioning temperature on performance, apparent metabolisable energy and ileal digestibility of starch and nitrogen in broiler starters fed wheat-based diet

The influence of feed form and conditioning temperature on performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal digestibility of starch and nitrogen in broilers fed wheat-based starter diet were examined in this study. Two feed forms (mash and pellet) and four conditioning temperatures: 20 °C (dry-conditioning), 60, 75 and 90 °C (steam-conditioning) were evaluated in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. In mash diets, weight gain of birds fed the diet conditioned at 60 °C was higher (P<0.05) than those fed diets conditioned at 75 and 90 °C and similar (P>0.05) to those fed diet conditioned at 20 °C. In pelleted diets, while steam-conditioning increased (P<0.05) the weight gain compared to dry-conditioning, birds fed diets conditioned at 60, 75 and 90 °C had similar (P>0.05) weight gains. Pelleting increased (P<0.001) the feed intake. Birds fed diets conditioned at 20 °C had lower (P<0.01) feed intake than those fed diets conditioned at 60 and 90 °C and similar (P>0.05) to those fed diets conditioned at 75 °C. In mash diets, birds fed the diet conditioned at 90 °C had higher (P<0.05) feed per unit gain than those fed diets conditioned at 20 and 60 °C, but similar (P>0.05) to those fed the diet conditioned at 75 °C. In pelleted diets, while steam-conditioning decreased (P<0.05) the feed per unit gain, birds fed steam-conditioned diets (at 60, 75 and 90 °C) had similar (P>0.05) feed per unit gain. Pellet durability and hardness increased (P<0.001) with increasing conditioning temperatures. Pelleting reduced (P<0.001) the coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) of nitrogen of the diets. Coefficient of ileal apparent nitrogen digestibility of the diets conditioned at 60 and 75 °C was similar and higher (P<0.01) than those conditioned at 20 and 90 °C. In mash diets, the CIAD of starch in the diet conditioned at 60 °C was higher (P<0.05) than diet conditioned at 90 °C, but similar to those conditioned at 20 and 75 °C. In pelleted diets, those conditioned at 60 and 90 °C had higher (P<0.05) CIAD of starch than the diet conditioned at 20 °C, but similar to the diet conditioned at 75 °C. Higher (P<0.001) apparent metabolisable energy values were determined for mash diets. The AME content of diets conditioned at 60 °C was similar to those conditioned at 75 °C and higher (P<0.05) than diets conditioned at 20 and 90 °C. In both feed forms, the diet conditioned at 90 °C had the highest (P<0.05) gelatinised starch content. In mash diets, while the diets conditioned at 20, 60 and 75 °C had similar resistant starch content, the diet conditioned at 90 °C had the highest (P<0.05) resistant starch content. In pelleted diets, the diets conditioned at 20 and 90 °C had higher (P<0.05) resistant starch content than the diet conditioned at 60 °C, but similar to the diet conditioned at 75 °C. Overall, the current results suggest that while in mash diets steam-conditioning at 60 °C improved weight gain and feed intake, increasing conditioning temperatures per se had negative effects on nutrient utilisation and, weight gain and feed per unit gain of broiler starters. But the deterioration in performance parameters caused by conditioning at higher temperatures was restored when steam-conditioned mash diets were pelleted.

Effect of pellet quality on various broiler production parameters

SUMMARY The effect of feeding diets of different pellet qualities was evaluated using Cobb × Cobb 500 straight-run broilers. Birds were fed a common starter diet in crumble form from 0 to 14 d of age and were subsequently fed grower phase (14 to 28 d) and finisher phase (28 to 42 d) diets that varied in percentage of pellets (0 vs. 32 vs. 64% pellets). All diets were based on corn, soybean meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and a meat by-product blend, and were formulated to meet or exceed NRC recommendations. Diets were mixed in a 2,000-lb (907-kg) horizontal double-ribbon mixer and pelleted using a 40-horsepower pellet mill. At 28 d of age, birds were fed a mash feed (nonconditioned), a diet with 64% pellets, or a diet with equal amounts of these 2 diets to generate a 32% pellet diet. Birds fed the 2 pellet-containing diets performed similarly but had higher BW and feed intake and lower feed conversion than birds fed the mash diet. Feed conversion was best with the 64% pellet diet, and it increased progressively as the pellet count decreased. Birds fed diets with 32 and 64% pellets had higher weights for the carcass, back-half fat, and abdominal fat and had higher breast meat yield values, parallel to the final BW. Wing yield decreased progressively as the pellet quality increased. When feed costs associated with producing 1 kg of 42-d BW, carcass, breast meat, and back half were calculated, feeding diets with 64% pellets was superior to feeding diets with 32% pellets or mash diets. Based on the present results, feed mills would appear to be justified in considering strategies for improving pellet quality to increase broiler productivity, carcass yield, and feed cost efficiency.

Nutritional equivalency evaluation of transgenic maize grain from event DP-Ø9814Ø-6 and transgenic soybeans containing event DP-356Ø43-5: Laying hen performance and egg quality measures

The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional performance of laying hens fed maize grain from event DP-Ø9814Ø-6 (98140; gat4621 and zm-hra genes) and processed soybean meal from soybeans containing event DP-356Ø43-5 (356043; gat4601 and gm-hra genes), individually or in combination, with the performance of hens fed diets containing nontransgenic maize and soybean meal. Healthy pullets (n = 216) placed in cages (3 hens/cage) were randomly assigned to 9 dietary treatments (8 cages/treatment): nontransgenic controls 1, 2, and 3 (comparable genetic background controls for 98140, 356043, and 98140 + 356043, respectively); reference 1, reference 2, and reference 3 (commercially available nontransgenic maize-soybean meal sources); and 98140 (test 1), 356043 (test 2), and 98140 + 356043 (test 3). The experiment was divided into three 4-wk phases (24 to 28 wk, 28 to 32 wk, and 32 to 36 wk of age), during which time hens were fed mash diets. Performance (BW, feed intake, and egg production) and egg quality data were collected. Data were analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA; differences between the control and respective test group means were considered significant at P < 0.05. Data generated from the reference groups were used only in the estimation of experimental variability and in generating the tolerance interval. Body weight and BW gain, egg production, and production efficiency for hens fed the test diets were similar to the respective values for hens fed the corresponding control diets. Haugh unit measures and egg component weights were similar between the respective test and control groups, and no differences were observed in quality grades or crack measures. All observed values of the control and test groups were within the calculated tolerance intervals. This research indicates that the performance and egg quality of hens fed diets containing 98140 maize grain, 356043 soybean meal, or a combination of the 2 was comparable with that of hens fed diets formulated with nontransgenic maize grain or soybean meal control diets with comparable genetic backgrounds.

Evaluation of high protein distillers’ dried grains as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of high-protein corn distillers’ dried grains (HP-cDDG), from a plant using a front-end fractionation process, on broiler performance in batteries (0 to 20 d of age: exp. 1) and floor pens (0 to 33 d of age: exp. 2). In exp. 1, 1-d-old male broiler chicks were placed in batteries in an environmentally controlled room. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 16% HP-cDDG and to be isocaloric and isonitrogeneous. The mash diets were fed to eight replicates of six chicks per replicate from 0 to 20 d of age. Overall (0 to 20 d of age) the inclusion of 6% HP-cDDG or greater in the diets negatively impacted body weight (BW) gain and feed conversion ratio as compared with the control or the 3% HP-cDDG diet. The negative effect was likely due to a marginal lysine deficiency in the diets as the level of HP-cDDG increased. In exp. 2, 1-d-old male broiler chicks were housed in floor pens equipped with hanging tube feeders, a nipple watering system and pine wood shavings in an environmentally controlled room. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 16% HP-cDDG and to be isocaloric. The crumble (0 to 15 d of age) and pellet diets (16 to 33 d of age) were fed to eight replications per treatment containing 40 chicks per replication. There was no effect of up to 16% HP-cDDG inclusion on broiler performance during the starter period (0 to 15 d of age). However, any inclusion of HP-cDDG in the diets during the grower period (16 to 33 d of age) significantly decreased BW gain as compared with the control diet. Also, the inclusion of 9% HP-cDDG or greater to the diets negatively impacted feed conversion ratio. The reason for the depression in performance was also likely due to a lysine deficiency. In conclusion, HP-cDDG could be an acceptable feed ingredient for broilers, but special attention must be paid to the amino acid levels (especially lysine) in order to prevent deficiencies.

UTILIZATION OF PELLETED AND NON PELLETED FEED BY GROWING RABBITS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS

A total of 48 four weeks old rabbits were divided in 3 homogenous groups and caged individually. During a 6 weeks trial they received ad libitum the same diet, but pelleted in long or short pellets (diameter 1.1 cm and length of 6.5 or 2.1 cm) or presented as mash. Rabbits fed long and short pellets ate and grew similarly (adg of 29.5 and 27.3 g/d) but significantly grew better than those fed on all mash diet (21.9 g/day). Form of feed did not affect mortality rates (0 or 1 dead rabbit/group). However, cost of wasted feed for rabbits fed long pellets and mash was about twice that of rabbits fed short pellets and as such would reduce profit margins.

EFEITO DA PELETIZAÇÃO EM DIETAS CONTENDO COMPLEXO ENZIMÁTICO PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE

This study aimed to examine if pelletization interferes in the dietary enzymatic activity, in which an enzymatic complex (EC) produced by solid state fermentation technology was used. A total of 216 Cobb male broilers (1 to 21 days of age) were allocated in batteries. A total of 6 replicates per treatment, and 6 broilers per treatment were used. Treatments consisted of T1- Control mash diet, T2- Control pellet diet, T3- Overestimated mash diet + EC, T4- overestimated mash diet without addition of EC, T5- Overestimated pellet diet + EC, and T6- overestimated pellet diet without addition of EC. All overestimated diets were reformulated to 75 kcal ME/kg, 0.1% Ca and P. Growth performance, drumstick and thigh were increased with the use of pellet diet. Meat color was not influenced by dietary treatments. Results indicated that the enzymatic complex was not affected by pelleting (75º C) the diets.KEYWORDS: Bone strength, broiler, meat color, pellet, performance.

EFEITO DA FORMA FÍSICA E DA RESTRIÇÃO ALIMENTAR SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE POEDEIRAS LEVES

The experiment aimed at testing the effects of feed physical form (mash vs. pelleted) and feed allowance (ad libitum vs. 10% restriction) in 160 H & N laying hens. Four treatments were applied, with 20 replications of two 26-44-week-old birds each in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FC), egg production (EP), egg weight (EW) and egg specific gravity (EG) were evaluated. The mash diet provided greater FI in the total period (P KEYWORDS: Egg production, feed restriction, laying hens, pelleting.

Intestinal villus histological alterations in broilers fed dietary dried fermented ginger.

To evaluate the effect of dietary dried fermented ginger (DFG) on intestinal villous histological alteration and growth performance, 64 Marshall Chunky male broilers were divided into four groups, each with four replicates of four chickens. Birds were fed the basal commercial mash diet supplemented with DFG at 0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 g/kg for 42 days. With increasing dietary DFG levels, feed intake tended to decrease and significantly decreased in the 20 g/kg DFG group (p < 0.05). Weight gain was higher in all the DFG groups, with the highest in the 10 g/kg DFG group (p < 0.05), resulting in an improved feed efficiency in all the DFG groups. Intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis in all the intestinal segments were higher in all the DFG groups than in the control group. Protuberated cells and cell clusters were found in all the DFG groups, suggesting that the intestinal villi and cells might be hypertrophied. The present results indicate that dietary DFG can be used as a natural feed additive to induce broiler growth performance as a result of stimulation of morphological maturation and in consequence intestinal function.

Phosphorus equivalency value of an Escherichia coli phytase in the diets of White Pekin ducks

Male White Pekin ducks at 7 d posthatch were used in a 10-d experiment to determine the equivalency value of an Escherichia coli phytase (Phyzyme XP) in corn-soybean meal-based mash diets. Two hundred fifty-six ducks were grouped by weight into 8 blocks of 8 cages with 4 ducks per cage. The 8 diets consisted of a P-adequate positive control corn-soybean meal formulated to contain CP, Ca, total P, and nonphytate P at 220, 8, 6.6, and 4 g/kg, respectively; a low-P negative control (NC) corn-soybean meal basal diet formulated to contain CP, Ca, total P, and nonphytate P at 220, 6.5, 3.9, and 1.3 g/kg, respectively; NC diet plus 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 g of inorganic P from monosodium phosphate/kg; and NC diet plus E. coli phytase at 500, 1,000, or 1,500 units/kg. Ducks were provided ad libitum access to water and experimental diets. Feeding the low-P NC diet to ducks reduced (P<0.01) BW gain, feed intake, G:F, tibia ash, ileal digestibility, and utilization of P. Supplementation of the NC diet with inorganic P or phytase linearly improved (P<0.01) final weight, BW gain, feed intake, G:F, tibia ash, and ileal P digestibility. There were linear increases (P<0.01) in the utilization of P from 33.8 to 42% or from 33.8 to 46.6% as dietary added inorganic P or phytase increased from 0 to 1.5 g/kg or 0 to 1,500 units/kg, respectively. Linear regression equations for the tibia ash as the dependent variable and supplemental intake of inorganic P and phytase or supplemental level of inorganic P and phytase as independent variables were used to generate P equivalency values of phytase. The mean P equivalency values of phytase from linear regression equations derived from ducks fed a low-P NC diet supplemented with graded levels of inorganic P or phytase from d 7 to 17 posthatch for 500, 1,000, and 1,500 phytase units/kg of diet were 0.453, 0.847, and 1.242 g/kg of diet, respectively. The results of this study showed that this phytase was efficacious in hydrolyzing phytate P for bone mineralization and growth of ducks.

Effects of a thermotolerant multi-enzyme product on nutrient and energy utilization of broilers fed mash or crumbled corn-soybean meal diets

An experiment was conducted to test the thermotolerance and efficacy of a new commercial multi-enzyme product containing amylase, protease, and xylanase activities in broilers fed diets in 2 physical forms (mashed and crumbled). The experiment consisted of 4 treatments for each form of diet: a control diet without enzyme (0 mg/kg) and test diets supplemented with 250, 350, or 450 mg/kg of a multi-enzyme product. Sixty-four male 36-d-old commercial Arbor Acres broilers were allocated into 64 wire cages that were then randomly divided into 8 treatments (8 replicate cages per treatment). Digestibility of diets and AME and TME values based on corn and soybean meal were measured by true methods. Endogenous losses were obtained from another 8 broilers. Excreta samples were collected to determine CP, gross energy (GE), and DM, and GE was analyzed for computation of AME and TME. Addition of the multi-enzyme product had a positive effect on nutrient utilization, including CP, DM, GE, AME, and TME, in broilers fed corn-soybean diets. Both mash and crumbled diets supplemented with 350 or 450 mg/kg of enzyme had significantly higher ( P < 0.05) AME and TME values and apparent and true digestibility of DM, CP, and GE as compared with the lower enzyme diet or the control diet. Furthermore, increased levels of enzyme preparation caused a significant linear increase in the apparent and true digestibility of CP, DM, or GE and also linearly improved ( P < 0.05) AME and TME for both the mash and crumbled diets. The crumbled diets had higher nutrient digestibility than the mash diets, regardless of whether enzyme was supplemented. In conclusion, addition of the multi-enzyme was effective in improving nutrient digestibility in 36-d-old broilers fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet, and effects of the enzyme remained in the feed after pelleting. Therefore, the enzyme complex used in this study had the thermotolerance to withstand the heat treatment process of pelleting.

WAY100635 blocks the hypophagia induced by 8-OH-DPAT in the hypothalamic nuclei

This study examined the influence of pretreatment with N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexane carboxamide maleate (WAY100635, full 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 37 nmol) on feeding effects evoked by local injections of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 7 receptor agonist, 6 nmol) into the LH and into the ARC of female rats adapted to a wet mash diet (enriched with 10% sucrose), during diestrus or estrus. The results showed that the LH-pretreatment with WAY100635 suppressed the hypophagic effects evoked by 8-OH-DPAT during estrus as well as diestrus. The ARC pretreatment with WAY100635 blockaded the hypophagia evoked by 8-OH-DPAT in estrus rats. The previous treatment with WAY100635 in the ARC also suppressed the feeding duration decrease evoked by 8-OH-DPAT in estrus. The latency to start feeding, the drinking behavior and the durations of other non-ingestive behaviors were not affected by the different treatments, hypothalamic regions (LH or ARC), and/or estrous cycle stages (diestrus and estrus), except for the locomotion duration increase after 8-OH-DAPT in LH-pretreated rats in diestrus. The present findings confirm our previous suggestion that ARC- and the LH-5-HT 1A receptors participate in the serotonergic control of feeding and that these feeding-related serotonergic circuits in LH are affected by ovarian hormones, since the treatment with WAY100635 evoked a hypophagia response during the diestrus phases.

Means to improve the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens: The effect of particle size, enzyme addition, and feed pelleting

Three experiments were conducted to explore dietary means (particle size, enzyme addition, bile salts addition, and feed pelleting) of minimizing the antinutritive effects of cell wall-nonstarch polysaccharides of flaxseed. Broiler chickens were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 15% of full-fat flaxseed from 5 to 18 d. The effects of 2 enzyme preparations containing viscosity-reducing or cell wall-degrading activities on growth performance and nutrient digestibility were evaluated in experiment 1. Enzyme addition had beneficial effects (P<0.05) in increasing nonstarch polysaccharide digestibility and reducing intestinal viscosity. However, no differences in growth performance or fat digestibility were observed between the enzyme types. Therefore, the enzyme supplement containing both viscosity-reducing and cell wall-degrading activities was used in subsequent studies. A 2x2x2 factorial arrangement was used in experiment 2 to investigate the effects of particle size (coarse vs. fine), enzyme supplementation, and bile salt addition on the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens. In experiment 3, a 4x2 factorial arrangement was used to further investigate the effects of feed processing (whole seed, coarsely ground seed, and finely ground seed in pelleted diets or finely ground seed in mash diets) and enzyme addition on growth performance and fat utilization. Bile salt addition did not improve fat digestibility. Particle size reduction via grinding had no significant effect on growth performance no matter if present in the mash or pelleted diets. When compared with grinding, feed pelleting showed more pronounced and beneficial effects on growth performance particularly when whole, intact seeds were used, indicating a potential for using whole flaxseed in the pelleted diets. Enzyme addition resulted in an increase in total tract fat digestibility by 3 to 6%, which was reflected in an improved feed conversion ratio by 1 to 3%, regardless of the processing method used (P<0.05). In conclusion, enzyme addition and feed pelleting offer practical solutions to improve the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens.

Effect of Crumble-Pellet and Mash Diets with Different Levels of Dietary Protein and Energy on the Performance of Broilers at the End of the Third Week

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the form of diets with different levels of protein and energy on broilers performance at the end of the third week. A total of 2800 male broiler chicks were fed with two forms of diet (mash and crumble-pellet), two levels of protein (23% and 21% CP), and two levels of energy (3200 and 3000 Kcal/Kg ME) from 1 to 21 days of age. The bodyweight (BW) and Feed conversion rate (FCR) were affected by the form of diet with the crumble-pellet form being better (P < .001). The diet with high protein significantly increased BW and decreased FCR (P < .001). The different levels of energy did not affect FCR and BW in crumble-pellet diet but should a significant effect on them in mash diet (P < .05). There were no significant interactions for any of the parameters tested except for interactions between energy and feed form. BW and FCR were improved by energy when diets were fed in the mash form (unlike the crumble-pellet form) at all ages. It is concluded that feeding crumble-pellets from 1 to 21 days of age improved BW and FCR and that an increase in the protein (unlike energy) content of the diet increased the performance of the chickens at the end of the third week.

Cultivo consorciado do pirarucu com a tilápia

Abstract: With the purpose of studying the growth of arapaima (Arapaima gigas) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in an intercropping, a pond area of 190 m2, has been excavated in Gleissolo Haplico populated with individuals of 10 A was used . gigas measuring 21.5 cm in average length and weighing an average of 54.21 g. The tilapia was introduced as food, totaling 6840 individuals (36 fish m-2) measuring 5.4 cm on average, and an average weight of 3.2 g, and six couples tilapia with 12.4 cm and 32.46 g of total average length and average total weight, respectively. Tilapia were fed diet of chicken mash with 23% crude protein in quantities of 2% of the initial biomass throughout the growing season, just to maintain basic needs. The growth of A. gigas, submitted to foraging fingerlings of O. niloticus in captivity, was estimated monthly by: relative increase in length relative increase in weight growth curve fitted to the data length, weight / length, and growth curves were obtained by weight deductive method of conjunction between weight / length ratio and the growth curve in length, the survival curve of tilapia was obtained by curve fitting the monthly data of densities and biomass for the curves conjunction between the survival curves of the growth and weight. The results showed that tilapia should be offered as food less than 15 cm and fish densities above 36 m 2 per 10 pirarucus throughout the cultivation period size. From 15 cm, tilapia is hardly consumed by arapaima and may be available to the fish farmer to consumer.

The nutrient digestibility of high-protein corn distillers dried grains and the effect of feeding various levels on the performance of laying hens

Currently, corn fractionation technologies are being developed by some ethanol plants in an attempt to improve ethanol yield. Front-end fractionation technology involves separating the endosperm, germ, and bran fractions before fermentation. The endosperm fraction is fermented to produce ethanol and a feed coproduct, which is often called high-protein corn distillers dried grains (HP-cDDG). In general, HP-cDDG from the front-end fractionation process is higher in protein and amino acids but lower in fat and phosphorus than traditional corn distillers dried grains with solubles. In experiment 1, a total of 8 samples were analyzed for TME n , and a total of 7 samples were analyzed for total and digestible amino acids by the precision-fed conventional rooster assay and cecectomized rooster assay, respectively. The average (and range) TME n , protein, fat, and fiber values for 8 HP-cDDG samples were 2,851 kcal/kg (2,667 to 3,282 kcal/kg), 44.0 (42.2 to 45.9), 3.03 (1.89 to 5.40), and 7.42% (6.98 to 9.20%; as-fed basis), respectively. The average (and range) total lysine concentration and digestibility coefficient of HP-cDDG were 1.23 (1.13 to 1.38) and 76.1% (67.5 to 85.6%). Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of HP-cDDG from a plant using front-end fractionation on the performance of laying hens. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12% HP-cDDG. The mash diets were fed to 15 replications of 6 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens per replication from 21 to 41 wk of age. The addition of 3% HP-cDDG significantly improved egg mass as compared with eggs from hens fed the control diet. Overall, at 41 wk no difference in FE, egg yolk color, or specific gravity was attributable to the addition of up to 12% HP-cDDG to the diets as compared with hens fed the control diet. It is important that confirmatory analysis be conducted before using a new fermentation by-product from a new plant or supplier. High-protein corn distillers dried grains is an acceptable feed ingredient when up to 12% is used in a standard laying hen diet during peak production.

Zero-tannin faba bean as a replacement for soybean meal in diets for starter pigs

The nutritional value of zero-tannin (ZT) faba bean for starter pigs is poorly characterized. Five mash diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% ZT faba bean in substitution for soybean meal were fed to 75 pens of 5-wk-old pigs for 21 d. Increasing the dietary level of ZT faba bean did not affect average daily weight gain, feed intake or feed efficiency (P &gt; 0.05) for each weekly period and the entire study (days 0 to 21). Increasing the dietary level of ZT faba bean linearly increased apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and P (P &lt; 0.05), but not of dry matter, gross energy and Ca (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, young pigs can be fed up to 40% raw, ground ZT faba bean (var. Snowbird) in full substitution for soybean meal in the starter diet.Key words: Digestibility, faba bean, growth performance, soybean meal, starter pig

Effects of diet containing &lt;i&gt; Garcinia Kola&lt;/i&gt; seeds on the liver of adult male wistar rats.

Edidem 11.9999 Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This study aims at investigating the in vivo effect of Garcinia kola ( G. kol a) seeds on the histology, and glycogen storage action of the liver of adult male albino wistar rats. Forty (40) adult male albino wistar rats were used in this study. They were procured from the Animal House of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka. They were acclamatised to the conditions of the Animal House of the College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. They were divided into four (4) groups of ten (10) each. Groups I, II, and III were fed with growers mash mixed with G. kola powder at 30%, 20%, and 10% w/w respectively. Group IV (control) was fed ad libitum with normal diet of growers mash produced by Top Feeds® Plc. The experiment lasted for ten (10) weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were euthanised by chloroform inhalation and their liver dissected out and processed for H&E, and Best Carmine stains. The cell morphology of the hepatocytes was not deranged due to consumption of G. kola seed. The Best Carmine stained slides showed a dose dependent increase in the glycogen storage activity of the liver. The implications of these changes are discussed.

Effect of pellet diameter in broiler starter diets on subsequent performance

SUMMARY Differently sized dies were used to pellet broiler starter diets formulated to meet typical commercial standards. From 0 to 13 d of age, birds in floor pens were assigned different feed forms, such as mash, crumble, or pellets made by using 1.59- and 3.17-mm dies, followed by common grower and finisher diets pelleted with a 4.76-mm die fed to 41 d. During the first 13 d, birds fed the crumble diet and the 1.59- and 3.17-mm die diets had greater BW and more efficient feed conversion than did birds fed the mash feed; however, when all birds were placed on a common pelleted feed from 13 to 41 d, these positive effects dissipated as the birds grew older. Significant differences in feed intake were observable only at 13 d. Birds fed the diet pelleted with a 1.59- or 3.17-mm die had higher feed consumption than did birds fed the mash feed, but the feed intake was similar when birds were fed either the crumble or mash diet. Significant linear regressions were observed between BW or feed intake at 13 d and at 34 or 41 d. According to these correlations, the numerical differences in BW or feed intake at 7 d were maintained up to 34 or 41 d. It was likely that a 3.17-mm die diet was suitable for the starter diet because these birds became accustomed to a larger pellet size, thereby increasing the feed intake in subsequent periods. These data indicate that the small pellet diameters could be beneficial during the starter period and on subsequent performance.

Main effects and interactions of varying formulation protein, fiber, and moisture on feed manufacture and pellet quality

The majority of broiler feed is in pelleted form. Feeding pelleted diets results in improved BW gain and FE compared with feeding mash diets. However, improvements in performance are contingent on pellet quality. Past research has focused on methods to improve pellet quality without negatively affecting processing variables and performance. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effects and interactions that occur when small inclusion amounts of fiber, protein, and moisture were formulated into corn- and soybean-based broiler diets. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, small inclusion amounts (5%) of fiber (in the form of cellulose) or protein (in the form of soy protein isolate) improved the pellet durability index and the modified pellet durability index compared with the control (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, manufacturing variables were not negatively affected (P > 0.05). In experiment 2, small inclusion amounts of protein (2%), in the form of soybean meal, and moisture (2 and 4%), in the form of tap water, improved the pellet durability index and the modified pellet durability index (P ≤ 0.05). Small inclusion amounts of fiber, in the form of oat hulls, negatively affected pellet quality and manufacturing variables. Ingredient interactions were not observed for manufacturing variables or pellet quality. These results demonstrate that small inclusion amounts of supplemental fiber (cellulose), protein (soy protein isolate or soybean meal), and moisture (tap water) can be used to ameliorate poor pellet quality.