Masculine Appearance Research Articles

The Ideology of the Eunuch Priest

Roller explores the evidence for eunuch priests who castrated themselves to honour the Great Mother Goddess Cybele. While the custom of sacred eunuchism originated in Phrygia (in central Turkey), such priests are best attested in Greek and Roman society, where they were viewed with disgust and loathing because of their asexual condition and because they adopted the dress, hairstyles and mannerisms of women. The negative reactions to the eunuch priest rest on an unspoken assumption of the superiority of masculine appearance and of the inviolability of appropriate gender roles for men and women.

Rhinoplasty as part of gender-confirming surgery in male transsexuals: basic considerations and clinical experience.

Because psychotherapy will not change the profound incongruence between the objective biological sex and subjective gender identity experienced by transsexuals, hormonal and surgical treatment to change the body toward the experienced gender is the only way out of this dilemma. To allow the male-to-female transsexual to pass as a member of this gender in public, rhinoplasty may be as important as genital reassignment surgery. In this paper the surgical considerations on gender-confirming rhinoplasty are presented and discussed. From December 1985 to January 1996, 22 male-to-female transsexuals underwent rhinoplasty at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universiteit to obtain a less masculine appearance. Although revisional surgery was performed in four patients, all were satisfied with the final result in that they were convinced that their faces had become more feminine. We conclude that in selected patients rhinoplasty may help to create a feminine countenance for male-to-female transsexuals.

Facial corrections in male to female transsexuals: A preliminary report on 16 patients

aPurpose The need for facial corrective surgery to facilitate passing as a member of the other sex occurs in a relatively low percentage of male-tofemale transsexuals. The aim of this study was to explore criteria and techniques for facial corrections in male-to-female transsexuals because little is known on objective measures for meaningfull facial alterations in the female direction.Patients and Methods In the period 1992 to 1994, 16 male-to-female transsexual patients were eligible for bony facial corrections. Several techniques were used to feminize the masculine appearance: mandibular angle reduction, genioplasty, bimaxillary osteotomy, and zygoma onlay and zygoma sandwich osteotomies.Results Subjectively good results were obtained. Improvement in quality of life was not objectively assessed.Conclusions Facial corrective surgery seems to be promising in selected cases of male-to-female transsexualism. Further research is recommended on quantification of the differences in male and female faces for optimal indications and design of this type of surgery. The psychosocial aspects of the facial surgery and long-term stability of the surgical result also need to be further investigated.

Can Professional Women Appear Too Masculine? The Case of the Necktie

Women have been advised to adopt a masculine appearance to denote an executive role. But can women appear too masculine and consequently diminish their professional role and chances for promotion? A necktie (a masculine symbol), a scarf, and an open-collared blouse were used to investigate the effect of clothing on responses to a female middle manager. Ninety-three female subjects responded to a photograph modeling a female manager in one of three clothing variations. Subjects indicated how likely the individual pictured possessed traits identified as necessary for executive success. Subjects also indicated how likely the manager was to be promoted. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, multivariate analyses of variance, and the Newman-Kuel's test. Results indicate subjects rated a female manager wearing either a necktie or a scarf as more likely to possess managerial characteristics than when wearing an open-collared blouse. However, subjects rated the female manager wearing a scarf as more likely to be promoted than when wearing a necktie or an open-collared blouse.

Current Techniques in Augmentation Mentoplasty

Jeffrey J. Colton, MD, Birmingham, Mich, discussed the newest available chin implants for augmentation mentoplasty at the Midwestern Section meeting of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio. He emphasized the importance of a thorough aesthetic evaluation of the jaw and chin deformities preoperatively so that the surgeon may choose the correct implant. In the younger patients undergoing elective cosmetic surgery, Dr Colton presently uses an anatomic chin implant made by McGhan Corp. This implant not only improves projection in the central chin, but also has lateral extensions to provide for a more contoured jaw line. In males with strong facial skeletons and weak chins, Dr Colton's group prefers the Terino chin implant that gives the jaw a more squared and masculine appearance. Finally, Dr Colton stressed the importance of augmenting the groove that occurs between the chin and lateral border of the mandible with aging.

Human skin color: a possible relationship between its sexual dimorphism and its social perception.

HUMAN SKIN COLOR: A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITS SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND ITS SOCIAL PERCEPTION PETER FROST* Homo sapiens is the only primate without body hair. It is thus our skin, and not a covering of fur, that is exposed to view. Intrigued, Charles Darwin attributed the greater visibility of human skin to selection pressures that have caused other species to evolve bright plumage and diverse showy traits [I]: The view which seems to me the most probable is that man, or rather primarily woman, became divested of hair for ornamental purposes, as we shall see under Sexual Selection; and, according to this belief, it is not surprising that man should differ so greatly in hairiness from all other Primates, for characters, gained through sexual selection, often differ to an extraordinary degree in closely related forms. Reactions to Darwin's conjecture were mixed. Many doubted that the conditions necessary for sexual selection had ever prevailed in our species. Moreover, Darwin appeared to suggest that selection had, at least here, acted primarily on women, men being dragged along in the wake of hominization. At a time when Man and Homo sapiens were considered equivalent, it seemed, perhaps, better to accept a more androcentric explanation: primitive man lost his body hair so as to reduce overheating while hunting his prey [2]. It is not only in hairiness that female and male skin differ. In the first paragraph of Sexual Selection in Relation to Man (pt. 3 of The Descent of Man), Darwin [1] states: In certain races the women are said to differ slightly in tint from the men. For instance, Schweinfurth, in speaking of a negress belonging to the Monbuttoos, who inhabit the interior of Africa a few degrees north of the equator, says, "Like ?Department of Anthropology, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada GlK 7P4.© 1988 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0031-5982/89/3201-0606$01.00 38 I Peter Frost · Human Skin Color all her race, she had a skin several shades lighter than her husband's, being something of the colour of half-roasted coffee." As the women labour in the fields and are quite unclothed, it is not likely that they differ in colour from the men owing to less exposure to the weather. European women are perhaps the brighter coloured of the two sexes, as may be seen when both have been equally exposed. Darwin was not the first to notice this sex difference. Aristotle [3] alludes to it while discussing the vaginal discharge secreted during intercourse ; "Speaking generally, this [secretion] happens in fair-skinned women who are typically feminine, and not in dark women of a masculine appearance." In the Physiognomonica, a student of Aristotle affirms: "Those who are too swarthy are cowardly; this applies to Egyptians and Ethiopians. But the excessively fair are also cowardly; witness women" [4]. Less explicitly, awareness ofwomen's lighter skin appears in the arts, both literary and graphic [5-7]. A study of Roman literature observes [5]: When referring to the skin, candor (white) is very often used by writers to praise the beauty of girls, women and adolescent boys; so often that more than a quarter of all references [to skin color] fall into this category. . . . The beauty of candor is less often extolled with respect to the male gender—not at all in the case of grown men—for such a feminine skin color, though acceptable for boys and adolescents, would be unbecoming for men. Etruscan paintings depict women as white; men, brick-red [8]. In medieval Europe, "Le teint blanc semble aussi avoir été marque de féminit é. C'est en tout cas ce que suggèrent tant de tableaux à thèmes mythologiques, où les femmes sont systématiquement plus blanches que les hommes" [9]. Recognition of light skin as a feminine trait extends beyond Western societies. Aztec, Egyptian, Chinese, andJapanese art conventionally represent women as fairer-skinned than men [10-12]. Among Chinese peasants in a Yunnan village, "Complexions varied somewhat, and a lighter color was considered preferable to a dark. . . . [For an ideal woman] the lighter her skin, and the rosier and smaller the mouth, the better. . . . the ideal physical...

9 Androgen receptors

Testosterone and its active metabolite dihydrotestosterone exert their influence on target cells through a specific intracellular protein receptor. Structural abnormalities of this receptor lead to a diminished androgen action within the cell and result in the syndrome of androgen insensitivity. Androgen insensitivity is classified on the basis of whether the insensitivity is complete or partial and whether the androgen receptor is normally present (AR(+)), absent (AR(-)) or diminished (AR(+/-)). All patients with androgen insensitivity have normal or high plasma levels of testosterone and elevated serum LH. Patients with complete androgen insensitivity are phenotypically female. The clinical presentation of partial androgen insensitivity is variable, ranging from a minimal amount of virilization to a completely masculine appearance. All patients described with a syndrome of androgen insensitivity are infertile. The influence of androgen receptor function in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hypertrophy is being investigated. Androgen receptor content is also being studied as a possible marker of responsiveness to hormonal therapy in prostatic carcinoma.

Generalized XY/XX/XXY chromosomal mosaicism in a male hermaphrodite

A patient with generalized XY/XX/XXY sex chromosome mosaicism confirmed by chromosome studies in several different tissues, autoradiography and sex chromatin studies is presented. This mosaicism is believed to have probably resulted from a double mitotic loss of an X and a Y chromosome from an initial XXY zygote. The predominant influence of the XY cell line is reflected by the male internal genitals, the evidence of androgen effect, hormonal studies, and masculine dermatoglyphics. The patient is classified as a male hermaphrodite of the nontesticular feminization type on the basis of her generally masculine appearance, the lack of breast development, ambiguous external genitals, hirsutism, and the presence of bilateral testes.

Lipoatrophic Diabetes

LAWRENCE 1 suggested the term lipoatrophic to designate the syndrome which he earlier 2 had characterized as having the following features: (1) lack of adipose tissue, (2) accentuated muscularity, (3) hepatomegaly with cirrhosis, (4) diabetes which is resistant to insulin and without ketosis, and (5) elevated metabolic rate without hyperthyroidism. The first recorded example of this syndrome was a patient reported by Ziegler 3 in 1928 as a case of lipodystrophy in a 27-year-old woman in whom the subcutaneous tissue had disappeared early in the second decade of life and who had muscles of masculine appearance, hepatomegaly, a high metabolic rate, and diabetes that appeared early in the third decade of life. In 1944, McQuarrie 4 described a 4-year-old boy with similar features; in 1946, Lawrence and Aberd 2 described one additional case; and at least 14 more cases have been reported. 5-15 In all but two of

The Sex Check

Research Article| October 01 1964 The Sex Check W. Ann Reynolds, W. Ann Reynolds Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Thomas R. Mertens Thomas R. Mertens Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1964) 26 (6): 411–415. https://doi.org/10.2307/4440711 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation W. Ann Reynolds, Thomas R. Mertens; The Sex Check. The American Biology Teacher 1 October 1964; 26 (6): 411–415. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4440711 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1964 National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Histological Investigation of Nucleus Facialis of Cat

The group arrangement of nerve cells in the facial nucleus is simpler in cat than in man, the groups being divisible only into a larger inner and a smaller outer group even at the medial part. The latter can be subdivided into the ventral and the dorsal subgroups. Any attempt at further subdivision would lead to inappropriate results.The inner group, in a transverse section of the brain stem, is approximately circular in outline, its circumference being surrounded by minute fibres, though not completely. These fibres pass over into the trellis works of the formatio reticularis on the dorsal and the medial sides and of the tractus spinocerebellaris ventralis and the tractus tectospinalis on the ventral side. The dorso-lateral subgroup is formed by nerve cells buried in an extension of the trellis work of the formatio reticularis and is also circular. The ventrolateral subgroup has the form of an oval elongated laterally and is surrounded by fine fibres, which come in connection with the trellis works of the tractus rubrospinalis and of the tractus tectospinalis.The motor nerve cells in the facial nucleus of cat are generally in comparatively dense arrangement and 30-40μ in size. They send out 6-10 nerve processes per cell, between which the outlines are concave, giving a rugged and masculine appearance to the cells. Thus, these may be easily distinguished from the rounded feminine looking sensory nerve cells as in the trigeminal sensory nucleus.The processes from these nerve cells are always smooth-surfaced. The long processes or the axis cylinders are much finer but more dark-staining than the short processes, and some cells send out two or one bifurcated axons. The short processes are very thick and stout, but their nerve fibrils are very weak-staining, and branch out and end in sharp or blunt points without losing much of their thickness throughout their long courses.The cell nucleus of the motor nerve cell is situated at the center of the cell body, is round-shaped and contains rather meagre chromatin and a weakly-staining round nucleolus. No pigment granulae were found in the cell bodies, as were found in human motor cells.The facial nucleus of cat contains, beside the motor nerve cells, a comparatively large number of small nerve cells, especially numerous in the dorsal and the medial parts of the inner group. These are rather variable in form, have only a few processes per cell and often show the appearance of being apolar. Their cell nuclei are placed eccentrically and are formed similar to the cell bodies in which they are found, contain much chromatin and number also one per cell, are smaller than those of the motor cells above, but look rather oversized for the cell bodies. Similar small cells are also found in the minute fibres surrounding the facial nucleus and the trellis-works of the formatio reticularis on the outside of the former and are presumed to be centers of salivation, so that we may take the small cells in the facial nucleus to have the same function too.Beside the above, the facial nucleus, in particular, the dorsal part of its inner group, contains nerve cells of a size similar to that of the motor cells, but having a more rounded profile and with a little fewer processes per cell than the latter. Cells of such a type belong to the sensory nerve cells in the brain stem and consequently, we might assume that a part of the fibres of n. intermedius terminates in the facial nucleus.As the incoming fibres supplying the facial nucleus of cat we may first enumerate the fibres from the trigeminospinal tract, which run right through or along the dorsal side of the nucleus infratrigeminalis into the formatio reticularis and thence finally to the facial nucleus. Next, we may refer to the acoustic fibres, which run into the facial nucleus of the same side from its ventrolateral side before reaching their destination in the nucleus trapezoides.

Calcification in adrenal neoplasms; report of a case.

Neoplasms of the adrenal gland are not common, and extensive calcification in such tumors is unusual. The following case is of interest because of the prominence of the calcification, the size of the tumor, and the fact that the combination of roentgen, clinical, and laboratory observations permitted an exact histologic diagnosis antemortem. A useful classification of adrenal neoplasms has been presented by Cahill (1, 2): (1) the rare neoplasms arising from various layers of connective tissue, including fibroma, neuroma, sarcoma, lipoma, etc.; (2) neoplasms arising from the medulla, including (a) sympathieoblastomas, also called neuroblastoma and neurocytoma (non-hormonal and malignant), (b) ganglioneuromas, and (c) pheochromocytomas (hormone-producing; cause of paroxysmal or sustained hypertension); (3) neoplasms arising from the cortex, namely (a) adenomas and (b) carcinomas. The cortical tumors may or may not produce hormones; if over-production of hormone occurs, it may be of either estrogen or androgen. It is impossible to determine the true incidence of calcification in adrenal neoplasms, inasmuch as many case reports make no mention of its presence or absence. A brief review of the recent literature reveals no reference to calcification in benign neoplasms with two possible exceptions (3, 4). Several instances of calcification in malignant tumors—either sympathicoblastomas or carcinomas—are reported (5–10). Case Report A 40-year-old multipara gave a history of repeated attacks of chorea during her childhood. Until the age of thirty, she was not aware of any cardiac disability. At that time her physician made a diagnosis of “mitral insufficiency, slight mitral stenosis, and aortic insufficiency.” The heart was said to be “top normal” in size and the left auricle was disproportionately large. The blood pressure was 126/60. The patient was asymptomatic. In 1944, at the age of thirty-six years, the patient began to suffer from headaches and vertigo, associated with “puffiness” under the eyes. In 1946 she was told that she had nephritis. Her blood pressure was elevated and she had a retinal hemorrhage. In December 1946, congestive heart failure developed, and from that time until her death, in October 1948, the patient was confined to bed. Menstruation ceased abruptly in 1947, hirsutism developed, the features assumed a masculine appearance, there was increasing protuberance of the abdomen, with right upper quadrant and right flank tenderness, and the ageing process appeared to be greatly accelerated. Coincident with these symptoms, a glaucoma of the right eye developed, leading to complete blindness. The patient was treated for the cardiac condition by her physician, receiving digitalis, mercurial diuretics, and a low sodium diet. When first seen by one of us (W. N. S.), in August 1948, she was in severe congestive heart failure with dyspnea, cyanosis, and anasarca.

Effects in Female Young Born of Pregnant Rats Injected with Androgens

Hormonal factors are known to influence parturition and the condition of the young. Interference with parturition in the rat has been reported with pituitary and placental extracts and pregnancy urine pituitary implants,,1e luteal extracts, hypophysectomy, estrogens, and androgens. The present report deals with some of the permanent effects on female rats whose mothers received andro-genic substances during pregnancy. Study has been made of 10 female young which have grown to maturity and have either been sacrificed or have died from abnormalities resulting from effects of androgen injections in their mothers. Female young, born after adequate androgenic treatment of the pregnant mother (500 gamma of testosterone propionate in 0.1 cc. of peanut oil injected subcutaneously daily during the last third of pregnancy), superficially resemble males in that the clitoris is large and penis-like, the perineum extensive and. scrotum-like, and the pin-point vaginal opening absent. (1) Upon gross inspection no vaginal aperture was seen (Fig. 1) and the peripheral portion of the vagina was absent beyond a small tubercle about 1 cm. from the perineum. The fluid-containing cavity within the uterus and cervical portion of the vagina was abruptly terminated at the tubercle. (2) The nipples were either absent or were markedly underdeveloped. Absence and underdevelopment were seen in the same animal. Mammary glands were nearly normal in appearance. (3) The internal reproductive system with the above exceptions was intact and some degree of ovarian function was evidenced by uterine, vaginal, and mammary histology, by the presence of follicles and corpora lutea, and by fluid in the uterus and vagina. (4) The uterus and existent portion of the vagina were greatly bloated with retained fluid in 6 of the animals (Fig. 1). The dimensions of the expanded uterine cervix and vagina were as great as 35×30×32 mm. Apparently this large distension by fluid, which followed the assumption of functional activity of the reproductive system, proved fatal in the majority of these animals, seemingly partly by compression of the colon. The urinary system was also affected, the bladder and urethra being held taut by the subjacent expansion of the reproductive system. The preliminary study of permanent abnormalities in rats resulting from injections of hormones to the mother during pregnancy, suggest the following inferences: (a) Pseudohermaphroditism may be produced by androgen injection, the females presenting a masculine appearance with a penis-like clitoris, scrotum-like perineum and an absence of proper development of the nipples and the outer portion of the vagina. (b) The absence of nipples in the normal male rat may be correlated with the presence of male hormone. (c) Possible harmful effects on the foetus must be guarded against in clinical use of hormonal substances in large amounts or at critical times during pregnancy.

Report of a Case of Malformation of the Female Generative Organs.

To the Editor: —Without going into the history of the subject or discussing the various classifications of uterine and vaginal malformations, I desire to report the following case: The patient is 46 years old, married for many years, about 5 feet 10 inches in height, strongly built, and with a decided masculine appearance and voice. Her menstruation has always been regular and easy. In November, 1890, she had a fall to the ground, alighting in a sitting posture, after which she complained of severe pain in the back and coccygeal region, and from these facts I was led to make an examination. The discovery which I made shed no particular light on the cause of the pain, but it proved to be a matter of interest to me, and explained to the patient the cause of her sterility. In making a digital examination I found the vagina to be roomy,