Married Women Research Articles

A Quantitative Theory of the New Life Cycle of Women's Employment

“A new life cycle of women's labor force participation has emerged” (Goldin and Mitchell, 2017). Compared to previous cohorts, the employment profile of American college-educated married women born after the mid-1950s is flatter and higher with no hump but with a dip in the middle between ages 30-39. At the same time, these younger cohorts have delayed births, but their completed fertility rate has increased. I develop a quantitative theory to explain the changes in college-educated women's employment and fertility decisions across cohorts. First, I provide reduced-form evidence of a positive correlation between fertility and employment decisions. Second, I build a life-cycle model of labor supply and fertility decisions. My estimates indicate that the marginal returns to experience of college-educated married women increased by 33 percent. Although on-the-job accumulation of experience plays a crucial role in generating employment shifts and birth delays, the model does not generate an increase in the total fertility rate in the absence of infertility treatments. Thus, to understand why college-educated married women's life-cycle employment profiles and fertility decisions are changing, both factors must be considered.

Weak identification in discrete choice models

We study the impact of weak identification in discrete choice models, and provide insights into the determinants of identification strength in these models. Using these insights, we propose a novel test that can consistently detect weak identification in commonly applied discrete choice models, such as probit, logit, and many of their extensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that when the null hypothesis of weak identification is rejected, Wald-based inference can be carried out using standard formulas and critical values. A Monte Carlo study compares our proposed testing approach against commonly applied weak identification tests. The results simultaneously demonstrate the good performance of our approach and the fundamental failure of using conventional weak identification tests for linear models in the discrete choice model context. Lastly, we apply our approach in two empirical examples: married women labor force participation, and US food aid and civil conflicts.

THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN MARRIED WOMEN'S LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION: A MICRODATA ANALYSIS FROM SAKERNAS

This study aims to analyze the effect of human capital on the tendency of married women to enter the labor market. With 149,508 samples from the National Labor Force Survey, this study uses a binary logistic regression analysis technique with several modifications to grouping samples based on rural – urban categories, and types of work. This study found that in general observation, the tendency to work increased in the group of women with higher education (diploma and university) although not significantly. The same thing was also found in both the rural and urban classifications. Furthermore, in the classification based on the type of work, only in the type of work employees/staff/laborers of secondary and higher education both increase the tendency to work. Women with higher education were found to be more likely to work after marriage, indicated by a higher odds ratio than women with secondary education. The same effect was not found in the type of work self-employed, casual workers, or family workers. The findings of this study imply that on average to the secondary level, education does not affect the participation of married women in the labor market in Indonesia, but only in higher education and formal employment.

MODEL LOGISTIK ORDINAL UMUR KAWIN PERTAMA WANITA BALI

Age at first marriage of woman is the difference between her birth date and date she began living with her spouse or partner, and is truncated to years. Age at first marriage of woman is well-known affects her healthiness and reproduction processes. Despite of Indonesian Law No. 16, 2019 regulated the marriage limit for woman and man is 19 years old, underage- or child-marriage are also happen in some parts of this country. This study models age at first marriage of Balinese women, by putting socio-demographics indicators as the predictor, i.e. woman’s educational level, parents’ educational level, family domicile area before marriage, family income, parents job, home ownership status, and number of family members. To study the causal relationship between age at first marriage of Balinese woman and its predictors, 270 women were proportionally selected from 9 regencies/city in Bali and asked to fill self administered questionaire. The data were analyzed by applying ordinal logistic regression. The result shows educational level of subjects as well their parents significantly affect age at first marriage of Balinese women while other factors do not demonstrate significant effect.

A Phenomenological Study on The Mothering Experience of Married Women who have given Birth Resulting from Unintended Pregnancy

A Phenomenological Study on The Mothering Experience of Married Women who have given Birth Resulting from Unintended Pregnancy

Equal Employment Opportunities for Married Women: Journal towards a More Equal Work Environment in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Equal Employment Opportunities for Married Women: Journal towards a More Equal Work Environment in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Marriage Values of Middle-Aged Married Women: The Role of Marriage Values of Daughters in Young Adulthood and Family Socialization

Marriage Values of Middle-Aged Married Women: The Role of Marriage Values of Daughters in Young Adulthood and Family Socialization

Factors influencing modern contraceptive usage among women aged 15-49 years: a cross-sectional study

Introduction: This study aimed to examine the factors that influence modern contraceptive use among married women of reproductive age in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to gather data from a convenience sample of 500 married women of reproductive age attending family planning units at 10 healthcare facilities, Azadi, Kirkuk Teaching Hospital, and private gynecological and obstetric clinics. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from October 1st, 2023, to February 1st, 2024. The statistical analysis involved descriptive and inferential techniques. Results: The prevalence of contraceptive use among participants was 74.6%, with about (21%) reporting condom use and (16.0%) withdrawal usage. However, intrauterine devices were reported in (12.6%). Side effects were significantly (p<0.001) associated with contraceptive method choices, with 52% of the users experiencing adverse effects. External pressures to have additional children or become pregnant significantly (p=0.037) influenced contraceptive method choices. There were fewer modern contraceptive methods due to unsafety (30.9%), discomfort (23.6%), and side effects, such as headache (18%), weight gain (16%), and irregular bleeding (14%). Conclusions: Modern contraceptive use is affected by healthcare, safety, side effects, reproductive health, and personal choices. Providing complete knowledge and access to modern contraceptives helps couples make informed reproductive health decisions, empowers women to regulate their fertility, supports their personal and reproductive objectives, and promotes their health and well-being. Keywords: birth control, childbearing age, Iraq, modern contraceptive, side effects

Prevalence, patterns and determinants of unmet needs of contraception among married women in Imphal East district of Manipur: a cross-sectional study

Background: In many countries, unmet need for family planning among pregnant women is a main reason of closely spaced births, child bearing at a very early age, unsafe abortions or physical abuse, all of which are considered as main co-factors to high maternal and infant mortality. Understanding the unmet need of contraception and contraceptive behaviour among married women will help in enhancing the service provision among them. The study was done with the objective to estimate the prevalence of unmet need of contraception and patterns of contraceptive usage among currently married women and to determine the association between unmet need of contraception and some selected variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire among currently married women. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the unmet need of contraception. A p value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Out of 300 respondents, more than half (165, 55.0%) had unmet needs of contraception. Age of the participant AOR=1.057 (1.013-1.103), self-employed AOR=0.433 (0.222-0.844), pregnant at present AOR = 7.693 (2.868-20.635), discussing about FP with husband AOR=0.534 (0.305-0.936) and those ever received FP services AOR=2.794 (1.579-4.944) were significantly associated with unmet need of contraception. Conclusions: Five out of ten women were found to have unmet need for contraception. Awareness programs regarding importance of family planning and various family planning services available at health facilities should be conducted from time to time among the public.

Reasons and types of domestic violence against married women: a community based cross sectional study in urban slums of Pune, India

Background: Worldwide, domestic violence against females is common across religion, culture, socio economic class and ethnicity. Objective was to assess reasons and types of domestic violence against married women in urban slums of Pune. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was undertaken amongst 405 married women above 18 years of age. Chi square test was used to find an association between the different demographic variables with respect to domestic violence. Univariate logistic regression was used to find the Odds ratio between the domestic violence and different risk factors. Results: Prevalence of domestic violence was 37.28%. Commonest reasons reported for domestic violence was ‘not doing household work properly’ (23.47%). Duration of marriage (p<0.05), total number of children (p<0.05), type of family (p<0.05) and alcohol consumption by husband were significantly associated with domestic violence. Conclusions: Present study revealed that duration of marriage, total number of children, type of family and alcohol consumption by husband are the factors significantly associated with domestic violence against married women. Sessions on de -addiction and preventing the family from domestic violence arising due to it can be taken.

The Relative Contribution of Gratitude and Mindfulness to Predicting Marital Satisfaction in Married Women

The Relative Contribution of Gratitude and Mindfulness to Predicting Marital Satisfaction in Married Women

COVID-19 and the Crisis of Married Women in the Internet Parenting Community Using Netnography

COVID-19 and the Crisis of Married Women in the Internet Parenting Community Using Netnography

Sociocultural factors influencing utilization of reproductive health services in selected South Sudan public health facilities

Background: Africa faces significant maternal health challenges, with nearly half of maternal deaths occurring in the region. Insufficient reproductive health services account for 18% of the global disease burden, disproportionately affecting women of reproductive age at 32%. Despite the benefits of family planning, only 13% of married women in Sub-Saharan Africa use contraceptives. This study aimed to identify sociocultural factors influencing the utilization of RHS in South Sudan's public health facilities. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combined a longitudinal ecological study and an analytical cross-sectional study. Data from the South Sudan Ministry of Health (2015-2020) were reviewed, and community members and health professionals were surveyed across four levels of the health system in Western and Central Equatoria states. The study focused on women aged 15-49, with 384 respondents selected from various counties. Results: The study indicated that 72.5% of respondents utilized RHS, with family planning and STI prevention/management being the most common services (25.1% each). Maternal/newborn care and HIV counseling/testing followed at 18.1% and 15.3%, respectively. While RHS uptake increased overall, specific declines were noted in the third quarter of each year. Utilization was significantly higher among respondents aged 30 and older, urban residents, and those with higher educational levels. Conclusions: The study highlights a positive trend in RHS uptake but underscores the need to address declines in specific services. Age, residence, and education significantly influence RHS utilization. Policy interventions should consider South Sudan's unique sociocultural contexts and demographics. Enhancing education and awareness, especially in rural areas, is crucial to improving RHS access and reducing maternal mortality rates.

A formative study of the sociocultural influences on dietary behaviours during pregnancy in rural Bangladesh.

Balanced energy protein supplementation (BEP) is recommended for contexts of high maternal undernutrition by the World Health Organization. Despite recent improvements in undernutrition, Bangladesh remains a context where BEP could help accelerate progress towards nutrition goals. In preparation for an effective trial testing a fortified BEP, a qualitative study was undertaken to better understand sociocultural factors influencing dietary behaviours in pregnancy. Married women of reproductive age (n = 23), their husbands (n = 6) and mothers-in-law (n = 6) were interviewed, and focus group discussions were conducted with women (n = 4). Women had a clear understanding of which nutritious foods are important to consume during pregnancy, including green leafy vegetables, dairy and other animal-source foods. Many explained affordability as a barrier to consuming those foods with the desired frequency. Women acquired information about diet and nutrition in pregnancy from community health workers as well as other women in the community. Most preferred to seek information from their own networks before formal health care providers. Women and husbands generally had positive views about micronutrient supplements, although some mothers-in-law were more hesitant. Some food taboos relating to the consumption of certain foods like duck and pigeon meat persist, mainly stemming from concerns for the unborn child. Opportunities exist to build on existing perceptions of healthy diets, potentially framing food or nutrient supplements as a beneficial 'add-on' to promote a healthy pregnancy. There is a scope to strengthen nutrition counselling, especially for the family members, to dispel myths and misconceptions and promote dietary and other support for pregnant women.

Parenthood and gender inequality on labor market outcomes: Evidence from South Korea

AbstractThis study estimates the long‐term effect of parenthood on labor market outcomes and explores the variations within this effect by gender and education. We use the event study method to track changes in a range of labor market outcomes from 3 years before to 8 years after the first birth, with a sample of 556 married women and 528 married men from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS). We find that women experience an immediate drop in wages following birth, whereas men experience continuous wage growth even before birth. The decline in women's wages arises largely from their withdrawal from the labor market, while the increase in men's wages could be explained by a positive selection bias among fathers. In addition, mothers' wage trajectories do not vary significantly by education level, whereas other labor market outcomes show discernible trends. These patterns are the opposite of those observed for men. The findings indicate that severe gender inequality in the Korean labor market lowers the wages of mothers, regardless of their education, while the wages of fathers are more likely to be affected by education. Based on the findings, we make policy suggestions for improving the work‐family balance for all genders.

The level of psychological resilience of women with breast cancer in the center of Erbil Governorate

A recent study investigated the level of psychological resilience of women with breast cancer in the center of Erbil Governorate. It holds the following objectives: (i) to examine the prevalence level of psychological resilience among women with breast cancer. (ii) to examine the difference in the level of psychological resilience according to variables (Degree of cancer and social status). The population of the research comprises women with breast cancer in the center of Erbil governorate, the researcher selected simple random sampling, which included (225) women with breast cancer. To measure the research variable, the researcher built the scale of psychological resilience, which includes (30) items. The researcher accomplished the scale's face validity and discriminatory power and maintained all the scale items. The researcher measured the reliability through the half-segmentation method, the value was (0.77), and based on the Spearman-Brown equation the value reached (0.87). The research shows that women suffer from breast cancer because of a lack of psychological resilience. The study further demonstrates statistically significant differences in psychological resilience according to the degree of cancer. There is a statistically significant difference in psychological resilience according to the social status variable in favor of married women. Based on the current findings the researcher mentioned several necessary recommendations and suggestions.

Age restrictions on marriage for women: preventing violence in marriage.

Age restrictions on marriage for women: preventing violence in marriage.

Impact of British Policy on the Social Mobility and Employment Opportunities of Eurasian Women in 19th and 20th Century of India

This article aims to investigate the multifaceted impact of British colonialism on Eurasian women's employment opportunities in 19th and early 20th-century India. It examined how societal expectations initially confined Eurasian women to marriage, particularly to European officers. However, colonial infrastructure development and changing social norms led to a diversification of employment options. The 1901 Madras census data revealed a significant number of Eurasian women working in various fields, including orphanages, education (teachers), healthcare (nurses, midwives), and skilled trades (seamstresses, milliners). Building on this foundation, the study aims to expand the understanding of working Eurasian women across all of India. Notably, even married women often continued working, contributing to household income. The discussion acknowledged the limitations of historical data, particularly the potential undercounting of Eurasian women in prostitution statistics. Overall, the analysis highlighted the complex interplay between colonialism, social hierarchies, and economic realities that shaped the evolving employment landscape for Eurasian women in British India.

Suffering without Remedy: The Medically Unexplained Symptoms of Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Long COVID

The term “Medically Unexplained Symptoms” (MUS) describes chronic symptoms for which medical investigations fail to reveal a specific pathology or biomarker. Even as MUS are among the most prevalent chronic health problems in the global north, patients who experience them reside in a nebulous space. Such nebulousness is heightened for women patients. Moreover, women report MUS at higher rates than men. In this review essay, we analyze the medicalization and feminization processes vis-à-vis MUS by focusing on two particular syndromes: Fibromyalgia (FMS) and Long COVID (LC). FMS and LC present clear parallels that allow us to trace an unhappy marriage of women and MUS. We demonstrate how the medical constructions of these two syndromes as knowledge categories are representations of medical uncertainty vis-a-vis women patients. We then scrutinize the resulting gendered consequences of these categories for the illness experience. We conclude our review by calling for a cultural reorientation in our thinking about MUS that centers a recognition that the origins and manifestations of a great deal of human suffering reside outside of medicine’s ways of knowing. In so doing, we connect to foundational claims in medical anthropology and sociology; namely, that illness is more than disease, and health cannot be achieved primarily via biomedical means.

Analisis faktor yang memengaruhi kesiapan menikah wanita dewasa awal yang mengalami <i>trust issues</i> dalam hubungan romansa

Ideally, in the early adult development stage, women are able to find a partner and build a family life. However, this can be hampered when early adult women experience trust issues in romantic relationships. Trust issues in romantic relationships can reduce the level of readiness for marriage in early adult women. This study aims to examine the correlation of several factors that are predicted to have a correlation with the readiness to marry early adult women who experience trust issues in romantic relationships. This study uses a quantitative approach with correlational methods. This study involved 152 young adult women who were categorized as experiencing trust issues in romantic relationships. Data analysis used structural equation model-partial least square analysis. Based on research data analysis, readiness to have sexual relations and intimate communication skills are positively and significantly correlated with readiness to marry early adult women who experience trust issues in romantic relationships. However, this study also found that social environment support and family support did not significantly correlate with readiness for marriage in early adult women who experienced trust issues in romantic relationships. These findings can be a reference for further research with the same theme and references in psychological services with related clients.