Masculine Characteristics Research Articles

The effect of business owners’ personal characteristics on enterprises’ human resource management strategies – a multigroup comparison model based on micro, small and medium-sized private enterprises

PurposeIt has been proven that the characteristics of top management in an organization have an impact on the organization’s employee management strategies. In micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, the business owner’s influence is constructive. However, there has been little discussion about the influence of business owners’ personal characteristics on enterprises’ human resource management (HRM) strategies.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, two complementary experimental designs – quantitative research and qualitative research – were adopted to verify the theoretical framework.FindingsThe results show that business owners with masculine characteristics tend to adopt the strategies of internal development and external acquisition, while those with feminine characteristics tend to adopt the strategies of internal development. Significant differences were found between the female business owner group and the male business owner group in terms of the relationship paths of gender role orientation, leadership style and gender role orientation and HRM strategies.Originality/valueFirstly, this is the first time to discuss human resource management strategies from the perspective of gender roles. Secondly, the data of this research is collected from entrepreneurs, which is another advantage of this research. Finally, this research has obtained more valuable research findings. This study found that feminine bosses tend to adopt internally developed human resource strategies, while masculine bosses value internally developed human resource management strategies and also tend to adopt external acquisition strategies. Studies have shown that companies that adopt defensive strategies rely more on internally developed human resource management strategies, while those with exploratory strategies are more inclined to externally acquired human resource management strategies. So, does the boss’s gender role orientation match the organizational strategy, that is, feminine bosses adopt defensive strategies, while masculine bosses adopt defensive and exploratory organizational strategies? This point provides new research ideas for the development of private enterprises.

Masculine Violence in Turkish Folk Dances

As a social issue, violence continues to manifest and remains a current topic of academic research. Scientific studies mostly focus on the individual and societal dimensions of violence; however, studies that address violence in the context of everyday life practices remain limited. This study argues that violence has a masculine character as a result of gender inequality and within the framework of the masculinity-power relationality. On the other hand, this study considers folk dances as a product of social culture and views them as an effective form of non-verbal communication within society. The study is based on the claim that, in folk dances observed in formal or informal ceremonial events, which are part of everyday life and contain elements of violence, violence is legitimized as a spectacle. In this context, local folk dances from different regions of Turkey, performed exclusively by male dancers and portraying themes of heroism, victory, bravery, and courage, have been selected as examples. These include Trabzon Bıçak Horonu, Bursa Kılıç-Kalkan, Manisa Seğmen Sekmesi, Balıkesir Bengi, Erzurum Köroğlu Barı, Giresun Tüfekli Çandır Karşılaması, and Diyarbakır Şur-u Mertal. The violent content of these dances has been analyzed through the method of semiotic analysis. Weapons used in these dances, fast and rhythmic tunes, and rigid movements have been considered as indicators of violence. It has been concluded that these dances, admired and enthusiastically applauded, normalize violence. This study makes a significant contribution by addressing folk dances within the context of violence and aims to fill the gap in the literature in this field.

The Influence of Colonial Trauma on the Masculine Characteristics of Georgian Identity

The present paper explores two Georgian literary texts written at the beginning of the twentieth century, at the early stage of Sovietization: Sanavardo by Demna Shengelaia, and Jaqo’s Dispossessed by Mikheil Javakhishvili. I aim to explore the traumatic effects of colonization on Georgian national consciousness and analyze its influence on the masculine characteristics of the Georgian identity. The issue of national self-identification has been raised, with all its sharpness, at every stage of fundamental historical and political changes in Georgia. The permanency of the issue is an indication of the fact that the national self-identification process has been associated with certain historical facts and events that have not been fully realized and existed as not overcome trauma, by society. Such an event is the Russian occupation of Georgia at the end of the nineteenth century. Based on trauma theory, the research shows that in both novels, the writers describe the lives of the main characters who lost their abilities and were unable to make purposeful use of their potential. Therefore, their political and social functions were represented by disregarding reality and distancing themselves from the present. The reasons for the negation of the present refer to the so-called existential fear of reality, which has caused a weakening or disappearance of masculine characteristics of identity such as power, assertiveness, desire to own and control, and individual initiative.

Gendered stereotype content for people with a nonbinary gender identity

Background Gender stereotypes about women and men have a complementary structure, where women and men are seen as high/low in feminine characteristics and low/high in masculine characteristics. These stereotypes are related to representation within social roles, where beliefs about social role occupation influences which characteristics are associated with women or men. It is not known how people with gender identities that do not fit a binary structure are stereotyped. The current study provides a first step towards addressing this gap. Methods Swedish participants (N = 152) reported descriptive stereotype content (positive/negative feminine/masculine personality characteristics) and estimations of representation within domestic and occupational social roles for people with a nonbinary gender identity for the past, present, and future in a between-groups design. Stereotype content for the past included a higher degree of feminine compared to masculine characteristics, but ratings for the present and future showed no differentiation between femininity and masculinity. Results People with a nonbinary gender identity were believed to more frequently occupy feminine compared to masculine social roles for all time points; this was especially pronounced for occupational social roles. The theorised connection between social role occupation and stereotype content did not emerge: degree of positive masculinity and femininity correlated positively with representation in masculine domestic and occupational roles respectively, but positive femininity was negatively correlated with representation in feminine occupational roles. Conclusions These results indicate that stereotypes about people with a nonbinary gender identity do not show the same complementary pattern or reliance on social roles as gender stereotypes about women and men, but that there is a feminine bias in perceptions of social role occupation for people with a nonbinary gender identity.

‘Sons go wrong without fathers’: Australian children and absent serviceman fathers in the Second World War

This article analyses the perceived problems and proposed solutions concerning absent Australian servicemen fathers during the Second World War, and places them within the broader context of contemporary ideas about masculinity. The absence of servicemen fathers led to concerns from all areas of society about the impact on their children, in particular sons. There were fears that being raised solely by women would lead to boys becoming lonely, effeminate, spoilt, or juvenile delinquents. It was suggested that existing male family members, such as uncles and grandfathers, as well as male teachers, act as surrogate fathers and become role models. Boys’ clubs, such as Scouts and the YMCA, also provided boys with access to male role models, and their weekly meetings, Father Son events, and camping provided opportunities for imparting the ‘code of boyhood’ and the development of masculine qualities.

Analisis Big Five Personality Dalam Pemilihan Parfum

Perfume has become a primary need for every person, and its use has various purposes both according to needs and according to personality category. This research aims to examine perfume aromas and the personality spectrum, with a focus on how the choice of perfume aroma can reflect individual characteristics on various personality spectrums. The research used a qualitative descriptive approach by conducting in-depth interviews and observations of informants who used various types of perfume. The research results show that the choice of perfume aroma can reflect certain aspects of a person's personality. Floral aromas tend to be associated with feminine characteristics, while woody or spice aromas may be associated with masculine characteristics. Apart from that, there is a close relationship between the choice of perfume aroma and the level of extraversion, neuroticism, openness, familiarity and emotional stability of the perfume user.Understanding the relationship between perfume aroma and the personality spectrum of perfume users can be useful in developing the perfume industry. Using perfume that is tailored to personality preferences can improve the perfume user's experience and help express their personality through the chosen aroma.

Subverting Gender Bias: "The Manly Woman" in Ahdaf Soueif's The Map of Love

This paper examines the representations of the white woman in cross-cultural marriage in Ahdaf Soueif's The Map of Love in a contemporary deconstructive theory. The paper applies Judith Butler's revolutionary theory of gender and identity constructivism and performativity to clarify how the protagonist fights the gender norms and performances by having masculinity codes as a revolting means for emancipation. The paper tends to explore how colonial hegemony can create a cultural distance which is forced against the white woman by this marriage. It investigates the sociopolitical spatial divisions through the eye of the white woman who struggles because she chooses an ethnic husband. The paper applies a feminist theoretical framework to describe the prejudice and bias that appear after this marriage. "The manly woman" is the white woman who wears masculine features to subvert and oppose the gender bias which applies to her femininity.

Disaster and gender: men’s experiences during and after the earthquake

The aim of this study is to discover how men’s first reflex behaviors during earthquakes and how their coping strategies were shaped after earthquakes in Türkiye. Phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. The data of the research were collected through a semi-structured interview form between 25.04.2023 and 15.05.2023. The study was conducted with 12 people, based on data saturation. Interviews with the participants lasted between 30 and 75 min. Four themes were created within the scope of the study. Men participate in search and rescue operations, particularly those that require physical fortitude, and in the distribution of humanitarian aid, according to the research. In this process, men felt cold-blooded and strong. It has been observed that men take more risks and put themselves at risk due to socially burdened responsibilities and their masculine characteristics. In terms of disaster risk reduction objectives and actions, the findings obtained within the framework of the difficulties encountered by men during the earthquake, coping strategies, and the impact of gender roles can be evaluated. Therefore, it is thought that investigating gender roles in disasters is important in creating disaster management policies.

The Representation of the Scottish Accent in Hollywood Movies and TV Series

Both Scottish culture and the Scottish accent have been oft misrepresented in Hollywood movies and TV series starting in the 20th century and continuing into the 21st. The purpose of this paper is to analyse said misrepresentations, determine why characters are given Scottish accents, how that accent contributes to their characterisation and what kind of character types tend to receive the Scottish accent. The paper concludes that the Scottish accent is selected for certain characters because the previous success of Scotland-based Hollywood movies has made the accent popular among audiences, thus Hollywood, utilising what has worked before and seeing the popularity of the accent, decided to bestow the accent to more characters. It is also given to characters to make them humorous; the accent sounding foreign makes it funny for American audiences, thus many comic relief characters have got it. Tough-as-nails and masculine characters can likewise receive Scottish accents. Moreover, certain archetypes are assigned with the accent in mind by default, such as the Highlander warrior and dwarves, its usage in their case being questionable notwithstanding. Lastly, having a Scottish accent is integral to characterisation, which is exemplified by analysing Shrek, McDuck and three other hyper-stereotypical cartoon characters.

Fishing businesses, women's entrepreneurship, and the performance of femininity

Although recent work has examined how masculinities are performed through fishing work at sea, less research has focused on how femininities are performed in the gendered fisheries context. By focusing on a particular group of women in fisheries – the women entrepreneur – this study examines the performances of femininities in their entrepreneurialism. It explores whether women entrepreneurs can perform gender differently and, by effect, subvert the gender order in the fisheries context. I draw on Schippers' (2002, 2007) concepts of ‘gender hegemony’, ‘gender maneuvering’ and three forms of femininities: ‘hegemonic femininity’, ‘pariah femininity’ and ‘alternative femininity’. My research found that women's performances of femininities are multiple and versatile as women adapted their gender performances to varying situated, relational and spatial contexts. All women entrepreneurs performed a type of hegemonic femininity that supported, confirmed and upheld hegemonic masculinity. Yet, through their entrepreneurial work in male-dominated fishing spaces, women also performed a form of pariah femininity which incorporated many features of hegemonic masculinity – such as getting dirty and displaying strength. In food spaces, on the other hand, women performed a type of ‘alternative femininity’, predicated on being sociable, skilled in cooking and being service minded, which was not predicated on their subordination to that of masculinity. The wider significance of these findings is that women fisheries entrepreneurs maneuver their gender by adopting versatility in their gender performances. This versatility allows them to simultaneously be ‘good’ female partners of fisher-men and tough fish workers, whilst also carving out a space for themselves in food entrepreneurship which was more liberating, enjoyable and self-fulfilling.

Decolonizing gender through ICT: a semiotic analysis of web images from Two-Spirit people websites

ABSTRACT Freedom of self-expression is essential for human development. Recent studies have investigated ICT’s role in bringing visibility to activist movements working to improve the lives of gender and sexual minorities. However, this literature often characterizes visibility based on gender or sexuality alone, with little regard for ethnic identity and gender traditions of Indigenous cultures. This paper conducts a semiotic analysis of images from Two-Spirit websites to examine how websites bring visibility to Two-Spirit people. Two-Spirit is a contemporary term used by Indigenous Peoples of North America that denotes the fluidity of gender identity through the coexistence of feminine and masculine qualities. The analysis shows how values of empowerment, supportiveness, and restoration in web images bring visibility to Two-Spirit people through cultural emancipation. This study contributes to the ICT for development literature by broadening our understanding of ICT’s role in bringing visibility to efforts for self-expression free of racism and homophobia.

Male Students' Perceptions of the Nursing Profession: A Qualitative Study.

This study aims to explore the thought, feelings and perceptions of male nursing students and male nursing professionals in the nursing profession. This present study used a qualitative research design to explore the feelings, thoughts, and opinions of male nursing students (first to fourth years) and male nursing professionals about their perception of the nursing profession. The study recruited 11 male nursing students and 11 male nursing professionals using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected via semi-structured individual interviews using qualitative open-ended inquiries consisting of seven questions. The data were analysed using thematic perspectives. The analysis revealed three themes: (a) perceiving gender varieties, (b) taking apparent advantage of masculine characteristics, and (c) taking an equal perspective. Male students' replies to their professional gender attitudes were that there was no distinct line among the gender-related advantages and disadvantages according to whether they were first to fourth-year students. Male nursing students and professionals believe that nursing is equally appropriate for both men and women, and they could employ masculine characteristics to thrive in their professional development.

Enola's Personality in the Enola Holmes Movie Using Jungian Archetype Theory

The intriguing facets of Enola Holmes' character in the eponymous film, encompassing her intelligence, independence, resourcefulness, and defiance of societal norms, have captured the researchers' interest, prompting a comprehensive exploration using an archetypal framework. This research aims to unravel the symbolic patterns that shape Enola's identity and, in turn, enlighten people about the diverse facets of human character and individuality. The researchers utilized a qualitative descriptive methodology, delineating the research design encompassing procedures such as watching, data gathering, classification, identification, and contextual as well as theoretical analysis of monologues and dialogues within the movie. The subject of the research was the protagonist of the Enola Holmes movie. The results indicated that among 51 data samples, five archetypal types were identified, including self, ego, persona, shadow, and animus. The most prevalent archetype in Enola's character is animus, highlighting her portrayal as a woman with masculine characteristics. The shadow archetype plays a minimal role in her personality, signifying that Enola embodies her internal desires and nonconformist elements.

EXPLORING THE COMPLEX NARRATIVES OF TOXIC MASCULINITY ON THE INSTAGRAM ACCOUNT @Thegentlemanrising

This research delves into the intricate narratives surrounding toxic masculinity through a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of content on the Instagram account Thegentlemanrising. The study investigates how ideas of toxic masculinity are represented in both visual and textual elements, specifically in photos and expressions shared on the platform. Thegentlemanrising actively communicates messages aimed at encouraging the younger generation to embrace masculinity, emphasizing positive attributes while avoiding toxic traits. The content consists of motivational quotes fostering a healthy masculine identity, often accompanied by images of individuals embodying positive masculine characteristics. This study positions Thegentlemanrising as an initiative to balance and juxtapose the concept of masculinity, promoting positive ideals and steering clear of toxic behaviors. The findings contribute to our understanding of how social media platforms can play a role in shaping discussions around masculinity and influencing perceptions among the audience, particularly the younger generation.

Feminizing the City: Plato on Women, Masculinity, and Thumos

Abstract This paper responds to two trends in debates about Plato's view of women in the Republic. First, many scholars argue or assume that Plato seeks to minimize the influence of femininity in the ideal city, and to make guardian women themselves as “masculine” as possible. Second, scholars who address the relationship between Plato's views of women and his psychological theory tend to focus on the reasoning and appetitive parts of the tripartite soul. In response to the first point, we argue that the idea that Plato seeks to masculinize/de-feminize the city oversimplifies his treatment of Greek gender norms. Although he does want to eliminate some traditionally feminine qualities from the city, he also seeks to eliminate many masculine qualities as well. Moreover, while he tries to make guardian women more like men in some respects, he simultaneously aims to make guardian men more like Greek women in important ways. Regarding the second point, we argue that this project of reimagining gender norms is illuminated by Plato's psychology, but instead of emphasizing reason and appetite, we show how his views are connected to his account of the third, “spirited” part of the soul, thumos, and its dual hard/soft or aggressive/gentle nature.

Healing or hesitation? The impact of anthropomorphism on consumers' repair intentions for products

Anthropomorphism has been recognized as a powerful marketing tool that imbues products with life, enhancing the feeling of aliveness for consumers. Despite the popularity of research on this topic, little attention has been given to its impact on consumers' repair behaviors after purchase. Based on cognitive metaphor theory, this study seeks to understand the influence, mechanism, and boundary of anthropomorphism on consumers' intentions to repair products. Results show that anthropomorphism leads consumers to overestimate a product's self-healing capability, consequently affecting their repair intentions. Specifically, (a) anthropomorphism reduces consumers' repair intentions; (b) the perception of self-healing ability mediates this effect; and (c) the gender features of products moderate the relationship. Consumers exhibit lower repair intentions towards products with more masculine characteristics compared to those with more feminine attributes. This research offers an insightful look into how consumers interact with anthropomorphic products and provides businesses with valuable guidelines on how to develop product renewal strategies.

The Women Characters of Amish Tripathi: A Postfeminist Perspective

The paper attempts to explore the women characters of Amish Tripathi in his Shiva Trilogy and Ram Chandra Series with a post-feminist perspective. In the recent trend of mythological fiction, women characters are given the roles of protagonists for voicing their emotions and decisions. From their shadowed existence to their new avatar of prominence and strength they have become role models for the young generation. Tripathi has subverted the characterization of women with extraordinary virtues. His Sita is the pride of Malayputras who confer on her the coveted title of ‘Vishnu’ for making her accountable for the welfare of the people by destroying evil. He very carefully associates masculine qualities with women to prove their wisdom and power. The paper focuses on Tripathi’s defiance of patriarchal society by presenting a world of women who possess masculine qualities along with utmost femininity.

The Mad King: violence and vulnerability in professional wrestling

Abstract This article explores the articulation of masculinity in professional wrestling, focusing on how violence can be used to forward alternative performances to hegemonic masculinity. Many modern professional wrestlers are more frequently and openly breaking with traditional masculinity in not just their in-ring/on-screen performances, but also in mediums that blur the lines of the fiction. I detail how one performer, Eddie Kingston, articulates masculinity alongside his own real-life struggles with and the importance of mental health, vulnerability, and violence. In doing so, I contend Kingston performs what I call a nascent masculinity, an emergent reconfiguration or articulation of masculinity that positions key characteristics of traditional hegemonic masculinity in such a way that at least potentially produces something non-hegemonic, and non-toxic. Crucially, such examples reflect the complex relationship between violence and meaning.

Making of the Hindu Nation, Masculinity and the Citizen – Critical Reading of Children’s Magazines in South Asia and the Place of Muslims

Abstract This study critically analyses popular and children’s science magazines published in Kerala, a southern state of India. It examines how these magazines construct an ideal Hindu nation and citizen through different narratives. Here, I argue that the imagery of popular children’s magazines in Kerala is rooted in the Hindu ideal – wherein dominant masculine characters and a glorified Hindu cultural past are foregrounded. In these magazines, the idealisation of Hindu masculinity takes place through presenting Muslims as less progressive / incapable of acquiring “modern standards”. In this context, the Hindu emerges as a reformer who helps the Muslim to “acquire modernity”. Also, children’s science magazines view science as a means for liberation from religion and irrational beliefs through critiquing “irrational” stories in popular Malayalam children’s magazines. But a close examination of science magazines reveals that it is embedded in the very religious ideologies from which it is seeking liberation.

Delineation of Male Characters: A Meninism Perspective in Kiran Nagarkar’s Jasoda

Gender norms have been examined as a women's issue in the 21st century. While the position of men is always problematic, they appear to be the cause of the protagonist's hardships in fiction. The intersection of patriarchy in fiction demeans mature male characters and asserts that males are the source of oppressive hegemonic masculinity. The modern society must recognise neglected masculine characters in literature. The primary objective of this paper is to highlight the neglected gender in society and literature. Meninism is underrepresented and functions in isolation, even in literature, and this must be acknowledged. The female characters in Jasoda by Kiran Nagarkar are powerful, independent, and supportive, but the male characters are hegemonic and dominant. In novels that focus on women, the male position of privilege is emphasised while the expectations he carries go unacknowledged. Despite increased freedom in society, gender equality is affected by societal misunderstandings about meninism. Gender equality focuses on the oppression of women, while society ignores the suffering of the other gender. This study is an attempt to express the unspoken grief of masculine identity in women-centric literature.