Martin King Research Articles

Between cross and crescent: Christian and Muslim perspectives on Malcolm and Martin

A collaborative effort of Christian scholar Lewis Baldwin and Muslim scholar Amiri Al-Hadid, Between Cross and Crescent details the interconnections between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.: their faith claims, their perspectives on culture, and their visions of the ideal society and world. The authors reject two common tendencies: to reduce Malcolm and Martin to misguided, angry Muslim imam and gentle, harmless Christian preacher and to treat the two men as polar opposites. The result is the most comprehensive and detailed work in print about the two leaders and the first to bring together a Muslim and a Christian scholar in dialogue about their relationship to such significant issues. Particularly original are the insights into how Martin and Malcolm viewed each other, family and children, and women (an entire chapter is devoted to the character of womanhood). Of special importance is the skillful delineation of the historical and cultural forces underpinning the two leaders' religious and cultural perspectives - not the least being their common roots in traditions based in the American South. The authors also turn a careful scholar's eye to their perspectives on religion, interfaith dialogue, and the relationship between the African-American struggle and global liberation movements. There is no more detailed resource about the relationship between Martin King and Malcolm X. The depth of scholarship in this volume extends even to the extraordinary amount of information relegated to footnotes, themselves a gold mine of documentation for all readers interested in the interface between faith claims, politics, and social and cultural transformation.

Martin and Malcolm on Nonviolence and Violence

No issue has been more hotly debated in the African-American community than violence and nonviolence. No two persons symbolize this debate more than Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X. They represent two radically different responses to nonviolence and violence in the freedom movement during the 1960s. Their perspectives are still widely discussed and debated today but seldom understood. Martin King's followers frequently misrepresent Malcolm X's views, referring to him as a messiah of hate and a black Ku Klux Klan of racial extremists. Malcolm X's followers distort Martin King's views, often calling him a century religious Uncle Tom pacifist-the best weapon of whites who want to brutalize people. Any view can be discredited by simplifying it to the level of a caricature. In this essay, I will present a brief analysis of Martin and Malcolm's views on nonviolence and violence, beginning with Martin's view because Malcolm's perspective was developed largely as a critical response to the white and media's presentation of Martin's views as normative for the African-American community. Martin Luther King, Jr., was a pastor and civil rights leader and is arguably not only America's most distinguished theologian but also the most influential American in the twentieth century. He was named Time's Man of the Year in 1963 and awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He is the only American with a national holiday in his name alone. With the support of many ordinary people in the freedom movement, King's practice and thought radically transformed America's understanding of itself and inspired liberation movements around the world. One can hardly go anywhere and not encounter his moral influence. Martin King is best known as America's preeminent advocate of nonviolence. From the time of the yearlong, triumphant Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott (1955-56) to his tragic assassination in Memphis, Tennessee (April 4, 1968), Martin King embraced nonviolence absolutely. For King, nonviolence was not only an effective strategy of social change; it was the heart of his philosophy of life. There was no limit to his advocacy of nonviolence in conflict situations. He contended that nonviolence was the most potent weapon for both blacks in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement and for other oppressed peoples struggling for justice throughout the world. Nonviolence was not only the best tool for solving conflicts within nations; it could also resolve differences between nations. For

Inside China's Cities: Institutional Barriers and Opportunities for Urban Migrants

One of the most glaring legacies of 20thcentury Chinese socialism is a sharp and widened divide between China's urban and rural areas. China's widened urban-rural divide arose from a socialist industrialization process, which created a hastened heavy-industrial base at the expense of its rural population. China's vast rural population not only endured a standard of living far below that in the urban sector, they were also denied access to many social welfare benefits and social-mobility opportunities (Martin King Whyte, 1996). This urban-rural gap in social and economic wellbeing, together with a massive reservoir of rural surplus labor and an acute shortage of consumer goods, formed the driving forces for China's change of migration-control policy and for the rapid increase of rural migrants in Chinese cities. Though the exact number of migrants is still hard to ascertain, due to both a lack of consensus in the definition of migrant and the absence of an authoritative national survey, migrants' prominent presence in Chinese cities is hardly disputable. In China's largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant, and most likely a migrant from rural areas. In Shanghai, the number of migrants rose tenfold in one decade: from 0.26 million in 1981 to 2.81 million in 1993. The percentage of local residents who were migrants correspondingly rose from less than 5 percent in the early 1980's to 21.7 percent in 1993 (Changming Sun, 1997). In Beijing, the number of migrants was 3.29 million in 1994, compared to a locally registered population of 10.63 million for the whole municipality, and 6 million for its city districts (Dangsheng Ji et al., 1996 p. 95). In city districts, one out of every three persons in Beijing is a temporary migrant from elsewhere. Most of these recorded migrants are also genuine migrants, not short-term visitors: more than 60 percent had stayed for more than half of a year, and only 17 percent had been in Beijing for less than one month. Three-quarters of all the surveyed migrant population listed business or employment as their purpose of stay (Ji et al., 1996 pp. 96-97). Rural migrants account for over threequarters of all migrants in large Chinese cities. In Shanghai, for instance, a survey in 1995 found that 88.1 percent of all migrants had their place of household registration in the countryside (Wang and Zuo, 1997). Similarly, in Beijing, where one expects to see a higher circulation of urban to urban migrants, close to 80 percent of migrants surveyed in late 1994 were peasants before moving into Beijing (XiuhuaLiu, 1996 p. 112).

Jack Goody. <italic>The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia</italic>. (Studies in Literacy, Family, Culture and the State.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 1990. Pp. xix, 542

Journal Article Jack Goody. The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia. (Studies in Literacy, Family, Culture and the State.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 1990. Pp. xix, 542 Get access Goody Jack. The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia. (Studies in Literacy, Family, Culture and the State.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 1990. Pp. xix, 542. Martin King Whyte Martin King Whyte University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 98, Issue 4, October 1993, Pages 1208–1209, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/98.4.1208 Published: 01 October 1993

Delay to thrombolysis in myo0cardial infarction

Journal Article Delay to thrombolysis in myo0cardial infarction Get access Russell E.A. Smith, Russell E.A. Smith King's College School of Medicine and DentistryBessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John F. Martin John F. Martin King's College School of Medicine and DentistryBessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 86, Issue 1, January 1993, Page 73, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068746 Published: 01 January 1993

State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform

Patterns of leadership in reform China, Lowell Dittmer China's new bureaucracy?, Hong Yung Lee urban industrial workers - some observations on the 1980s, Andrew G. Walder urban China - a civil society in the making?, Martin King Whyte urban entrepreneurs and the State - the merger of State and society, Dorothy J. Solinger ideology and rural reform - the paradox of contingent stability, Thomas P. Bernstein students and the State in China - the crisis in ideology and organization, Stanley Rosen intellectuals in the Deng Xiaoping era, Merle Goldman.

Dating, Mating and Marriage.Martin King Whyte

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsDating, Mating and Marriage. Martin King Whyte S. Philip MorganS. Philip Morgan Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 97, Number 3Nov., 1991 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/229839 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1991 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Remaking the economic institutions of socialism: China and Eastern Europe

Abbreviations 1. Toward an institutional analysis of state socialism David Stark and Victor Nee 2. The Hungarian reform process: visions, hopes, and reality J?nos Kornai 3. Open-ended economic reform in China Cyril Zhiren Lin 4. Coexisting organizational forms in Hungary's emerging mixed economy David Stark 5. Peasant entrepreneurship and the politics of regulation in China Victor Nee 6. Eastern Europe in an epoch of transition: toward a socialist mixed economy? Ivan Szelenyi 7. Who hates bureaucracy? a Chinese puzzle Martin King Whyte 8. Evolution of the communist economic system: scope and limits Wlodzimierz Brus 9. Dilemmas in the pattern of resource allocation in China, 1978-1985 Nicholas R. Lardy 10. Imperial dilemmas: soviet interests and economic reform Walter D. Connor 11. The political economy of Chinese industrial reform Susan Shirk Notes Index.

Class and Social Stratification in Post-Revolution China.

Preface James L. Watson 1. Introduction: class and class formation in Chinese society James L. Watson 2. Chinese views of social classification Philip A. Kuhn 3. Classes, old and new, in Mao Zedong's thought, 1949-1976 Stuart R. Schram 4. The decline of virtuocracy in China Susan L. Shirk 5. Destratification in China William L. Parish 6. The class system in rural China: a case study Jonathan Unger 7. Bourgeois radicalism in the 'New Class' of Shanghai, 1949-1969 Lynn T. White III 8. Marriage choice and status groups in contemporary China Elisabeth Croll 9. Sexual inequality under socialism: the Chinese case in perspective Martin King Whyte Notes Contributors Index.

Whyte, Martin King and William L. Parish. Urban Life in Contemporary China

Whyte, Martin King and William L. Parish. <i>Urban Life in Contemporary China</i>

Urban Life in Contemporary China. By Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. xi, 408 pp. $30.

Urban Life in Contemporary China. By Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. xi, 408 pp. $30.

&lt;sc&gt;burton pasternak&lt;/sc&gt;. &lt;italic&gt;Guests in the Dragon: Social Demography of a Chinese District, 1895–1946.&lt;/italic&gt; New York: Columbia University Press. 1983. Pp. x, 190. $35.00

Journal Article burton pasternak. Guests in the Dragon: Social Demography of a Chinese District, 1895–1946. New York: Columbia University Press. 1983. Pp. x, 190. $35.00 Get access Pasternak Burton. Guests in the Dragon: Social Demography of a Chinese District, 1895–1946. New York: Columbia University Press. 1983. Pp. x, 190. $35.00. Martin King Whyte Martin King Whyte University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 89, Issue 5, December 1984, Pages 1374–1375, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/89.5.1374 Published: 01 December 1984

KEATS, AKENSIDE, BEAUTY AND TRUTH

KEATS, AKENSIDE, BEAUTY AND TRUTH Get access PHILIP W. MARTIN PHILIP W. MARTIN King Alfred's CollegeWinchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 30, Issue 3, June 1983, Pages 223–224, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/30-3-223 Published: 01 June 1983

Female Exclusion from Religious Roles: A Cross-Cultural Test of Competing Explanations

Data from a cross-cultural sample of 93 societies were used to test three theories that could account for the exclusion of women from community religious roles: gynephobia, resource theory, and differentiated social spheres. Results from a multiple regression analysis suggest that only resource theory has any ability to predict societal patterns excluding females from religious roles. In particular, it is most effective in predicting the likelihood women will be allowed to assume the role of shaman. Women are most likely to be shamans in societies in which they are highly influential in kin networks and yet retain little control of property. These factors are discussed as they relate to opportunities for social sponsorship and to a functional aspect of social marginality that favors selection for shamanship. Despite widespread interest in the ways in which sexist constraints are imposed on women, little is known about the operation of such mechanisms in specific institutional contexts. For example, the exclusion of women from full participation in the life of the religious institution has been recently remarked (see, for example, Driver; Ermath; Harkness; Neal, a, b; Swidler; Wallace), but few explanations have been offered to account for the phenomenon and fewer empirical tests of theoretical insights have been applied. Lehman (a, b), in the most sociologically insightful studies to date, has examined the effects of demographic, social psychological, and organizational setting variables on congregants' attitudes toward women ministers. But his work fixes principally on the characteristics of congregants and congregational dynamics, rather than on characteristics of the aggregate of prospective female clergy, (such as the degree of power they *I thank Lynda Lane Martin for her invaluable assistance in the coding and analyses of data presented in this paper. It is a revised version of a paper read at the 1979 meetings of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. I am grateful also to Martin King Whyte for providing previously unpublished data that I have used and to Gerhard Lenski and anonymous referees for their helpful comments on a previous draft. ? 1982 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-77321821010079-98$02.00

The Status of Women in Preindustrial Societies.Martin King WhyteWomen and National Development: The Complexities of Change.Wellesley Editorial CommitteeWomen United, Women Divided: Comparative Studies of Ten Contemporary. Patricia Caplan , Janet M. Bujra

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Status of Women in Preindustrial Societies. Martin King Whyte Women and National Development: The Complexities of Change. Wellesley Editorial Committee Women United, Women Divided: Comparative Studies of Ten Contemporary. Patricia Caplan , Janet M. Bujra Jane F. CollierJane F. Collier Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 87, Number 2Sep., 1981 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/227491 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Village and Family in Contemporary China. William L. Parish, Martin King Whyte

Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsVillage and Family in Contemporary China. William L. Parish, Martin King WhyteEdwin A. WincklerEdwin A. Winckler Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 29, Number 2Jan., 1981 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451261 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Village and Family Life in Contemporary China.William L. Parish , Martin King Whyte

<i>Village and Family Life in Contemporary China.</i>William L. Parish , Martin King Whyte

Reviews

Book review in this ArticleErnest L. Martin: The Birth of Christ Recalculated.H. M. TeeplE: The Noah's Ark Nonsense.R. M. OgilviE: The Library of Lactantius.Alan Young: William Cumin: Border Politics and the Bishopric of Durham, 1141–1144Roy Martin Haines: The Church and Politics in Fourteenth‐Century England: The Career of Adam Orleton, c. 1275–1345Robert Sauzet: Contre‐Réforme et reforme catholique en Bas‐Languedoc: Le diocèse de Nimes au XVIIe siècleH. C. Porter: The Inconstant Savage: England and the North American Indian, 1500–1660.Martin King Whyte: The Status of Women in Pre‐Industrial Societies.Owen Chadwick: The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century.Geoffrey Stephens: The Hutchins School: Macquarie Street Years, 1846–1965.William Nicolle Oats: The Rose and the Waratah: The Friends’School, Hobart. Formation and Development, 1832–1945.

Village and Family in Contemporary China.

After 1949 the Chinese Communists carried out land reform, the collectivization of agriculture, and the formation of people's communes. The new economic and political organizations that emerged have made peasant life more comfortable and secure, but many economic and status differentials and traditional customs remain resistant to change. Focusing on rural Kwangtung province, William L. Parish and Martin King Whyte examine the rural work-incentive system, village equality and inequality, rural health care and education, marriage customs, and the position of women, among other topics, to determine what and how much of the traditional Chinese ways of life is left in Communist China.

Village and Family in Contemporary China. By William L. Parish and Martin King Whyte. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1978. xv, 419 pp. Tables, Figures, Appendixes, Notes, Index. $23.00.

Village and Family in Contemporary China. By William L. Parish and Martin King Whyte. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1978. xv, 419 pp. Tables, Figures, Appendixes, Notes, Index. $23.00. - Volume 39 Issue 3