Masculine Values Research Articles

МОДЕЛЬ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ЕЕ РОЛЬ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ

The problem of the model of an economic person in modern scientific theory occupies an essential place. Post-nonclassical science, focusing its attention on the subject of scientific research, puts at the center of research the influence of a person on all processes of society, including economic ones. The influence of the human factor and the factor of culture on the economy is studied by many modern economists in order to identify the most general patterns of functioning of national cultures and national economies. The article proposes a culturological interpretation of the model of an economic person on the basis of ethnometric parameters developed by the Dutch sociologist G. Hofstede, provides evidence of the need to build new models of a person in the economy, taking into account the culturally specific characteristics of nations, and also substantiates the thesis existing in modern humanities about the influence of culture on the economy. The homo economicus model of man is one of the most widespread and most debated. At the same time, in the scientific space, the model of the economic person is assigned a crucial role for achieving the prosperity of nations. At the same time, the thesis that in economics culture has a meaning that has a great influence on the study of models of an economic person from the standpoint of culturological science and sociology becomes important. Ethnometric indices developed by G. Hofstede allow for a correlation analysis between such cultural indicators as a high level of individualism, dominance of masculine values, and a long-term period of life planning and satisfaction of one's desires, combined with a low power distance and lack of fear of change, help to achieve a high economic development of the nation. Despite the belief of many sociologists and economists that the possession of these characteristics leads to the prosperity of the nation, none of the developed European countries, based on the results of their development, confirms the conclusion about such a correspondence. In this regard, it seems correct to abandon the construction of a universal model of a person in the economy and focus on the culturally specific characteristics of individual nations with their potential for economic development. The toolkit developed by G. Hofstede undoubtedly has a high heuristic potential in the study of the relationship and interdependence of culture and economy, but it is also obvious that the universalization of the model of an economic person is possible only in theory, and in the case of practical application, it deviates to some extent from the ideal model. due to the peculiarities of national cultures, which have a significant impact on the economic prosperity of nations.

The Perceived Characteristics of Sports and How Feminine and Masculine Value Affect Students’ Perception of Sports: A Study Based on Beijing School Context

The Perceived Characteristics of Sports and How Feminine and Masculine Value Affect Students’ Perception of Sports: A Study Based on Beijing School Context

Cultural values, school innovative climate and organizational affective commitment: a study of Israeli teachers

PurposeResearch suggests that cultural dimensions affect teachers' perceptions and behaviors. Based on Hofstede's cultural dimensions and organizational innovation climate literature, we examined the effects of the cultural values of collectivism, masculinity, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and short-term orientation on teachers' perceptions of school innovative climate and their affective commitment.Design/methodology/approachArab and Jewish Israeli teachers studying toward their MA degree (N = 268) were randomly selected from three colleges to fill out questionnaires pertaining to these cultural values, innovative climate and their affective commitment.FindingsOnly the cultural value of collectivism positively affected perceptions of innovative climate. Negative relationships were found between the latter and uncertainty avoidance, as well as masculinity. Perception of innovative climate, in turn, related positively to teachers' affective commitment.Originality/valueThis study adds to the body of research directed at identifying antecedents to affective commitment as well as to studies examining cultural effects on innovation.

American individualism and masculinity? The case of nursing homes

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to show that opposing cultural values can coexist in the same culture at a time. The United States is typically featured as a society representative of individualist and masculine cultural values. Nevertheless, the conditions given in some contexts collide head on with this view. The case that this article examines is one of these scenarios. The analysis of more than a hundred statements from fifteen nursing homes has shown that these centres try to convey messages compatible with tribal-group and feminine values. At a vulnerable time of life, as ageing is, owing to the need for assistance or to a desire to feel safe, what is attractive is knowing that one is going to be in a place of warmth. People seek for an environment of cooperation and care and not of competition and detachment. The discourse that these centres use to attract customers, opposes somehow the individualist and masculine values that are usually associated with the American culture. Therefore, this article discusses the importance of context and the communicative situation, which tilt the discourse used by the speakers even if it does not reflect the values traditionally assigned to their cultural group.

The role of Latino masculine values in Mexican adolescent sexuality.

This study broadens the field of quantitative research on culture-specific values and Mexican adolescent sexual behavior from an ecological perspective. We examined how general values such as machismo and caballerismo, and sexual values such as the importance of male virginity are associated with Mexican adolescent normative sexual behaviors and intentions. We also examined the role of gender, age, and school type in these associations. We administered measures of caballerismo, machismo, importance of male virginity, sexual intentions, and sexual behaviors to a sample of 539 Mexican adolescents, aged 12 to 15. The results indicated that adolescents who endorsed the machismo value more had greater intentions to have sex, and were more likely to receive oral sex. Adolescents who endorsed less caballerismo had greater intentions to have sex when they were not sexually active. Additionally, adolescents who reported lower importance of male virginity had greater intentions to have sex and a higher likelihood of having vaginal sex. Gender, age, and school context moderated a few associations. For example, older adolescents (but not younger) who endorsed more caballerismo reported lower intentions to have sex. The current study expands the understanding of how general and sexual culture-specific values are associated with the sexual intentions and behaviors of Mexican adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Men's sexual help-seeking and care needs after radical prostatectomy or other non-hormonal, active prostate cancer treatments.

To examine prostate cancer (PCa) survivors' sexual help-seeking intentions, behaviours, and unmet needs. In this prospective cohort study, men who underwent active, non-hormonal treatment completed baseline (N = 558) and 6-month follow-up (N = 387) questionnaires. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (sexual help-seeking intention, perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective norm, attitude), masculine values (e.g., sexual importance/priority, emotional self-reliance), sex life and functioning, sexual supportive care needs, distress (anxiety, depression), and sexual help-seeking behaviour were assessed. Most men (M age = 64.6 years; M years post-diagnosis = 4.0) received prostatectomy (93%), reported severe erectile dysfunction (52%), ≥ 1 unmet sexual care need (66%), and sought help from a doctor (baseline 52%, follow-up 42%). Sexual care needs were significantly associated with poorer erectile function, reduced satisfaction with sex-life, valuing sex as important/integral to identity (masculine values), and increased depression (p ≤ 0.001). Sexual help-seeking intentions were significantly associated with valuing sex as important/integral to identity, recent help-seeking, greater confidence/control, perceiving support from important others, and positive attitudes, for sexual help-seeking (p < 0.001). Significant predictors of sexual help-seeking (follow-up) were baseline intentions, recent help-seeking (p < 0.001), and increased anxiety (p < 0.05). Men's unmet sexual care needs, sexual help-seeking intentions, and behaviour appear driven by the importance/value attributed to sex, distress, positive feelings, support from others, and confidence for help-seeking. Psychosocial providers are well-placed to address men's concerns, yet few sought their assistance. Interventions to improve men's access to effective sexual care are needed, particularly focused on reframing masculine values about the importance of sex and leveraging TPB-based predictors of help-seeking.

Not given lightly

This article examines punk/indie scenes in 1970s–80s Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ) in terms of dominant punk discourses of youth ‘resistance’, independence from mainstream values and commercial institutions, and questioning musical meaning. In line with Frith, it aims to show how these discourses were complicated if not contradicted in practice, partly due to their reembedding in settler colonies like NZ, where punk/indie became associated with traditional settler values of white masculinity in ‘pure’ natural settings, on the one hand, while also echoing high modernist discourses authenticating local culture as independent of foreign influence, again drawing on gendered discourse. Chris Knox and the Dunedin Sound are the main examples discussed. The rise of creative industries discourses in the early 2000s served to highlight competing definitions of local music in relation to national identity, as tensions arose between punk/indie’s self-identification with Pakeha masculine ‘authenticity’, and emergent constructions of New Zealand music as popular, commercial and also more gender and ethnically diverse.

The regulation of public morality and eugenics: a productive alliance between the Catholic Church and Italian Fascism

Historical research acknowledges only cursorily the Catholic contribution to eugenics. Yet there is a substantial link between Catholic discourses on morality and the emergence of Italian eugenics. In this essay I argue that sexual normalisation was a key source of consensus. Masculine and patriarchal values strengthened the strategic collaboration between Fascist demographic policies, the Italian interpretation of eugenics, and Catholic doctrine. I draw on archival and printed material to show that the control of public morality and the support for reproduction met both Catholic and Fascist interests. In particular, I focus on the alliance between the State and the Catholic Church working against ‘the contraceptive mentality’. Mussolini wanted to stimulate religious sentiment as a basis for the fight against depopulation. The Catholic Church desired a set of laws against immorality, birth control and abortion. In this way, Fascism and the Catholic Church found a solid cultural agreement around restoring traditional mores, patriarchal values, and gender hierarchy.

Kourat el Kadem: soccer culture and fandom in postcolonial Francophone Algerian texts

ABSTRACT This article examines soccer culture and fandom in North African Francophone literature, focusing on sociological studies and the ideological underpinnings that exist between soccer culture, national identity and Islamism in post-riot 1988 Algeria. In postcolonial Algeria, soccer – commonly referred to as Kourat el Kadem (ball at foot) – continues to be highly politicised, as evident in short stories by Yahia Belaskri, Anouar Benmalek, and novels by Aziz Chouaki and Rachid Boudjedra. Soccer galvanises crowds, it has a freeing, escapist, or annihilating potential, while soccer players embody a strong masculinity and positive values. Supposedly a sinful (haram) activity – according to radicalised clerical leaders – soccer is far more than a leisure activity. During Algeria’s civil war decade, soccer polarised and divided political and religious leaders, as illustrated by the assassination of Yamaha, supporter of the Belcourt team in Vincent Colonna’s novel Yamaha d’Alger (1999). While the practice of soccer is hugely popular throughout the Maghreb, this popularity is shared by Western nations, making soccer practice more problematic in a society eager to erase any remnants of colonial domination. Yet, soccer does not escape the impact of globalisation and can be associated with negative values such as money, prostitution, alcohol consumption, music, partying, and rioting.

Role of Fatherhood Identity and Machismo in Latino Men With Problem Drinking

Latino men are more likely to binge drink than their non-Latino male counterparts. Moreover, Latino fathers who misuse alcohol may show rigid masculine values (traditional machismo) rather than sensitivity and warmth ( caballerismo). In an online survey of 309 Latino fathers, the researchers explored the relationship between problem drinking and traditional machismo, caballerismo, child–father relationship, father self-efficacy, and fatherhood identity. The study found that problem drinking was associated with higher levels of traditional machismo and child–father conflict and lower levels of fatherhood identity. In addition, fatherhood identity moderated the relationship between traditional machismo and problem drinking. These results underscore the significance of fatherhood identity for Latino men and support a strengths-based approach for substance abuse interventions for Latino fathers.

Mobile Crowdsourcing Technology Acceptance and Engagement in Crisis Management

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of the intention for the continuous acceptance and use of mobile crowdsourcing to participate in refugee crisis management. A questionnaire was developed to collect data from 389 Syrian refugees in Jordan's Za'atari camp. Smart PLS was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the individual and crowd performance expectancy, the social influence, and perceived risks on the individual and crowd levels have a significant influence on the intention for the continuous acceptance and engagement in mobile crowdsourcing to participate in refugee crisis management. In addition, the results revealed that cultural values of masculinity, power distance, and long-term orientation have no effect on the intention. At the same time, cultural values of collectivism and uncertainty avoidance have a significant effect.

Masculinity Values in The Glass Menagerie

Masculinity is the labeling for men related to sex, identity, responsibility, culture, tradition, and others aspect. Masculinity is also the term of separating position for men from female. The aim of the research was to describe the masculinity values of the men characters in the drama whose name is Tom that he is depressed by his mother. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with structuralism approach. Data sources were primary and supporting data. The primary data were taken from Tennessee William’s The Glass Menagerie, and supporting data were taken from the books, journals, articles, and internet sources. The research indicated masculinity values in this drama had shown man’s role as a son, man as an independent man, and man as a friend.

Rethinking Language and Gender in African Fiction: Towards De-gendering and Re-gendering

The recognition and acceptance of the social construction of gender and the coercive nature of gendered subjectivities has been at the centre of feminist discourse which challenges the subjugation of the woman. G.D. Nyamndi, therefore, in his Facing Meamba attempts to address these concerns and proffer feasible solutions. The representation of women in literature, the role of gender in both literary creation and literary criticism, as studied ingynocriticism, the connection between gender and various aspects of literary form in such genre and metre embody masculine values of heroism, war, and adventure. This androcentric stand has compromised the rights of the woman, resulting in her marginalization, alienation and exclusion from socio-cultural activities. She is maligned with a sense of inadequacy. The patriarchal centre prevails and dominates the woman who has been pushed to the margin of the society. In this regard, Nyamndi demonstrates that, the African woman still has a place within the postcolonial context even though the man is imbued with more powers than the woman. Informed by the postcolonial theory, this study argues that, gendering constitutes a grave danger to a harmonious existence between the two genders. The study revealed that, de-gendering and re-gendering can create harmony between the man and woman because the two concepts are basis for gender equality. To achieve this, language which constitutes a semiotic mould has been exploited to deploy themes like, gender inequality and cultural issues.

Freeter, Arafo, House Husband: Shifting Values of Hegemonic Masculinity and Emphasized Femininity in Four Japanese Television Dramas

This study examines the shifting values of masculinity and femininity in four Japanese television dramas: At Home Dad (2004), Around 40 (2008), Freeter, Buy a House (2010), and Wonderful Single Life (2012). These corpus data are analyzed using Connell’s concepts of hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity. The findings of this study focus on the following: 1. Characters in the four television dramas challenge the dominant discourses of masculinity and femininity by living as freeters, house husbands, and arafos. 2. To criticize hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity, these dramas depict the negative aspects of living a rigid lifestyle encompassed by traditional gender roles and feature main characters who show alternative lifestyles of masculinity and femininity. 3. Hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity values shadow the emergence of alternative masculinity and femininity in contemporary Japanese society.

HOFSTEDE’S CULTURE VALUES SURVEY IN ALBANIAN PRIVATE HOSPITALS

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the changes that Albanian cultural dimensions’ scores have undergone over time. Hofstede’s Value Survey Module 2013 (VSM 2013) has been applied to examine the six dimensions of culture; power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence. The survey data (N=387) was collected in the two largest private hospitals in Albania. Globalization, technological developments, economical flourishing and crisis, war and peace, influence the shifting of national cultural dimensions’ scores toward negative or positive values [1]. In this study we aim to show the shifting of Albanian culture value scores in time, and compare the results with the ones predicted by the researchers of the field. The results obtained show a negative shift on Albanian culture dimension score of power distance, individualism, long term orientation and indulgence, and a positive shift on masculinity and uncertainty avoidance values. Implications for researchers of the field are discussed in the paper.

The Role of National Culture in International Financial Reporting Standards Adoption

Prior research shows that the development of national accounting systems follows different patterns in different countries over the world. This was recently supported by the staggered manner in which countries adopt IFRS. Extant evidence shows that IFRS adoption decisions at the country level are determined by institutional and economic factors. In this context, cultural factors have not been considered. This paper examines the relationship between five cultural dimensions and countries’ decisions to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) around the world during the period 2003-2014. We find that countries with higher levels of uncertainty avoidance are more likely to adopt IFRS. Additionally, they are more likely to commit to early adoption largely on a mandatory rather than voluntary basis. On the other hand, countries with higher values of masculinity are more likely to adopt IFRS early, but the extent (whether voluntary or mandatory adoption) of adoption is not significantly related to masculinity. Finally, we show that countries with higher power distance (long-term orientation) are more (less) likely to adopt IFRS on a mandatory basis. The results are in line with Gray’s theory of cultural influence and suggest that differences in national culture had a significant role in countries’ reaction to the introduction of IFRS as a set of unified accounting standards targeting the harmonization of accounting standards adopted across different jurisdictions.

Personal values among undergraduate nursing students: A cross-sectional study

Personal values influence nursing students' development of professional values, which affect professional outcomes, and how nursing students react to different situations. Personal values can be shaped by different factors, including culture, gender, and age. To explore personal values held by nursing students, and to verify if and how gender and year of study affect nursing students' personal values. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was used. The whole population of nursing undergraduate students available at the time was recruited from eight centers of two Universities, composing a sample of 947 students. Demographic data were collected and it was administered the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of the participating centers. The study sample was mainly composed of young (92.6%, n = 877), female (77.3%, n = 732), Italian (95.8%, n = 907), and unmarried (98.6%, n = 934) nursing students. The most important value for nursing students, consistently through the years of nursing school, was Self-transcendence, which has the motivational emphasis on helping others and selflessness. Then, we found that male students had higher levels of Power (p < 0.001) and Achievement (p = 0.031), while female students outscored male students in Benevolence (p = 0.005) and Security (p = 0.006). Year of study showed no statistically significant difference. Nursing students express high levels in hetero-directed values. Male nursing students, although they choose a stereotypically feminine profession, outscored females in stereotypical masculine values such as dominance and success. This is the first study that describes the personal value profile of undergraduate nursing students, according to the Theory of Basic Human Values, and it is a starting point for future research. Nursing educators might want to consider the findings from this study while guiding students in developing awareness for their personal values.

Health-related masculine values, depression and suicide risk in men: associations among men with a history of childhood maltreatment

Background Identification of masculine values associated with men’s depression and suicide risk may generate new intervention targets for those with known static risk factors (e.g., exposure to childhood maltreatment). Aims To validate the factor structure of a measure of health-related masculine values and examine correlates relative to childhood maltreatment exposure. Method Self-report data was collected from 530 Canadian men, mean age 47.91 years (SD = 14.51). Results Confirmatory factor analysis validated an abbreviated eight-item, two-factor model of the Intensions Masculine Values Scale (IMVS-8; CFI = .984, TLI = .977, RMSEA = .054, SRMR = .032). Cluster groups of low (n = 57), moderate (n = 206) and high (n = 267) adherence to these health-related masculine values were identified, equivalent on exposure to childhood maltreatment and previous mental health treatment. A multivariate group × maltreatment interaction was observed (p = .017) whereby males in the low cluster with a maltreatment history endorsed higher mood-related symptomology. This same pattern was observed in a univariate group × maltreatment interaction for suicide risk (p = .006). Conclusions Health-related masculine values were associated with lower depression and suicide risk in men who have a history of childhood maltreatment. Future intervention studies should investigate whether development of health-related masculine values can reduce depression and suicide risk among men with a history of childhood maltreatment.

THE PROHIBITED SPEECH ON THE SACRED PROFANE IN THE LITERATURE OF THE ARAB WOMAN: AREEJ 'ASSAF DAMOUNI'S NOVEL: “ANA ISTITHNA … FAHDAR / I AM AN EXCEPTION…BEWARE!" AS A SAMPLE

Each woman has her own creative moment and her special tendency for creativity. The woman has taken responsibility to express herself in a literary writing that interrogates feelings and experiences that differ from those that the man expresses in his writing. Through her writing, the woman can crystallize characteristics and features that light areas and spaces that have been considered shameful throughout the period during which the man has monopolized writing creative texts. In writing, the woman can give up the 'moral' requirements that surround her as an objectified woman, who submits to the 'will' of society, in order to be able to come closer to those intimate spots that make her entity appear in its particularity, its distinction, and its opposition to the prevailing values of masculinity. The woman has proved that she can produce literature of high quality from the perspective of her human suffering that rages through emotional feelings that are unique literarily, physically and intellectually. Because the Arab woman has read and written for decades according to the conditions of the man and under a curtain of several ideological wrappings, her voice has remained excluded and she has remained forbidden to make her voice heard, to show her concerns and to express her opinion. As a result of unjust social measures, we see that many Arab women writers have broken their silence and started crying loudly. Among these writers is the Palestinian writer Areej 'Assaf Damouny, who wrote the novel Ana Istithna'… Fahdar/ I am an Exception…Beware. Like other women writers, Areej 'Assaf Damouni seems to say in her discourse: We are in need of women who reveal a genius that exceeds and challenges the man's genius, which implies a call for the woman to enter worlds that have been a monopoly for the man. Article visualizations:

The Social Anti-Mafia in Western Sicily: An Experiment in Visual Ethnography

Frustrated by the constraints imposed on visual ethnography by any one film, Toni de Bromhead has been filming around the subject of the Sicilian mafia for a quarter-century, building up a body of visual ethnography with eleven different films so far. In this paper she aims to demonstrate how these films “talk to each other” and, together, build up different themes. Each film has its own principle subject, but inevitably “trespasses” onto subjects found in other films, so adding to the viewers’ understanding and knowledge. These subjects range from values of masculinity among Sicilian criminals in Florence, and the work of the social anti-mafia in Sicily, to a group of young people contesting the local elections in their small Mafia-infested Sicilian town. Viewers are invited to make their own journey through the films, according to the theme that interests them. Here a journey is made through the films that reveal what the Mafia may mean to ordinary Sicilians, described so as to give an idea of how this might work.