Martial Training Research Articles

병인양요 이후 洋亂 대응책 고찰 - 『戎書撮要』를 중심으로

This paper analyzes the strategies outlined in 『Yungseo Chwaryo(戎書撮要)』, a military treatise compiled in response to potential Western invasions after the Byeongin Yangyo(丙寅洋擾). The Byeongin Yangyo(丙寅洋擾) was the third foreign invasion Korea had faced, marking the first time the country encountered Western military power. Following this experience, the Korean court sought to enhance the defenses around Seoul and strengthen the military system. As part of these efforts, 『Yongseo Chwaryo』was compiled under the support of Shin Heon(申櫶). This text is distinct in that it frequently cites Qing(淸) dynasty military manuals instead of relying solely on the 『Jixiao Xinshu(紀效新書)』 and incorporates updated battle tactics. The response model formulated in this treatise focuses on selecting and training local militia, adopting a mountain fortress defense strategy, and engaging in small-scale guerrilla warfare against Western ships. The local militia was selected for courage and bravery, with an emphasis on realistic martial training and camp formation to build resilience. Stationing in mountain fortresses allowed for strategic defense by leveraging difficult terrain and fostering internal unity through a strong sense of community within the fortress. Refugees were required to provide a certain amount of food, ensuring sustenance during confrontations, and were encouraged to remain steadfast in their positions rather than flee. Regarding Western naval confrontations, the treatise covers weaponry from the 『Mubei Ji(武備志)』and tactics by Lin Zexu(林則徐) from the 『Haiguo Tuzhi(海國圖志)』. It suggests attacking the bow and stern of Western ships, where their guns were not positioned, and introduces guerrilla tactics on land involving war carts, multi-shot firearms, and poison bombs. Notably, the text’s attempt to locally produce percussion caps was quite progressive for the era, reflecting an advanced understanding of contemporary military needs.

The Cutting Edge in Print

This article explores how Scholastic notions of the body, mind and cognition inform the didactic principles structuring the Opera nova (1536) by Achille Marozzo (1484-1553). A Bolognese fencing master, Marozzo belonged to a tradition of institutionalized martial training which had historically emphasized its connections to academic discourses of learning. In spite of this, Marozzo’s own work has been interpreted as following a straightforward tradition of copying forms and patterns, without much of an underlying theoretical argument. This article argues that Marozzo does present several conceptual references to Scholastic ideas about the workings of the brain, however, in particular to the mind’s dependence on mental images provided by the senses. Delving into these references not only helps to understand the didactic principles at work in the Opera nova as a whole, but also the specific role Marozzo seems to have attributed to the many woodcuts included in his book. In presenting this argument, this article then argues for the fruitful insights that can be gained from connecting fight books to both medieval and early modern Scholasticism, and the history of early modern art and science.

RECUPERAÇÃO MIOARTICULAR APÓS O TREINAMENTO DE KUNG FU

ABSTRACT Introduction Kung fu is a Chinese martial art with continuous movements based on step movement and embodied by the transformation of body shapes, requiring the athletes to strengthen the lower limbs. Joint and muscle analysis are critical to verify the strength of athletes’ lower limbs and play a guiding role in evaluating the level of recovery for injured athletes. Objective Explore the myoarticular recovery effect after kung fu training. Methods 24 kung fu athletes were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, with 6 males and 6 females in each group. The athletes in the experimental group received traditional martial training for 60 minutes, while the control group received relaxation training simultaneously. The experiment lasted for 6 months and was performed 6 times a month. Results After kung fu training, the rates of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Conclusion Kung fu training positively impacts the athletes’ muscle strength and joint strength. Kung fu training can also improve the level of myoarticular recovery and improve the flexibility of its practitioners. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Girls Playing at Soldiers: Destabilizing the Masculinity of War Play in Georgian Britain

This article destabilizes previous assumptions of the inherent masculinity of war play by examining the many forms of Georgian girls’ participation. Girls may not have used professionally manufactured guns, but they did similar things with more makeshift weapons. Veterans’ accounts played a key role in inspiring both boys’ and girls’ re-enactments. Girls’ interest in war play was fuelled by complex social messaging admiring female soldiers and praising the value of martial training for both sexes. These findings highlight the need to historicize play and to recognize the pervasive influence of war in eighteenth-century girls’ lives.

A Method of Systems Science for Planning Martial Training

A Method of Systems Science for Planning Martial Training

A Study on the Satisfaction of Workers' Martial Training in Police Officers

본 연구는 대구지역 관할 경찰서에서 실시하는 직장무도훈련 참여자 300명 중 중도포기자를 제외한 251명을 대상으로 경찰공무원의 직장무도훈련 만족도에 관한 조사연구를 실시하였다. 평가내용으로 훈련내용, 교관(사범), 교육지원, 훈련만족도 등 4개의 카테고리의 설문지를 통해 참여자의 다양한 방안을 연구를 하였다. 이를 토대로 직무에 맞는 맞춤형 무도 등 직장무도훈련 프로그램의 기초자료의 제공과 개선방안 마련하고자 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 조사결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 훈련내용, 교관(사범), 교육지원 및 훈련만족도 정도에서는 훈련태도에 해당하는 출결 등의 만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 일반적 특성에 따른 항목별 만족도는 참여자의 학력과 훈련의 만족도는 일치하지 않았다.The purpose of this study is to investigate the satisfaction of police officers job - related martial training in 251 persons except for the abandoners among the 300 participants in the workplace martial arts training in Daegu area in. The contents of the evaluation are contents of training, instructor, Satisfaction of the Instruction We surveyed the participants various methods through questionnaires of four categories. The purpose of this study is to provide a training martial arts training program such as customized martial arts. The survey results are as follows. First, in terms of contents of training, instructor (teacher), educational support, and satisfaction of class, satisfaction with attendance attended by class attitude was high. Second, according to general characteristics, satisfaction with items did not agree with the level of education and training.

Musha shugyō: la peregrinación del guerrero. Una aproximación a la formación marcial del guerrero japonés a través de sus viajes

Samurai completed their martial training with a trip through the Japanese geography to learn from other schools and sometimes challenge other samurai to test their martial skills. However, these pilgrimages also included other aspects such as religious and artistic considerations related with the Japanese sword (nihontō).

Научный анализ причинных связей субъективизма и консерватизма на занятиях по рукопашной подготовке с курсантами вузов МВД России

Научный анализ причинных связей субъективизма и консерватизма на занятиях по рукопашной подготовке с курсантами вузов МВД России

Martial Categories: Clarification and Classification

The gradual appearance and relative stabilisation of the names of different kinds of martial activities in different cultures and contexts has led to confusion and to an unhelpful and unjustifiable elision of meanings, which merges different modes of combat and other martial activities. To gain a clearer perspective on this area, we must enquire into the criteria according to which the various kinds of martial activities are (or should be) classified. Our assessment of the literature suggests that there is no satisfactory and well-justified overall cross-cultural account of the classification of martial activities. This paper provides a revisionary classification and offers an explanation and a justification of the five main categories identified: close combat, warrior arts, martial paths, martial arts and martial sports; as well as some minor ones, such as martial training, martial therapy, martial display, martial games and martial dance.

2. CONSTRUCTIONS OF “HOME,”“FRONT,” AND WOMEN'S MILITARY EMPLOYMENT IN FIRST‐WORLD‐WAR BRITAIN: A SPATIAL INTERPRETATION

ABSTRACTIn First‐World‐War Britain, women's ambition to perform noncombatant duties for the military faced considerable public opposition. Nevertheless, by late 1916 up to 10,000 members of the female volunteer corps were working for the army, laying the foundation for some 90,000 auxiliaries of the official Women's Services, who filled support positions in the armed forces in the second half of the war. This essay focuses on the public debate in which the volunteers overcame their critics to understand how they obtained sufficient popular consent for their martial work. I explain the process in terms of shifting hegemonic understandings of space. As critics' arguments in the debate indicate, the gender attribution of war participation was organized and represented spatially, assigning men to the warlike “front” as warriors and women to the peaceful “home” as civilians. To redefine the meaning of these gendered wartime spaces, women volunteers deployed rival spatial discourses and practices in their campaign for martial employment. The essay explores the progress of these competing definitions through feminist and spatial theories, including gender performativity, discursively constructed and constructive spaces, and heterotopias. I argue that the upheaval caused by the war in gender and spatial norms undermined absolute conceptualizations of space with dichotomous binary areas on which critics drew for their arguments and reinforced more recent, relative spatialities, including the cultural construction of militarized heterotopic sites in between and paralleling both “home” and “front” for soldiers in training or recovery. The volunteers' efforts to gain access to military employment both contributed to and were supported by this shift. Heterotopic sites offered ideal discursive locations for constructing the new gender role of auxiliary soldiering through the performance of martial training and work, and competing spatial definitions provided arguments through which they could justify their activities to both critics and supporters.

Art of preserving health: studies on the medical supervision of physical exercise

To the ancient Greeks, physical exercise was an essential part of life, especially during adolescence and young adulthood. Long after the end of the Classical Greek era, Roman conquest brought a shift towards martial training, increased professionalism in athletic competition and a weak strand of restorative gymnastics kept barely intact by the likes of Galen. While the crux of these teachings was the use of exercise, among other things, to promote and maintain health, the emphasis began to shift to concerns about the health of athletes and the medical problems brought about by exercise. Fashions in athletic training began to change in the mid-nineteenth century, but the mystique associated with athletic training pervaded much of the thinking and still persists today where, in this modern scientific period of exercise and health, physiologists, physical educators and physicians have become involved in seeking to apply the scientific method to what has become known as exercise science. The modern concept of sports medicine tends to emphasize the training and welfare of the elite athlete.

To shake their guns in the tyrant's face: libertarian political violence and the origins of the militia movement

After the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995 Americans were shocked to learn that homegrown extremists - not Middle Eastern or Muslim terrorists - had blown up the Alfred Murrah Federal Building. Prior to Oklahoma City, most of us believed that terrorism rarely, if ever, originated in the United States.Within the next few years, however, numerous studies and media reports appeared uncovering the shadowy world of American militias, a loose alliance of groups with widely divergent views. Whatever their disagreements, they nevertheless shared a common interest in guns and martial training. Not surprisingly, it was the most extreme among them who attracted the lion's share of attention.Equally disturbing and largely overlooked amid the growing publicity was a shared belief among the various militia factions that civilians had a right - even a duty - to take up arms against what they saw as the wanton exercise of unconstitutional power by the federal government. In the years following the government's actions at Ruby Ridge, in 1992, and the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, in 1993, it was this concept, Robert Churchill argues, that played the greatest role in the growth of the American militia movement.Churchill uses three case studies to identify the origins of the militia movement: Fries' Rebellion in Pennsylvania at the end of the eighteenth century, the Sons of Liberty Conspiracy in Civil War-era Indiana and Illinois, and the Black Legion in Michigan and Ohio during the Depression. Building on extensive interviews with militia members, the author places the contemporary militia movement in the context of earlier insurrectionary movements that, clinging to a libertarian interpretation of the American Revolution, used force to resist the authority of the Federal Government.

The Future Course of the Eastern Martial Arts

The Oriental martial arts being taught in the U.S. today, such as taekwondo, are characteristically different from those being taught in the East. The traditional modes of training still used in the East are being ignored by American practitioners. The idea of martial training to achieve artistic excellence is being replaced by the notion of winning a competitive contest. Elements indigenous to taekwondo and other martial arts, such as spiritual development (Zen teachings), awareness of cultural origins, and repetitive drilling are challenged as being impractical. In the United States, emphasis is placed on full contact training, with the focal point being the concept of “winning.” Are these current changes in taekwondo and other Eastern martial arts positively influenced and therefore ideally molded for American society? The following analysis will attempt to answer this question.

The Courtier and the Scholemaster

critical faculty, serving no military function but employed purely for pleasure, is partial goal of the courtier's training. Once suggested, critical judgment has natural extension: a knowledge of how to draw and an acquaintance with the art of painting itself (77). If drawing were to produce no other utility or pleasure, helps in judging the excellence of statues both ancient and modern, vases, buildings, medallions, cameos, intaglios, and the like, and it also brings one to know the beauty of living bodies (82). Aesthetic appreciation from an apprenticeship to expertise is part of truly liberal education, development of the powers of the mind for their own sake. The courtiers underline the liberal values of the critical faculty when they emphasize the solace of musical appreciation for older men who are past their military prime and the centrality of discernment for women, who never play military role and need no martial training (106, 207-211). The result of such faculty is an abstract, mature enjoyment; [subtle words] cause the reader to proceed with more restraint and concentration, to reflect more, and to enjoy the talent and doctrine of the writer; and, by judiciously exerting himself little, he tastes that pleasure which is had when we achieve great things (49). Here is Renaissance contribution to the education of gentleman. The guests of Duchess Elisabetta are, quite rightly, considered neither humanist pedagogues nor literary scholars. But, as the principle of discreet judgment involves aesthetic education, so it extends to the theory of literature. The debate between Ludovico, Federico, and the others about levels of vocabulary is really digression from the outline of an ideal courtier, but it is introduced by an admonition to avoid affected use of foreign or obsolete words. The authority of antiquity, the value of imitation, and the gravity and mastery of hieratic diction are set against appeal to contemporary audience, development in