Masculinity In Women Research Articles

Diane Victor and Paul Emmanuel: Lost Men/Lost Wor(l)ds

According to theories of sexuality and gender advanced by Judith Butler, one’s gender is in constant flux throughout the course of a lifetime (Butler 1993).1 In their recent work, South African artists Paul Emmanuel (b. 1969) and Diane Victor (b. 1964) explore the vicissitudes of gender for (predominantly) white South Africans as this population is caught in the maelstrom of changing social forces. Both artists use portraiture to personify the individual in a state of extreme vulnerability, as the categories gender and racial identity, and their established hierarchies, are in flux. Both offer highly tactile engagement with the physical bodies represented while inventing visual means to dissolve the solidity of the flesh, presenting it as in passing from one state into another. Both use labor-intensive processes both to fix a moment and to suggest the transitory nature of human life. In Emmanuel’s digital video 3SAI: A RITE OF PASSAGE (2008; part of the installation project Transitions), and Victor’s Transcend and Lost Words series (2009, 2010), identity is unstable and gender indeterminate, potentially subject to irretrievable loss. Each series is a requiem, an invocation to meditation and mourning, but ultimately as well a path to transcendence via the shedding of embodied stereotypes. This paper will explore how each artist addresses gender concerns within specific South African contexts. Within the field of gender studies broadly, a split still exists in academic writing between masculinity studies and women’s studies. Bringing together Emmanuel’s work, which deals almost exclusively with issues of masculine identity, with Victor’s, which explodes conventional ideas of both femininity and masculinity in the context of a patriarchal culture, provides an opportunity to help bridge that gap. If Emmanuel’s work aligns closely with current theories of masculinity, Victor could be considered an outlier in terms of the parameters of feminist discourse, as she offers both male and female equal opprobrium; neither gender is considered morally superior or suffering from greater oppression. However, as white artists highly attuned to the legacies of the apartheid era, both artists link gender and racial identities to highly vulnerable situations—the military or the aging, infirm body—and in so doing test cultural norms of gender. In the works under discussion (the major series by both artists from 2008–11), Emmanuel has depicted males exclusively and Victor males predominantly, suggesting that for both artists masculinity is an especially pressing topic in South African culture today. The differences between their work are telling, however. Emmanuel’s work is oblique and poetic, whereas Victor’s is stark and confrontational; one might argue that their very aesthetics deny gender stereotypes.

The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany (review)

Reviewed by: The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany Anne Fleig The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany. By Katie Sutton. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2011. Pp. 204. $70.00. ISBN 978-0857451200. Zum Symbol gesellschaftlichen Wandels avancierten in den zwanziger Jahren verschiedene Entwürfe der „Neuen Frau“. In ihnen spiegelten sich die Rationalisierung sämtlicher Lebensbereiche, die Herausbildung der Angestellten- und Konsumkultur, sexuelle Freizügigkeit und nicht zuletzt die Destabilisierung von Männlichkeiten nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Bereits Mitte der zwanziger Jahre galt die „Vermännlichung der Frau“ als Klischee. Dahinter verbarg sich eine Vielfalt von Erscheinungsweisen weiblicher Männlichkeit, die vom modischen „Bubikopf“ bis zum lesbischen „Gigolo“ reichte und im Mittelpunkt der zeitgenössischen Populär- und Massenkultur stand. Diese verschiedenen Formen der Maskulinisierung von Frauen und ihre mediale Darstellung bilden das Zentrum der Studie von Katie Sutton: Mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dem breiten Zeitschriftenspektrum der zwanziger Jahre untersucht sie [End Page 186] die Mischung von Bedrohung und Faszination, die von der Maskulinisierung der Frauen ausging. Diese „neuen“ Frauen symbolisierten die urbane, arbeits- und konsumorientierte Modernisierung. Darüber hinaus fragt Sutton danach, warum sich diese immer kontrovers diskutierte Erscheinung gegen Ende der Weimarer Republik zunehmend mit negativen Konnotationen wie Perversität oder Degeneration verband. Wenig überraschend lautet ihre zentrale These, dass die maskuline Frau die Krise der Moderne in Deutschland verkörperte, die mit der Niederlage im Ersten Weltkrieg korrespondierte. Um der Vielfalt der weiblichen Männlichkeiten Rechnung zu tragen, gliedert sich die Studie in fünf thematische Kapitel: Das erste Kapitel behandelt Mode und Frisuren, deren Maskulinisierung in sich widersprüchlich verlief. Denn während am Ende der Weimarer Republik traditionelle Weiblichkeitsideale wieder an Bedeutung gewannen, setzte sich gleichzeitig das Experimentieren mit männlicher Mode auch im Nationalsozialismus fort. Im zweiten Kapitel geht es um den Sportdiskurs, die Teilhabe von Frauen an sportlicher Praxis und die Figur der Athletin, deren Körperlichkeit die vermeintlich naturgegebene körperliche Überlegenheit der Männer in Frage stellte. Auch hier zeigte sich die Tendenz zu einer konservativeren Codierung des weiblichen Sportkörpers gegen Ende der Weimarer Jahre, die auch mit einer unterschwelligen Furcht vor weiblicher Homosexualität zusammenhängen durfte. Gleichzeitig wird deutlich, dass sich eine Norm der Athletin herausgebildet hatte, die auch die Performativität von Geschlecht im Nationalsozialismus bestimmen sollte. Die Darstellung „queer“-weiblicher Männlichkeiten in verschiedenen Zeitschriften bildet das Thema des dritten Kapitels, das gleichzeitig nach Unterscheidungen weiblicher Männlichkeiten innerhalb der lesbischen Subkultur fragt. Mit dem gender-crossing der traditionellen „Hosenrolle“ wendet sich das vierte Kapitel erprobten Strategien zur Verarbeitung gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen zu. Doch eröffnete das neue Medium des Kinos zugleich einen Raum machtvoller und ungekannter Identifikationsangebote bis hin zur Darstellung lesbischen Begehrens. Das fünfte Kapitel setzt sich schließlich mit literarischen Repräsentationen der maskulinen Frau auseinander, die im Verhältnis zu den zeitgenössischen Printmedien differenzierter erscheinen. In diesem Zusammenhang kommt der Frage des Raumes besondere Bedeutung zu, da die untersuchten Romane anders als die Zeitschriften immer auch auf die Spannung zwischen der Metropole Berlin und der Provinz reflektierten. Dabei zeigt sich nicht nur, dass die Sichtbarkeit weiblicher Männlichkeit weibliche Homosexualität signalisierte, sondern auch, dass die lesbische Subkultur Berlins Teil des Weimarer Imaginären war. Obwohl die Forschung zur „Neuen Frau“ beständig wächst, stellt die Analyse weiblicher Männlichkeiten bisher ein Desiderat dar. Im Anschluss an die Theoretikerin Judith Halberstam (Female Masculinity [Durham, N.C., 1998]) wird hier die Untersuchung von Männlichkeit produktiv vom naturalisierten „männlichen“ [End Page 187] Körper abgelöst. Durch diese Vorgabe gelingt es Sutton auf überzeugende Weise, die auf der Norm der Zweigeschlechtlichkeit beruhende Unterscheidung zwischen hetero- und homosexuellen Frauen bzw. „queerer“ Identitäten zu unterlaufen und die Marginalisierung der lesbischen Subkultur aufzuheben. Sichtbar wird dadurch das breite Spektrum und die Komplexität „männlicher“ Erscheinungsweisen, die vom gesellschaftlichen Mainstream bis zu radikalen Infragestellungen der zweigeschlechtlichen Norm reichten. Suttons Ansatz, die „Neue Frau“ unter dem Gesichtspunkt Männlichkeit zu untersuchen, schlägt sich auch in der Auswahl der Quellen nieder. Dabei macht die Verbindung von bekannten Zeitschriften wie der Berliner Illustrierten oder Modezeitschriften wie Die Dame mit Zeitschriften aus dem subkulturellen Kontext weiblicher Homosexualität wie Die Freundin den besonderen...

The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany

The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany

The masculine woman in Weimar Germany

List of Figures Acknowledgments Introduction: Masculinization of Woman Chapter 1. Which One is the Man? The Masculinization of Women's Fashions Chapter 2. In the Beginning there was Sport: The Masculinized Female Athlete Chapter 3. My Emil is Different: Queer Female Masculinities in the Weimar Media Chapter 4. The Trouser Role: Female Masculinity as Performance Chapter 5. Female Masculinities and the Rural-Urban Divide in Weimar Fiction Conclusion Bibliography

Den maskulina modern

The Masculine Mother. Ambivalence and Gender in Hagar Olsson’s Novel Det blåser upp till storm (1930) This article discusses the construction of female masculinity in the novel Det blåser upp till storm (”A Storm Is Brewing”, 1930) by the Finnish modernist author Hagar Olsson (1893–1978). The masculine woman is quite a common character in Olsson’s prose but this trait has not necessarily been read as a subversive one.The novel uses ambivalence in order to reveal an alternative way of performing gender. The text places the protagonist Sara Ellman in a traditionally feminine, symbolical position but still her voice, personal philosophy and conduct can be considered more masculine than feminine. Det blåser upp till storm can also be interpreted as a feminist novel. In Scandinavian literature, Hagar Olsson is one of the first women writers to present the idea of the personal as something utterly political. This article suggests that Hagar Olsson’s novel therefore has inspired other women writers, especially in Sweden, to explore the possibility of presenting women in a different light, and to challenge the limits of their gender through the combination of maternity and masculinity. The textual analysis focuses on how Olsson creates “gender trouble”, especially when describing the protagonist’s relationship with her fiancé. In the text, culturally defined masculine traits are consistently linked to the protagonist, while her fiancé is placed in a position usually reserved for women. Even though the protagonist’s aim is to (re-)write the life of her dead fiancé the result presented to the reader is a story about the protagonist herself, seen through her eyes and told with an authoritative, masculine voice. One of the functions of the novel’s ambivalence, therefore, is both to reveal the starting point: a rigorously normative age with given gender roles – and to demonstrate the possibility of change by imitating gender in an alternative way.

Lizzie Seal: Women, Murder and Femininity: Gender Representations of Women Who Kill

It is a truism that, statistically, women commit fewer murders than do men. We may, as feminists, be irritated that, when women do commit murder, their act may be regarded with more apparent severity than that shown to a male offender. We may be irritated by attempts, conscious or subconscious, to explain why a woman should have acted in a manner that appears to violate the norms of feminine behaviour. We may be tired of the depiction of women murderers as being either mad or bad—nothing in between. The canon of literature surrounding those cases of women who kill tend to concentrate on a few, well-known and seemingly ubiquitous cases in order to provide some kind of explanation why these women acted as they did, or to examine their treatment within the legal system (see for example Birch 1994; Schone 2000; Allen 1987). In ‘Women, Murder and Femininity’, Lizzie Seal moves beyond those ‘‘usual’’ cases of women who have killed in order to examine more completely the ways in which women killers are represented by the media. She also moves away from the ‘‘usual’’ kinds of murder that women commit—those of an abusive spouse or of children—to examine how women killers have been perceived and presented in our society. These violent women, as she notes, have caused anxiety in society, and she links examination of her case studies with a micro-history of her chosen period. The book is very much a sum of two distinct parts. In the first, Seal examines a number of discourses used in the presentation of women who kill. She has chosen five typologies: the masculine woman; the muse/mastermind dichotomy; the damaged personality; the respectable woman; and the witch. By discussing cases that are well known, she illustrates how the presentation of these women has been affected by their inclusion in one or more of these typologies. This is, in the main, successful. However, I was left slightly uncomfortable by the inclusion of Mary Bell as an example of a ‘‘damaged personality’’, not because I dispute the typology that Seal has applied, but

Queer Intersubjectivity: Doing and Undoing Masculinity in Women’s Studies

This article uses autobiographical anecdotes to explore the attitudes, decisions, and experience of straight men in Women’s and Gender Studies (WGS) and from this perspective to reflect on the complexities and challenges of queering masculinity for them. In an attempt to focus on the intimate moments of lived gender embodiment, but also to frame a queer ethics grounded in something more tangible that a utopian call for identity disavowal, the article appeals to Jessica Benjamin’s notion of intersubjectivity to enhance the analytical and practical reach of queer theory.

The impact of nontraditionalism on the malleability of gender stereotypes in Spain and Germany

Gender stereotypes and inequalities are based on and sustained by people's perception of gender roles. The evolution of these gender roles, however, might be substantially different depending on cultural and social evolution in different countries. In a study, we investigated stereotypes in Germany and Spain, where residents might have different beliefs about gender roles due to their different social evolution after the Second World War and their economic and social advances. Results showed that in both countries people's expectations of differences in masculine characteristics between men and women were less noticeable than perceptions in the past or present. We also demonstrated that people perceive an increase in masculinity in women. This increase is more evident in Spaniards than in Germans. In estimations about the past, present, and future, Spaniards also perceived an increase of gender-stereotypic feminine characteristics more in men than in women. Our results are consistent with the predictions of social role theory, as gender stereotypes can include dynamic aspects and the content of these stereotypes is rooted in social roles.

Perceptions of partner femininity predict individual differences in men's sensitivity to facial cues of male dominance

Recent research suggests that men may possess adaptations that evolved to counter strategic variation in women's preferences for masculine men. For example, women's preferences for masculine, dominant men are stronger during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle than at other times and men demonstrate increased sensitivity to facial cues of male dominance when their partners are ovulating. Such variation in men's dominance perceptions may promote effi- cient allocation of men's mate guarding effort (i.e., allocate more mate guarding effort in response to masculine, dominant men in situations where women show particularly strong preferences for such men). Here, we tested for further evidence of adaptations that may have evolved to counter strategic variation in women's masculinity preferences. Men who reported having particularly feminine romantic partners demonstrated a greater tendency to attribute dominance to masculin- ized male faces than did men who reported having relatively masculine romantic partners. This relationship between partner femininity and men's sensitivity to facial cues of male dominance remained significant when we controlled for potential confounds (men's age, self-rated masculin- ity, reported commitment to their relationship, and the length of the relationship) and may be adaptive given that feminine women demonstrate particularly strong preferences for masculine, dominant men. While previous research has emphasized variation in women's masculinity prefer- ences, our findings add to a growing body of research suggesting that sexual selection may also have shaped adaptations that evolved to counter such systematic variation in women's preferences for masculine, dominant men.

Variation in perceptions of physical dominance and trustworthiness predicts individual differences in the effect of relationship context on women's preferences for masculine pitch in men's voices

Several studies have found that women tend to demonstrate stronger preferences for masculine men as short-term partners than as long-term partners, though there is considerable variation among women in the magnitude of this effect. One possible source of this variation is individual differences in the extent to which women perceive masculine men to possess antisocial traits that are less costly in short-term relationships than in long-term relationships. Consistent with this proposal, here we show that the extent to which women report stronger preferences for men with low (i.e., masculine) voice pitch as short-term partners than as long-term partners is associated with the extent to which they attribute physical dominance and low trustworthiness to these masculine voices. Thus, our findings suggest that variation in the extent to which women attribute negative personality characteristics to masculine men predicts individual differences in the magnitude of the effect of relationship context on women's masculinity preferences, highlighting the importance of perceived personality attributions for individual differences in women's judgments of men's vocal attractiveness and, potentially, their mate preferences.

"Gender within Gender": Zanele Muholi's Images of Trans Being and Becoming

"Gender within Gender": Zanele Muholi's Imagesof Trans Being and Becoming Gabeba Baderoon Before I knew about transgender, I called it gender within gender. —Zanele Muholi, 2011. In her keynote address to the "African Same-Sex Sexualities and Gender Diversity" conference in Pretoria, South Africa, in February 2011, Desiree Lewis pointed to Zanele Muholi's photograph Ms. D'vine I as exem plifying the Utopian possibilities of queer liberation. With Lewis, we observe the complex and playful textures of Ms. D'vine's self-possessed performance of gender in the photograph, her waist draped in beads woven in the colors of the South African flag, a brightly decorative yet slightly stiff necklace around her neck, and the sole of one of her bright red shoes worn through. The setting of long grass marked by discarded plastic bags in which Ms. D'vine poses at first recalls then unsettles an image of rural Africa by testifying to the continent's urban realities. Lewis notes that this vivid and "emphatically queer" image "blurs markers of tradition and modernity ... and defies the usual emphasis on violence, on health, on statistics" that reduces African sexuality to an instrumental litany of deficits and disease. Instead, in Muholi's photograph Ms. D'vine observes no requirements of authenticity and no strictures on self-expres sion and, therefore, to Lewis, appears "entirely free, dethroning] normal ity, heteronormativity, and homonormativity."1 In her camp persona, Ms. D'vine consciously inhabits a marginal and original space, rather than a Feminist Studies37, no. 2 (Summer © 2011 by Gabeba Baderoon 390 Gabeba Baderoon 391 pragmatic and respectable one, and thereby embodies the promise of freely imagined possibilities for the self. This possibility of a radical playfulness and the Utopian promise of pleasure and self-invention in Muholi's photography continues a strong theme in recent African feminist and queer of color writing on sexuality.2 It is particularly striking because of the pall cast over debates about gender and sexuality in Africa by the charge that "homosexuality is un-African," an accusation that extends to expressions of diverse genders, because sexu ality and gender are often conflated in such views. No matter how often historians, sociologists, and other scholars show convincing evidence to the contrary, the trope that varied genders and same-sex sexualities in Africa are corrupt practices imported from the West is stubbornly invoked by conservative politicians, as well as religious and civic leaders, to strategic effect, as their claims to represent authentic African culture often deflect attention from issues of governance.3 Gender variance is obscured by such ideas about sexuality in South Africa. The country's history of slavery, colonialism, and the institutional ized racism of apartheid have generated a profuse and often damagingly interwoven set of assumptions around sexuality, gender, and race. The stigmatizing of queer sexuality is entwined with the assumption that people who are lesbian or gay are actually anatomically distinct or simul taneously female and male-bodied.4 The conflation of sexuality, sex, and gender has also had an impact on trans people, who are often assumed to be homosexual, a fact that has spurred much transphobic violence. In contrast to these narrow frameworks for public discussions of sexuality and gender, the notion of gender diversity posits that gender expression ranges across a broad spectrum—one can, for instance, be a masculine woman or be a person who used to be a woman and is now a man; the sex assigned to one's body can be distinct from the gender one expresses; and gender is distinct from sexuality—that is, although they form a part of the lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender/intersex (LGBTI) community, not all transgender people are lesbian or gay. Despite the prevalence of constricted ideas about gender, perceptions have started to change. This is evident in some promising signs: the work of the respected South African nongovernmental organization Gender 392 Gabeba Baderoon DynamiX, which is entirely devoted to transgender issues in Africa; the publication in 2009 of Trans: Transgender Life Stories from South Africa, a collec tion of autobiographical writing by trans people, and the earlier 1998 auto biography, From fuliet to fulius: In Search of My True Identity...

Further evidence for regional variation in women's masculinity preferences

In our original paper [[1][1]], we demonstrated a relationship between a measure of national variation in health and women's preferences for male facial masculinity, but we also suggested that income inequality, among other variables, might be an important predictor of regional variation in women's

The health of a nation predicts their mate preferences: cross-cultural variation in women's preferences for masculinized male faces

Recent formulations of sexual selection theory emphasize how mate choice can be affected by environmental factors, such as predation risk and resource quality. Women vary greatly in the extent to which they prefer male masculinity and this variation is hypothesized to reflect differences in how women resolve the trade-off between the costs (e.g. low investment) and benefits (e.g. healthy offspring) associated with choosing a masculine partner. A strong prediction of this trade-off theory is that women's masculinity preferences will be stronger in cultures where poor health is particularly harmful to survival. We investigated the relationship between women's preferences for male facial masculinity and a health index derived from World Health Organization statistics for mortality rates, life expectancies and the impact of communicable disease. Across 30 countries, masculinity preference increased as health decreased. This relationship was independent of cross-cultural differences in wealth or women's mating strategies. These findings show non-arbitrary cross-cultural differences in facial attractiveness judgements and demonstrate the use of trade-off theory for investigating cross-cultural variation in women's mate preferences.

Women's preferences for masculinity in male faces are highest during reproductive age range and lower around puberty and post-menopause

Masculinity in male faces is thought to be a sign of mate quality and is associated with measures of long-term health. Previous studies have demonstrated that women's masculinity preferences change across the menstrual cycle with women preferring more masculine men during phases of the menstrual cycle where fertility is highest (i.e. the late follicular phase). Given the hormonal correlates of such preferences and that these hormones change across the life span, we tested for differences in female masculinity preferences at different ages. We compared the masculinity preferences of peri-pubescent girls and young adult women (Study 1), circum-menopausal women reporting to either be pre- or post-menopause (Study 2), and a large sample of women across a wide range of ages (Study 3). In all three studies, preferences for masculinity in male faces were highest in women who were at a reproductively active age. Preferences for masculinity were lower when females were peri-pubescent, post-menopausal, or at ages corresponding to these groups. These data support the notion that masculinity in male faces is an important trait for reproductively relevant mate choice decisions. These data also highlight a shift in female visual preferences for men that is associated with important stages of the lifespan. Visual preferences appear to track important hormonal changes associated with age; as women pass puberty their preferences shift towards facial traits associated with mate quality and as women undergo menopause their preferences for such facial traits decrease. Overall, these results demonstrate the important role of reproductive status and support the notion that preferences for male faces are tied to reproductively relevant hormones.

Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention

Research shows that gender power inequity in relationships and intimate partner violence places women at enhanced risk of HIV infection. Men who have been violent towards their partners are more likely to have HIV. Men's behaviours show a clustering of violent and risky sexual practices, suggesting important connections. This paper draws on Raewyn Connell's notion of hegemonic masculinity and reflections on emphasized femininities to argue that these sexual, and male violent, practices are rooted in and flow from cultural ideals of gender identities. The latter enables us to understand why men and women behave as they do, and the emotional and material context within which sexual behaviours are enacted.In South Africa, while gender identities show diversity, the dominant ideal of black African manhood emphasizes toughness, strength and expression of prodigious sexual success. It is a masculinity women desire; yet it is sexually risky and a barrier to men engaging with HIV treatment. Hegemonically masculine men are expected to be in control of women, and violence may be used to establish this control. Instead of resisting this, the dominant ideal of femininity embraces compliance and tolerance of violent and hurtful behaviour, including infidelity.The women partners of hegemonically masculine men are at risk of HIV because they lack control of the circumstances of sex during particularly risky encounters. They often present their acquiescence to their partners' behaviour as a trade off made to secure social or material rewards, for this ideal of femininity is upheld, not by violence per se, by a cultural system of sanctions and rewards. Thus, men and women who adopt these gender identities are following ideals with deep roots in social and cultural processes, and thus, they are models of behaviour that may be hard for individuals to critique and in which to exercise choice. Women who are materially and emotionally vulnerable are least able to risk experiencing sanctions or foregoing these rewards and thus are most vulnerable to their men folk.We argue that the goals of HIV prevention and optimizing of care can best be achieved through change in gender identities, rather than through a focus on individual sexual behaviours.

The Pedagogy of (In)Visibility

As teachers who use both our theoretical (academic) and practical (empirical) knowledge to entice our students to peer outside of the seemingly clear-cut boxes of the two-and-only-two dichotomies of sex, gender, and sexuality, we attempt to problematize not only sexuality categories but also gender categories (specifically, the category “woman”). While “coming out” complicates heterosexuality, it does little to question how non-normative sexual identities continue to be rendered and re-negotiated once sexual identity claims are made or are perceived to have been made. Moreover, as teachers concerned with gendered identities, we find it imperative in both our classroom and other academic settings to make the connection between gendered identities and sexual(ized) identities. For example, if a feminine woman who is married to a man comes out as bisexual, she may disrupt students' assumptions about the lives of bisexual people. The pedagogical effects of such a performance of bisexuality are clear: students can rethink their assumptions about bisexuality. However, if a masculine woman comes out as a lesbian, she may reinforce students' assumptions about the lives of lesbians. The pedagogical effects, therefore, are less clear. These experiences have forced us to rethink how we might continue to eradicate gender and sexuality inequality in the classroom. This has meant that we must deal with the social fact that our bodies embody (in)visibility politics whether we decide to “come-out” to our students and colleagues or if we are intent on “keeping them guessing.”

A mulher junto às criminologias: de degenerada à vítima, sempre sob controle sociopenal

Este artigo apresenta figuras referentes à mulher junto às criminologias, bem como discute suas repercussões no código penal brasileiro. É identificada na criminologia positivista a figura da criminosa nata relacionada à prostituição, à mulher masculinizada e à atávica; bem como da vítima, seja ela criminosa por dependência do homem, seja pela necessidade de proteção do Estado. Estas figuras têm em comum o fato de servirem ao controle social da mulher. Em oposição, na criminologia feminista se verifica a figura da mulher emancipada, que não busca no direito penal a solução de conflitos que são de ordem social, econômica e política.

Testing immunocompetence explanations of male facial masculinity

Currently the Immunocompetence Hypothesis dominates research into female attraction to male facial masculinity. Although studies have shown links between masculinity and possible indicators of health such as fluctuating asymmetry, preferences for facial masculinity do not co-vary with preferences for apparent health (BOOTHROYD et al. 2005). Here we build on that work with two studies. Study 1 addresses the concern that apparent health may not fully reflect long term immune function by investigating how masculinity preferences correlate with preferences for other potential indicators of ‘good genes’: symmetry and averageness. Study 2 investigated whether masculinity preferences were dependant upon the presence of other indicators of ‘good immunity’ in the face, by showing observers both symmetric and asymmetric masculinity stimuli. Across three samples, women's masculinity preferences were inversely correlated with symmetry preferences, counter to prediction, and there were no consistent associations with apparent health or averageness. Results of Study 2 suggested that masculinity preferences may be enhanced in symmetric stimuli; however, these results appear to have been driven by a single stimulus, suggesting that more research is needed into the potential importance of initial stimulus properties when investigating masculinity preferences.

WRITING THE MODERN HISTORIES OF HOMOSEXUAL ENGLAND

ABSTRACTThe most useful sexual histories are those that provide depth of context without either assuming sexual identity or anticipating its complete absence; those that do not force taxonomies; histories that resist any simple teleological account of a shift from ‘homosexuality’ as sexual excess to the homosexual as a species. This review examines attempts to write such histories – what has recently been termed the ‘new British queer history’. I will focus on some strands of male and female same-sex desires and their expression in England in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: male and female same-sex friendships, effeminacy in men and masculinity in women; and representations of lesbianism. This review discusses these histories of desires that resist present-day sexual assumptions.

A Study of Femininity and Masculinity Represented in Men's and Women's Fashion Magazine in Korea since 2000

The purpose of this study is to typify femininity and masculinity represented in mainstream women's and men's fashion magazines in Korea since 2000 and infer sexual ideology appearing in contemporary Korean society by content analysis with the view of plural sexuality. For the content analysis total 259 editorial fashion photography was analyzed. As the result, 5 femininities and 5 masculinities were typified, and then sexual discourse was inferred out of the frequency of each type and texts with the images. On the basis of previous studies and historical considerations of this topic, the types of sexuality represented in mainstream fashion magazines in Korea since 2000 were classified as follow.: in women's fashion magazines Traditional Femininity and Androgynous Femininity were almost similarily dominant sexuality, and Glamor Femininity, Babydoll Femininity, and Genderless sexuality were alternative. Meanwhile, in men's fashion magazines Traditional Masculinity formed clear dominant sexuality, and Macho Masculinity, Androgynous Masculinity, Adolescent Masculinity, and Genderless sexuality were alternatives. In addition, Androgynous Masculinity in women's fashion magazines occupied the highest frequency, while Glamor Femininity in men's fashion magazines did so. From this sexual discourses represented in mainstream fashion magazines in Korea since 2000 are as follow.: First, mainstream fashion in Korea sticks to the modern values preserving traditional sexual ideology even in this postmodern period of the former 21C. Second, Androgynous Femininity as another dominant femininity with Traditional Femininity connotes the change of conception of femininity in Korean society. Third, Androgynous Masculinity to females is preferred, while femininity to males is still regarded as fetish or adorned object. Fourth, the appearance of various alternative sexualities leads to pluralization of sexuality, and then fashion gradually codifies youthfulness and feminine values, such as body and sexual desire more than before.