Masculine Characteristics Research Articles

Interactional Style Features Used by Mark Baum In the Film The Big Short

This study focuses on analyzing the features of interactional style used by Mark Baum when talking to his interlocutor with different statuses on business related topics. In conducting this study, the writer used the theory of Interactional styles by Holmes (2006). This study was done using a qualitative approach. The result of this study showed that Mark Baum used both feminine and masculine features of interactional style when talking to his interlocutors with different statuses. The writer also found out that the use of features of interactional style, such as aggressive interruption, direct, and autonomous, can be affected by the difference of status. Moreover, Mark Baum also uses masculine features of interactional style more than feminine features of interactional style when talking to his subordinates.

Features of Interactional Styles Used by Toru Muranishi in The Naked Director Series

This study focuses on analyzing the features of interactional style used by a character in the Netflix TV series. This study aims to find the features of interactional style used by Toru as the main character of The Naked Director Netflix series on business topics and in what business contexts Toru uses the features of interactional styles. The writers used the theory of interactional styles by Holmes (2006). This study employed a qualitative approach. This study showed that Toru used both feminine and masculine interactional styles in The Naked Director Netflix series. Toru also used different kinds of interactional style features in different business contexts. Toru used feminine interactional style features mostly when talking to people with similar power and authority to his and used masculine features of interactional style when he was talking to people who have lower authority and power than his.

Masculine identity development and health behaviors in transmasculine individuals: A theory of gender and health

AimsMasculinity is a driving factor in health behaviors of cisgender men; however, there is little research about conceptualizations of masculinity and their impact on health behaviors among transmasculine populations. This study sought to construct a theoretical framework for masculine identity development in transmasculine individuals in the United States, and the impact this process has on their health behaviors, specifically alcohol and tobacco use. MethodsTwenty-four in-depth interviews were conducted as part of the Masculinity and Self-Conceptualization Study (MASCS). We analyzed the data using grounded theory. ResultsTransmasculine individuals iteratively drafted, questioned, and revised their masculinity. Alcohol and tobacco and other harmful health behaviors associated with traditional masculinity were often featured in early drafts of masculine identity as tools of gender affirmation. As participants grew into their masculinity and began being affirmed in their gender through legal, social, or medical means, their reliance on negative health behaviors as a gender affirmation tool often decreased. ConclusionHarmful health behaviors such as alcohol and tobacco use featured prominently into early transition or masculine identity adoption for many transmasculine individuals in this study, and they frequently conceptualized engaging with alcohol and tobacco as a behavior that allowed them to access masculinity. Substance use interventions for transmasculine individuals should move away from a framework that focuses on alcohol, tobacco, and other negative health behaviors solely as a coping mechanism for cissexist stigma and trauma, toward a framework that supports transmasculine individuals in strengthening alternative tools to explore and affirm gender to prevent and reduce substance use. The Masculine Identity Development framework has the potential to be applied to other negative health behaviors and can identify the associations between adopted masculine characteristics and negative health outcomes.

Business as usual is not working for women in business schools: Student perceptions of business people and entrepreneurs

AbstractDespite growth in the number of women pursuing business and entrepreneurship careers, dominance of masculine traits associated with these occupations persists. If business schools use language that subconsciously reinforces gendered stereotypes, students might perpetuate sexist expectations. Using a natural language text processing tool to analyze the written responses of 247 undergraduate students in a US‐based university, we found that student perceptions of entrepreneurs are associated with more masculine characteristics compared to student perceptions of business people. To some degree, female students were more likely to make these associations than male students. Our findings suggest that business schools must do their part to break the cycles that elevate masculine characteristics of entrepreneurship. The negative effects of this manifest in the persistent gender pay gap, rising but still minority numbers of women entrepreneurs, continued practices of rewarding masculine traits in organizations, and ongoing underrepresentation of women students in schools of business.

Group Interpretation Structure of the “Russian” Concepts МУЖЧИНА (MAN)/ЖЕНЩИНА (WOMAN)

The issue of studying gender stereotypes in different cultures stems from the need to outline current trends in the variability of normative mental representation of men and women. A cognitive-communicative approach makes it possible to interpret conceptual changes in group language consciousness. A stereotype is understood both as a format of knowledge with a prototypical organization and as a cognitive scheme that structures a conceptual system. As part of the study a questionnaire was conducted and over 2,000 reactions about typically male (1,064) and female (1,053) characteristics were collected. The ranking of conceptual-thematic groups and their components determining the meaning of language categories is based on lexical representation of gender characteristics. The research methodology combines conceptual and definitional analyses of lexical units denoting stereotypical male and female qualities, as well as cognitive modeling of prototypical organization of the concepts under study. The aim of the research is to model a structure of basic gender concepts in their group interpretation. The prototypical core of the concept МУЖЧИНА (MAN) consists of traditional masculine characteristics (responsibility, strength, courage, bravery), while the core of the concept ЖЕНЩИНА (WOMAN) includes traditional feminine qualities (emotionality, caretaking, kindness). The pre-core zone of the concept МУЖЧИНА (MAN) is mainly expressed by orientation to achievement; public image; dedication to moral norms and principles. Intellect, family values and sociability are peripheral. The pre-core zone of the concept ЖЕНЩИНА (WOMAN) is characterized by career orientation; morality; communicativeness. Family values, expression of emotions, overcoming intelligence-based discrimination are peripheral, a woman’s appearance is the least frequent. Along with typical gender qualities, a transitional (metagender) zone can be distinguished, where traditional lexico-semantic characteristics of masculinity and femininity are being re-coded. Thus, gender categorization in the Russian speakers’ language consciousness can be defined as a binary model based on core prototypical characteristics. However, dynamic processes of gender neutralization competing with the most representative characteristics of basic gender concepts are observed at the boundary of concept zones.

Merlerium: Mermaids, mythology, desire and madness in Robert Eggers’ The Lighthouse (2019)

Robert Eggers’ 2019 film The Lighthouse provides an idiosyncratic representation of the mermaid as a Jungian anima in a film that revolves around the homoerotic tension between two lighthouse keepers on a remote, windswept island. While the mermaid theme is essentially a minor aspect of the film, juxtaposed with other mythological motifs, it is significant for the intensity of passions it catalyses in one of the film’s two male leads. Analysing the film, its script and statements of directorial intent, this article first discusses aspects of the interaction of the masculine characters and their relation to mythic figures, before going on to discuss the role and design of the mermaid, and of the sex scene she appears in. Additional consideration is given to the role of music and sound design in building nuance and thematic intensity within the film.

Ballet, gender and sexuality: a systematic review in the scopus and web of science databases

ABSTRACT This study aimed to map the international scientific literature on the intersection between ballet and gender and sexuality through a systematic review and bibliometric analysis. The Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases were searched. First, the term ‘ballet’ combined with ‘gender’ was searched, and then a separate search was conducted using the term ‘ballet’ combined with ‘sexuality.’ The main issues detected by researchers concerning women in ballet was that they are not given the same opportunities to develop their creativity and agency as men and are absent from leadership positions. As for men, multiple analyses have been conducted regarding how they break gender barriers when they enter this environment, and the link between ballet and homosexuality is frequently discussed from a social perspective. This can make those who identify as heterosexual feel that they should emphasize their masculine characteristics so as not to be mistaken for homosexuals. However, there is a lack of tension from the perspective of ballet as a protection against heteronormativity for men considered deviant in the broader social logic.

A Comparative Analysis Of ‘The Snow Child’ By Angela Carter And ‘Yedi Cucesi Olmayan Bir Pamuk Prenses’(‘A Snow White Without Seven Dwarfs’) By Murathan Mungan

The aim of the present study is to make a comparative analysis of the transformation of the fairy tales in the stories of one English and one Turkish writer -Angela Carter and Murathan Mungan. The study restricts itself to one story by each writer: ‘The Snow Child’ by Angela Carter and ‘Yedi Cucesi Olmayan Bir Pamuk Prenses’ (‘A Snow White Without Seven Dwarfs’) by Murathan Mungan as the parodies of ‘The Snow White with Seven Dwarfs’. Both writers deconstruct the Grimm Tale to challenge the imposed patriarchal ideologies and gender roles, especially the women’s socially approved behaviour patterns in the patriarchal system and intentionally subvert them and their representations in their works using the same postmodern frame-breaking devices - parody, pastiche and intertextuality. Both aim to offer their readers insight on the archetypes and stereotypes of women and force them to confront the women’s entrapment within the male world regardless of geography. While undermining the familiar narrative, Carter prefers blurring the boundaries of the fairy tale genre with her use of fantasy, Gothic, pornography and folklore. She explores and problematizes the unquestionable topics such as female sexuality, violence against women. Mungan, on the other hand, inverts the perception and the representation of women rewarded for virtue and conformity to the patriarchal ideology. He critiques the negative sides of the present socio-cultural issues in a mocking way and promotes women to possess both feminine and masculine qualities and reclaim control over their social stance.

A Catcher's Mask: Vincent Nava, Mexican Americans, and the Question of Race in Early Baseball

Abstract When Vincent Nava became the first Mexican American to play professional baseball in the United States in 1882, it forced the sport to reckon with the place of individuals who did not fit neatly into the Black/white color line it had recently imposed, questioning if an ethnically Latin player should participate in a profession designated by and for white men. For Nava and his team, baseball became a way to experiment with whiteness and its corresponding characteristics of masculinity, social mobility, and identity. Nava's experiences mirrored those of many other Mexican Americans in their pursuit of equality and whiteness as a strategy to deter racial hostilities and to gain access to segregated spaces. Nava's attempts to circumnavigate the color line and the continuous negotiation of his identity within the sport provide critical insights to help deepen our understanding of the fluidity of the race-making process, how non-white populations resisted oppression, and how sports can enrich those conversations.

The Strong Female Character and The Fighting Fuck Toy: A Comparative Analysis of Katniss and Glimmer in The Hunger Games

Katniss Everdeen has been praised by scholars for empowering of young girls, for instance, in Girl Warriors: Feminist Revisions of the Hero’s Quest in Contemporary Popular Culture (2019), Svenja Hohenstein applauds Katniss for “challeng[ing] the conventions found in traditional quest stories” (78). However, Katniss is not only characterized by and praised for her traditionally masculine traits, but she is also surrounded by numerous female characters who exhibit traditional femininity in order to emphasize the contrast between Katniss and the women in the book. One of the most salient contrasts is Glimmer, a career tribute from District 1 who, according to the rules of the novel, should be one of the most dangerous competitors in the arena. However, Glimmer is is repeatedly portrayed as incredibly incompetent, as well as hyperfeminine and hypersexualized. The novel elevates Katniss for her masculine qualities, while at the same time diminishing other characters such as Glimmer by portraying her as weaker or inferior to Katniss because they embody more traditionally feminine qualities. Thus, although the novel succeeds at presenting an independent and capable young woman in the form of Katniss, it does so by maintaining the idea that traditionally masculine characteristics like stoicism, violence, toughness, and rugged individualism are superior to traditionally feminine characteristics, such as empathy, compassion, emotional intelligence, and community-mindedness.

Gender inequality in incivility: Everyone should be polite, but it is fine for some of us to be impolite.

Civility is formed by social norms that guide our behavior and allow us to interact appropriately with others. These norms affect everyone and are learned through the socialization process. However, in the same process, people also learn gender norms that dictate how men and women should behave, leading to gender stereotypes and differentiated behavioral characteristics. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between gender and civility, and how we react to those who behave uncivilly given their gender. The results of Study 1 (N = 153) showed that even in a fictional and gender-neutral society, uncivil behaviors were associated with stereotypically masculine characteristics, and those who behaved uncivilly were dehumanized. In Study 2 (N = 144), gender differences were observed in incivility. Women were harsher when facing uncivil transgressors than men, especially if the transgressor was another woman. Our findings support the notion that gender norms are applied to civility, leading those supposedly equal social norms to unequal perceptions and evaluations.

Obstacles to the career progression of professional female project managers (PFPMs) in the Ghanaian construction industry

PurposeThere are significantly fewer women than men in managerial positions, mainly project management. This problem is noticeable in the construction and engineering sectors, traditionally male-dominated industries with leadership much dependent on masculine qualities. This study examines the obstacles to the career progression of professional female project managers (PFPMs) in the Ghanaian construction industry.Design/methodology/approachTwenty potential obstacles to women's career progression in the construction industry were identified from a comprehensive review of the literature. A questionnaire was prepared and administered among eighty project managers who work in large construction firms in Ghana. Data obtained were analysed using one sample t-test, Kendall's concordance test, Chi-square test and exploratory factor analysis.FindingsThe findings suggest the significance of all the twenty factors as potential obstacles to the career progression of PFPMs. The exploratory factor analysis identified five underlying grouped obstacles: “leadership and human capital related issues”, “issues related to discrimination of all forms”, “career aspiration and planning issues”, “female related role conflicts”, and “recruitment and selection issues”.Research limitations/implicationsThe subjective nature of the views of the respondents could influence the evaluation of the obstacles. With this study only exploring the dimensions underlying the significant obstacles, future studies could examine the interrelationships between the various obstacles and move on to determine their impacts on the career progression of professional female PMs as well.Practical implicationsHaving an in-depth understanding of these obstacles, stakeholders and other industry practitioners in Ghana could make informed decisions on measures to put in place to address some of these critical issues to raise the standard of professional female PMs in the construction industry. Policymakers and gender advocates in Ghana could also take up some of the critical obstacles identified and provide suitable strategies to educate and create the needed awareness of the industry on those obstacles. Practically, the findings from this study can be valuable for informing decision-making at different management levels in the construction industry.Originality/valueWith country-specific (Ghana) obstacles identified, the findings significantly contribute to the literature on the career advancement of females in the construction sector.

Manning the British Empire: Gender, Identity and Emotions in Early Twentieth Century Britain

This article analyses the thought processes of Ralph Furse, a senior civil servant tasked with selecting and training senior colonial officials during the early twentieth century. It makes use of his desk diaries between 1910 and 1914, which he used to record his impressions of candidates for the colonial service, and his autobiography, published after his retirement in the 1960s. Furse based his assessments on masculine qualities of the candidates, as he saw them, and on their emotional styles. Those who projected authority as men, were physically imposing and could manage their emotions effectively were generally deemed suitable, whilst the more gregarious candidates lacking these masculine qualities were rejected. Furse was a gatekeeper to elite male status and his job helped shape his own sense of identity as a landed gentry man.

Between Stigma and Status: The Experiences of Generation Z Ghanaian Female Taekwondo Athletes

This study set out to explore the socio-cultural experiences of five female taekwondo athletes within the age brackets of Generation Z in relation to their taekwondo practice. Using the ground theory approach, the five athletes were subjected to open interviews, with three of them again subjected to focus group discussion to reach theoretical saturation. The results show that although taekwondo practice, as with other martial arts, is expected to break gender barriers and discrimination in society, in the socio-cultural context of Ghanaian society, female taekwondo practitioners are considered by many as socially undesirable. They are taunted as “man-women,” which connotes a tomboy lifestyle that is believed to predispose women who practice martial arts to develop masculine features and physical aggression toward their future husbands. On the other side of their experience, the athletes attain high status when the media profiles them on television for their achievements in taekwondo tournaments. Together with their social media activities, as members of Generation Z are accustomed to, they earn a lot of friends and endorsement. These two contrasting experiences of the five participants in the study were explained within the theoretical constructs of stigmatization and status conferral. The study concludes that the socio-cultural experiences of these female taekwondo practitioners are context specific, and therefore, more insights are needed across jurisdictions for wider theorization. Meanwhile, stakeholders need to step up in their efforts to disabuse the minds of Ghanaians regarding the mistaken perceptions about taekwondo if martial arts are to be used as social re-engineering tools for female empowerment.

Depression and dislocation in Anuradha Roys An Atlas of Impossible Longing

This article explores how the two masculine characters, Nirmal and Mukunda of An Atlas of Impossible Longing by Anuradha Roy dislocate themselves due to depression, they face in their life. It is the human tendency to escape from any circumstance that deteriorates peace of mind. Despite the differences between genders both men and women dislocate themselves in order to save themselves from an unfavourable ambience. In a fear of facing a loss, defeat, betrayal, dispute, depression or quarrel, human beings tend to escape from that scenario. Even though men are considered to be very strong and courageous, they also fall prey to depression whereby they dislocate themselves from their dwellings. Some men vent their anger through words, some through actions, and some when an untoward incident happens, escape from the situation. In An Atlas of Impossible Longing the two masculine characters, Nirmal and Mukunda face an untoward incident that dislocate them to faraway places to free from the depression causing situation either deliberately or by compulsion. Nirmal dislocates from his native place after the death of his wife, Shanti. Mukunda is forced by Kamal and Manjula to dislocate from his master’s house to a boarding school in Calcutta.

Masculinity contest culture and turnover intentions: The roles of work stress and coping styles

Masculinity contest culture (MCC) is a dysfunctional organizational climate in which stereotypically masculine characteristics are honored and rewarded. Previous research found that MCC was positively related to turnover intentions, but potential individual differences in this association are unknown. We filled this gap by conducting a cross-sectional study among a convenience sample of Chinese working women and men (n = 687). The results showed that MCC was significantly associated with greater work stress. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses further revealed that work stress and emotion-focused coping (EFC) positively predicted turnover intentions, whereas problem-focused coping (PFC) negatively predicted it. Furthermore, PFC moderated the association between MCC and intention to leave. That is, for employees with stronger PFC, the positive link between MCC and turnover intentions weakened. Moreover, when work stress, coping strategy, age, and gender were included, MCC was no longer linked to turnover intentions; work stress and coping styles explained the largest amount of variance in turnover intentions. In summary, our study indicated that PFC is more adaptive to MCC than EFC. Thus, we suggest that organizations take measures to promote a healthy working climate, and provide training for managers and employees in optimal coping strategies.

Gendered Information in Resumes and its Role in Algorithmic and Human Hiring Bias

We study the extent and nature of gendered information in resumes, and its role in hiring bias using a predictive modeling approach. We first train a series of machine learning (ML) models to inductively learn gendered information in resumes using a matched sample set of resumes from technology firms (348k resumes). We then use these models to quantify the extent and nature of gendered information in resumes and develop a measure of gender incongruence -- a predictive measure of how much the self-presented gender characteristics in the resume deviate from the gender of the candidate. Using this measure of gender incongruence along with historical hiring data from technology firms, we test whether applicants whose resume gender characteristics deviate from their actual gender (i.e. male resumes with feminine characteristics, female resumes with masculine characteristics) are less likely to receive a callback. Our results show that (1) there is a significant amount of gendered information in resumes -- even among applicants that apply to the same job opening with similar job-relevant characteristics, ML models can learn to differentiate between genders with a high degree of accuracy (AUROC=0.81). (2) This gendered information has an impact on hiring outcomes -- women whose resume characteristics deviate from the norms of their own gender are less likely to receive a callback after controlling for job-relevant characteristics. We discuss these findings in light of algorithmic and human bias in hiring.

The Masculinity and Its Characteristics Depicted by Dawson Cole as the Main Character in The Best of Me Novel

This study aims to analyzing the characterization of Dawson Cole and to find out the characteristics of masculinity through Dawson Cole�s portrayal. This study focuses on the main character Dawson Cole who has the characteristics of masculinity. It explaining and analyzing the characterization of Dawson Cole using Edward Jones�s characterization theory and Dawson Cole's characteristics of masculinity using Janet Saltzman Chafetz's concept. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. This study finds the masculinity and its characteristics of the main character Dawson Cole. Based on the references used in this study, Dawson's characterization could be found in five ways, they are. characterization through appearance, characterization through dialogue, characterization through external action, characterization through internal action, and characterization through the reaction of other characters. Dawson also has seven masculinity characteristics, they are: physical, a function of the man, sexually aggressive, emotion, intelligence, interpersonal, and other personal.

Masculinity in The Characters of Sally and Jo in The Film Misbehaviour

This article discusses the masculinity of the female characters, Sally Alexander and Jo Robinson, in the film Misbehaviour. Thus, this article aims to analyze the masculinity within women by focusing on the characters’ analysis of Sally Alexander and Jo Robinson. The article uses a descriptive qualitative method and takes the data from the film in the form of captured scenes and dialogues. The article uses the theory of character and characterization from Boggs and Petrie to find out the masculine characteristics of Sally and Jo and also the concept of masculinity by Peter Lehman to support the argument. Based on the findings, this research shows that Sally and Jo live in a patriarchal society and establish characteristics that can be considered masculine. Sally’s ambitious, forward-thinking, well-organized, activeness, and negligence, and Jo’s daring, indiscipline, nonchalance, aggressiveness, and independence, establish their masculinity in the form of courage, heroism, and leadership, appearance, and other behaviors, for instance, smoking. Moreover, their characteristics have both merits and shortcomings. Indeed, their experience, environment, and societal factors influence their masculine characteristics

Family makes house a home

Home is where the heart is and has reverberated across history for ages. A home is a place where everyone finds their true self. With the shifting cultural and socioeconomic circumstances, the home has become a place of dysfunction among the different generations. The clear demarcation between gender roles in the home is often attributed to the separate domain concept that society imposes. It has also been suggested that the home as a metaphor merges with thematic substance and plot to disclose the character’s innermost thoughts and mind. This paper aims to illustrate how the repressive characters in the home struggle to preserve their emotional equilibrium. It also depicts the possibility and impossibility of fighting the dominant ideology “Angel in the House,” not only through the female characters but also through the inversion of masculine characters. The writers also aims to portray the connection of the people with their dwelling places and explore the spatial relationships through third space theory.