Married Residents Research Articles

Impact of Residential Self-Selection on Low-Carbon Behavior: Evidence from Zhengzhou, China

Current resident lifestyles pose a significant threat to urban sustainable development. Therefore, low-carbon behavior is receiving increasing attention from scholars and policy makers. Ascertaining residential self-selection is essential in order to study the relationship between the built environment and travel behavior. While several studies have explored the relationship between the urban form, socioeconomic factors, and travel behavior, only a few of them have studied the impact of self-selection on household energy consumption and other forms of consumption, which are also contribute to household carbon emissions. Using large-scale field surveys of 1,485 households and high-resolution images, sourced from Google Maps in 2018, of Zhengzhou city, the present study estimated the low-carbon level of three kinds of behavior: daily energy use at home, daily travel, and daily consumption. The study investigated the influence factors on low-carbon behavior using the hierarchical linear model. We found that residential self-selection impacts both energy use and daily travel. Residents in some built environments consumed less energy at home and contributed less CO2 emissions through daily travel than others. In particular, individual-level variables significantly affected the low-carbon energy use behavior. The female, elderly, highly educated, married, and working-class residents with children had higher levels of low-carbon energy use. Community-level variables significantly affected the level of low-carbon travel and low-carbon consumption. If residents lived in areas with high density, mixed land use, and high accessibility, their travel mode and consumption behavior would entail low carbon emissions. There is a relationship between individual variables and community variables. Different individual attributes living in the same built environment have different impacts on low-carbon behaviors.

Relationship of Grit and Resilience to Burnout Among U.S. Neurosurgery Residents

Studies have begun investigating grit (continued fortitude in the face of hardship) and resilience (ability to recover from a setback) and their relationship to burnout (emotional exhaustion [EE] caused by prolonged stress or frustration) within medicine. We investigated the prevalence of burnout among neurosurgery residents and aimed to determine the relationship among burnout, grit, and resilience. We surveyed U.S. neurosurgical residents to perform a discretional analysis of prevalence of burnout. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine which variables were associated with higher and lower levels of EE, depersonalization (DP), personal accomplishment (PA), burnout, grit, and resilience. Of 1385 U.S. neurosurgery residents, 427 (30.8%) responded to our survey. Burnout prevalence was 33.0% (95% confidence interval, 28.6%-37.7%). High grit was associated with U.S. graduates (P= 0.006), married residents (P=0.025), and fewer social/personal stressors (P= 0.003). Lower resilience was associated with female sex (P=0.006), whereas higher resilience was associated with international medical graduates (P= 0.017) and fewer social/personal stressors (P= 0.005). High burnout was associated with greater social/personal stressors (P= 0.002), clinical rotations (P= 0.001), and lack of children (P=0.016). There were positive correlations between EE and DP and among PA, grit, and resilience. There were negative correlations for EE and DP with PA, grit, and resilience and between grit/resilience and burnout. There is an inverse relationship between grit/resilience and burnout. Increased social/personal stressors are associated with increased levels of burnout and decreased grit and resilience. Grit and resilience are higher when social and personal stressors are decreased, indicating that these characteristics may fluctuate over time.

Effect of Time Management Workshops in Reducing the Social Procrastination among Emergency Medicine Residents

Background and Aims: Medical errors are important in all fields of medicine and have larger consequences in risky and stressful fields like emergency medicine. Social carelessness can cause these errors. On the other hand better understanding of time perception can lead to increased power of management and better decision making. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effect of time management education on social procrastination among emergency medicine residents.Material and Methods: In this interventional study, 25 residents in intervention group had a time management workshops for two weeks and we evaluated them for social procrastination before and after intervention. 25 residents were studied and compared as control group. Results: Both groups were matched according to baseline findings. Married residents compared to single ones had significantly lower procrastination score (p=0.02). The serial changes in procrastination score after the workshop in intervention group was significantly higher that control group (p=0.006). Conclusion: Education time management skills workshops could be effective in reducing social procrastination among emergency medicine residents. Married residents possibly due to responsiveness in their marriage and management skills have low procrastination.

Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Depression in Cancer Patients Referring to the Oncology Ward of Shahid Baghaee Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran

Background: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases in cancer patients. Few studies showed that self-compassion is a reliable predictor of mental health. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-compassion and depression in cancer patients referring to the Oncology Ward of Shahid Baghaee Hospital in Ahvaz. Methods: This correlational study was conducted on 106 eligible adult cancer patients who referred to the Oncology Ward of Shahid Baghaee Hospital in Ahvaz. The patients were chosen using convenience sampling. Data were collected by a demographic questionnaire, the Beck depression scale, and the self-compassion scale (SCS-LF). Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: This study recruited 106 cancer patients with a mean age of 41.14 ± 15.12 years. The majority of the subjects were male (61.3%), married (65.1%), and urban residents (68.9%). Chemotherapy was the most used treatment in these patients (70.8%). The mean scores of self-compassion and depression were 3.2 ± 0.41 and 19.87 ± 12.55, respectively. These results indicated a moderate level of self-compassion and a high level of depression in the patients. There was a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and depression (P < 0.05). Conclusions: As the results of the present study indicated the high prevalence of depression in the studied patients and a negative relationship between depression and self-compassion, it is necessary to perform psychological interventions with an emphasis on compassion component to reduce depression in these patients.

Antidementia medication use by aged care facility residents with dementia.

Little is known about the use of antidementia medications in Australia. Other countries have reported sociodemographic disparities in use. Our objective was to estimate prevalence, duration, and time to initiation of antidementia medication (cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine) among Australians with dementia in residential aged care facilities and to evaluate resident and facility factors associated with use. Dynamic retrospective cohort study of people with dementia in 68 residential aged care facilities during 2014 to 2017 using electronic health record and medication administration data. Regression evaluated relationships between medication use (prevalence, duration, and time to initiation) and resident and facility characteristics. Five thousand three hundred fifty-four residents with dementia were included in the analyses. Annual prevalence of antidementia medication use was less than 10% each year and decreased during the study period by 2-percentage points by 2017 (relative to 2014). Antidementia medication use varied by sociodemographic characteristics (3-points lower for single, 4-points lower for divorced relative to married residents, and 3-points higher for Australian-born). Each point in ADL score was associated with 0.1-point lower medication use. Antidementia medication use was lower in outer regional facilities. Most comorbidities were associated with lower antidementia medication use (myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease and heart failure 3-points lower, respiratory disease, and diabetes 2-points lower). Age had a complex relationship with antidementia medication use that varied by sex and if medication was started before or after admission. After admission, males initiated antidementia medication earlier than females. Antidementia medication use in Australian facilities was lower than in other countries and varied by clinical and sociodemographic factors.

Educational Level and Urban Integration of Rural-Urban Migrants: An Empirical Analysis Based on Self-identity

Since the Reform and Opening up, a large number of rural residents have flooded into the city, injecting vitality into urban development. As an important contributor to urban construction, the issue of urban integration of rural migrants has received much attention. Whether urban immigrants truly integrate into the city is not only related to the social justice, mental health and life satisfaction of the immigrants themselves, but also directly affects the sustainable development of the urban economy and the long-term stability of the society. In the context of the era of population urbanization, how to promote the rapid integration of rural migrants into cities has become an important issue for governments at all levels. Education is considered to be an important factor affecting the integration of immigrant cities in rural areas. In recent years, many studies have carried out in-depth research on the causal relationship between the two. However, due to the different selection of indicators and the existence of endogenous problems, the relevant conclusions have not been agreed. With the CSS2011 micro survey data, this paper re-examines the relationship between education and urban integration of rural-urban migrants. In the face of possible endogenous problems, this paper uses the 1986 Compulsory Education Law to promulgate this quasi-natural experiment construction tool variable, and adopts the 2SLS method for robust regression analysis. The empirical results show that the increase in the number of years of education does help the township immigrants identify with the city. On the basis of the basic conclusions, this paper also carries out corresponding channel analysis, and finds that education plays an active role in the process of urban migrants obtaining urban household registration, urban housing and married urban residents, and thus promotes the urban integration of immigrants. This study has important policy implications: Under the background of the urbanization of population, it is of great significance to continuously promote the development of rural education and strive to improve the education level of immigrants in rural areas. Based on the research conclusions, the following policy recommendations are proposed: First, gradually correct the urban bias of education expenditure, establish a long-term supply mechanism to guarantee rural education funds, narrow the gap between urban and rural education investment, and promote the rapid and steady development of rural education. Second, vigorously develop secondary education in rural areas, especially medium and high vocational education, and increase the educational opportunities and education level of rural residents. Third, actively formulate and improve education support policies for low-income families in rural areas and the scholarships and student loans for poor students, and create conditions for rural poor students to continue their studies.

Perceived Stress, Stressors, and Coping Mechanisms Among PGY1 Pharmacy Residents

Objective. To evaluate perceived stress among postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residents and to examine relationships between perceived stress and certain demographic variables. Main stressors during residency training and coping mechanisms used were also determined. Methods. A link to a web-based survey was sent to 1128 pharmacy residency program directors who were asked to forward it to current PGY1 residents in their programs. The 22-item questionnaire included the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), demographic information, number of working/sleeping hours, and major stressors and coping mechanisms. Results. There were 505 responses collected from PGY1 residents of community pharmacy, managed care, and pharmacy practice residency programs across the US. Females reported higher PSS-10 scores than males. Perceived stress scores were similar across age groups. Single residents and married residents exhibited similar PSS-10 scores. Residents with children had higher stress score compared to residents without children. Perceived stress scores were similar across types of PGY1 residency programs. A higher number of working hours was associated with a higher PSS-10 score. Time pressures, work overload, and fear of error were the top stressors reported. Spending time with family and friends, staying optimistic, and engaging in enjoyable activities were the top coping strategies employed by participants. Conclusion. Female gender, having children, working longer working hours, and desire to change residency program were associated with higher PSS-10 scores. Approximately a third of the participants associated perceived stress with activities related to residency training (time pressures, workload, fear of errors) and report the use of positive coping strategies to deal with stress.

Effects of marital status on household commercial health insurance participation behavior

By mining China Household Financial Survey database (CHFS), the article uses Probit model and Tobit model to make an empirical test. The conclusion is summarized as follows. Firstly, marriage has a positive effect on participation in commercial health insurance, in other words, married residents are more inclined to invest in commercial health insurance. Secondly, households with higher levels of education increase the participation rate of commercial health insurance. Family size has a significantly positive impact on commercial health insurance participation rate. Thirdly, males participate more in commercial health insurance than females, which is independent of marital status. Fourth, in different age groups, marital status has a significant impact on commercial health insurance; married residents are more involved in commercial health insurance at all educational levels.

Factors contributing to the lack of interest in research activities among postgraduate medical students.

Objective:To determine the factors contributing to lack of interest in research activities among postgraduate residents in pediatric medicine.Methods:This cross-sectional survey was conducted at The Children’s Hospital Lahore, Pakistan in August 2017. The questionnaire was distributed to 105 postgraduate residents working in pediatric medicine department and 90 of them returned the completed proforma (response rate; 86%). Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22.Results:Out of 90 residents’ females were predominant (n=58/90; 64.4%). Mean age of the participants was 28.22 ± 2.092 years. Majority were unmarried (n=57; 63.3%). The highest mean score (2.31±0.697) was regarding “Lack of proper training for research”, followed by “lack of previous exposure” (2.26±0.728) and “over loaded curriculum” (2.13±0.753). “Uncooperative faculty” and “funding issues” as a barrier towards research (p=0.016 and 0.014 respectively) was mentioned by males more than females. “Social and family commitment” was a significant perceived barrier in married residents as compared to unmarried residents (p=0.001). The residents in the younger age group were more reluctant to do research due to “over loaded curriculum” (p=0.038).Conclusion:Lack of proper training of research, lack of previous exposure and time management are the major factors affecting resident’s research work, whereas married residents face more social/family constraints as compare to unmarried residents.

KRAS Testing, Tumor Location, and Survival in Patients With Stage IV Colorectal Cancer: SEER 2010-2013.

Purpose:KRAS mutations and tumor location have been associated with response to targeted therapy among patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) in various trials. This study performed the first population-based examination of associations between KRAS mutations, tumor location, and survival, and assessed factors associated with documented KRAS testing. Methods: Patients with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the colon/rectum diagnosed from 2010 to 2013 were extracted from SEER data. Analyses of patient characteristics, KRAS testing, and tumor location were conducted using logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards models assessed relationships between KRAS mutations, tumor location, and risk of all-cause death. Results: Of 22,542 patients, 30% received KRAS testing, and 44% of these had mutations. Those tested tended to be younger, married, and metropolitan area residents, and have private insurance or Medicare. Rates of KRAS testing also varied by registry (range, 20%-46%). Patients with right-sided colon cancer (vs left-sided) tended to be older, female, and black; have mucinous, KRAS-mutant tumors; and have a greater risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.22-1.32). KRAS mutations were not associated with greater risk of death in the overall population; however, they were associated with greater risk of death among patients with left-sided colon cancer (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.33). Conclusions: This large population-based study showed that among patients initially diagnosed with stage IV CRC, right-sided colon cancer was associated with greater risk of death compared with left-sided cancer, and KRAS mutations were only associated with risk of death in left-sided colon cancer. An unexpected finding was that among patients with stage IV disease, right-sided cancer was more commonly seen in black patients versus whites. Future studies should further explore these associations and determine the role of biology versus treatment differences. In addition, use of KRAS testing is increasing, but there is wide geographic variation wherein disparities related to insurance coverage and rurality may warrant further study.

Perpetration and Experience of Intimate Partner Violence Among Residents in Bariga Local Community Development Area, Lagos State, Nigeria.

The occurrence of aggressive behavior in intimate relationships carries serious mental and physical health consequences for the victims and children exposed to such events. Studies have been devoted toward understanding the nature and prevalence of the phenomenon; however, there has been a paucity of empirical investigation into the complexities and nuances of the subject matter, and this study seeks to address one of such complexities. This study examines the dynamics of intimate partner violence (IPV) within the context of perpetration and victimization among residents in Bariga Local Community Development Area in Lagos State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey, 218 married residents of the area were analyzed through bivariate and multivariate regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that gender and socioeconomic factors were not associated with IPV victimization. Educational differences between the respondent and spouse were associated with IPV victimization. Individuals who perpetrated IPV were about 19 times more likely to experience IPV. This study sheds light on the areas of IPV that tend to be ignored in academic literature and it calls for more empirical investigation, both at the quantitative and qualitative levels, to be conducted for better understanding of the subject matter.

Neighbourhood characteristics and mental disorders in three Chinese cities: multilevel models from the World Mental Health Surveys

ObjectivesThe rapid growth of urban areas in China in the past few decades has introduced profound changes in family structure and income distribution that could plausibly affect mental health. Although...

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease markers: Evidence from a three-million married population with fertility desire in rural China

We aimed to assess the prevalence of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) markers among the married residents with fertility desire in rural China. Demographic and clinical data were collected from the National Free Pre-Conception Health Examination Project. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min//1.73 m2, proteinuria, and hematuria were defined as markers of CKD. GFR was evaluated by using serum creatinine level and the Asian-modified CKD epidemiology collaboration equation. Automated urine dry chemical and microscopic analyses were employed to identify proteinuria and hematuria. The prevalence of CKD markers was 2.92% in the 3,091,379 participants. eGFR < 60 mL/min//1.73 m2, hematuria and proteinuria was observed in 0.85%, 1.41% and 0.71%, respectively. The prevalence of CKD markers varied greatly across different geographical locations, which was the highest in the Eastern Region (3.86%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.81–3.91%), moderate in the Central Region (2.80%; 95% CI: 2.77–2.82%), and lowest in the Western Region (2.62%; 95% CI: 2.59–2.65%). Hypertension, obesity, positive hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), age (increased by every 5 years), female gender, and living area were potential risk factors for CKD. In rural China, the prevalence of CKD markers in the married couples with fertility desire is low.

Trends in healthcare expenditure in United States adults with chronic kidney disease: 2002\u20132011

BackgroundThis study examines trends in healthcare expenditure in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other kidney diseases (OKD) in the U.S. from 2002 to 2011.MethodsOne hundred and eighty-seven thousand, three hundred and fourty-one adults aged ≥18 from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) Household Component were analyzed. CKD and OKD were based on ICD-9 or CCC codes. A novel two-part model was used to estimate the likelihood of any healthcare use and total expenditures. Covariates included individual demographics and comorbidities.ResultsApproximately 711 adults surveyed from 2002 to 2011 had CKD and 3693 had OKD. CKD was more likely among Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), Midwest and Western residents while OKD was more likely among Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), Hispanics, married and Northeast residents. Both CKD and OKD were more likely in ≥45 years, males, widowed/divorced/single, ≤high school educated, publicly insured, Southern residents, poor and low income individuals. All comorbidities were more likely among people with CKD and OKD. Unadjusted analysis for mean expenditures for CKD and OKD vs. no kidney disease was $39,873 and $13,247 vs. $5411 for the pooled sample. After adjusting for covariates as well as time, individuals with CKD had $17,472 and OKD $5014 higher expenditures, while adjusted mean expenditures increased by $293 to $658 compared to the reference year group. Unadjusted yearly expenditures for CKD and OKD in the US population were approximately $24.6 and $48.1 billion, while adjusted expenditures were approximately $10.7 and $18.2 billion respectively.ConclusionCKD and OKD are significant cost-drivers and impose a profound economic burden to the US population.

Marital Status and Persons With Dementia in Assisted Living.

Despite the prevalence of dementia among residents in assisted living (AL), few researchers have focused on the length of stay (LOS) in AL among this population. Little is known about the factors that may contribute to LOS in these settings, particularly for residents with dementia. In the current study, a sub-set of AL residents with dementia (n = 112) was utilized to examine whether marital status was associated with LOS in AL as this has received sparse attention in previous research despite studies suggesting that marital status influences LOS in other health-care and long-term care settings. The Andersen-Newman behavioral model was used as a conceptual framework for the basis of this study of LOS, marital status, and dementia in AL. We hypothesized that persons with dementia who were married would have longer LOS than unmarried persons with dementia in AL. Cox regression was used to examine the association between marital status and LOS in AL of residents with dementia and whether activities of daily living were related to discharge from AL settings among married and unmarried residents with dementia. Main effects for marital status and the interaction between marital status and mobility with LOS were examined. Study findings provide information related to the psychosocial needs of AL residents with dementia and offer implications for assessing the on-going needs of vulnerable AL residents.

Determinants of and socio-economic disparities in self-rated health in China

BackgroundSelf-rated health (SRH) is not only used to measure health status and health inequalities, but also as a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to: 1) evaluate the factors that account for variations in self-rated health among Chinese citizens; and to 2) explore the process through which socio-economic status may impact self-rated health.MethodsData were derived from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) (2013). Determinants of self-rated health were analyzed along four main dimensions: demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors. Multivariate odds ratios for good self-rated health were calculated for different variables in order to analyze the determinants. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the extent to which lifestyle and psychosocial factors explained the association between socio-economic status and self-rated health.ResultsAbout 65% of the survey respondents reported good self-rated health. Women, the elderly, married or single respondents and residents of Western China were less likely to report good self-rated health. Respondents who were engaged in work, had higher household income, reported high social class and higher socio-economic status compared with peers were more likely to report good self-rated health. Normal weight and physically active respondents along with those reporting a happy life, no depression, and good relationships with families and friends were related to good self-rated health. We also found the effect of socio-economic status on self-rated health was partly explained by lifestyle and psychosocial factors.ConclusionThe present findings support the notion that both socio-economic status and lifestyle as well as psychosocial factors were related with good self-rated health. The interventions targeting these factors could improve the health status of the population. The depression was the most influential predictor of self-rated health, especially for the women and the elderly. Although lifestyle and psychosocial factors explained partly the the association between socio-economic status and health, the reason why socio-economic difference exists in health must be further explored. What’s more, it needs to be further studied why the same determinant has different influence strengths on the health of different groups of people.

Analysis on the quality of life and influencing factors in different family life cycle residents

Objective To compare the quality of life (QOL) in different family life cycle residents and analyze its influencing factors. Methods Based on the stratified cluster sampling, 517 married residents from three communities of Dongguan city were chosen to be investigated by a questionnaire on the general status and the MOS health survey (SF-36). The One-Way ANOVA and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze the data. Result There were significant differences on the seven domains of the SF-36 except of physical pain in different family life cycle residents (P<0.05). The scores of different domains at the retirement or senior years were the lowest (ranging from 37.10-59.81), and the scores of different domains at the child-bearing period were highest (ranging from 37.10-59.81). The results of Multiple Linear Stepwise Regression showed that the QOL of different family life cycle residents were influenced by some factors. The influencing factors on PCS at the child-bearing period were income (β=1.51) and life events (β=-6.13), while that at the period of families with adolescents were economic income (β=1.81) and age (β=-0.65); that at the period of empty nest were economic income (β=-3.64) and age (β=-0.65); and that at the retirement or senior years were unhealthy living habit (β=-15.06), age (β=-0.56) and income (β=3.06). The influencing factors on MCS at the child-bearing period was medical insurance (β=5.86), while that at the period of families with adolescents were medical insurance (β=6.28), education (β=2.32), life events (β=-4.68) and occupation (β=-5.53); that at the period of the empty nest were age (β=-0.61), gender (β=-10.35) and chronic disease (β=-8.35); that at the retirement or senior years were age (β=-0.27), economic income (β=2.55) and unhealthy living habit (β=-6.95). Conclusion The influencing factors of QOL for different family cycle residents are not conformity with each other. It suggested that in order to improve the QOL of residents, the community health service including health education and health promotion should be based on different family life cycle. Key words: Family life cycle; Quality of Life; Influence factors

Factors of trospium treatment compliance among unemployed older persons

Background/PurposeThis study aims to study the factors that affect the stamina of elderly patients during trospium treatment. MethodsTo carry out the experiment, 843 men and women older than 60 years (average age, 68.4 years) who had been taking trospium for 12 months were selected. The questionnaire survey on demographic and social status, financial statement analysis, academic certificates, Overactive bladder Questionnaire short form and Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form questionnaires, bladder diaries, and uroflowmetry were used for studies of adherence to treatment. ResultsThe average time of reaching the 30-day trospium-treatment-free period (compliance “survival rate”) was 191 days. The percentage of patients who remained compliant for 6 months and 1 year were 58.3% and 44.0%, respectively. According to our data, the percentage of highly educated (59.3%), married (63.8%), and city (70.6%) residents who are aware of the nature of their disease (77.5%) are significantly higher in the cohort of consistent patients; yet the percentage of caffeine abusers is lower (10.9%). In this cohort, the percentage of income spent on trospium purchase (3.1%) was lower, but income and payment level for medical expenses were higher (p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively, compared with other cohorts). An analysis of regressive models of changes in squared percentage of income and trospium costs has confirmed the hypothesis of the impact of these factors on treatment compliance. In the cohort of consistent patients, the average number of points of role physical, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health values that describe the health impact on the quality of life turned out to be significantly higher. Severe incontinence symptoms (70.8%) and overactive bladder (35.9%) prevailed among patients of this cohort, which were also associated with high treatment efficacy and a significantly lower number of side effects (9.3%). ConclusionHigh trospium treatment compliance among elderly men and women is determined by several uneven demographic, social, economic, and medical factors.

Risk Factors of Myocardial Infarction in the Northern Region of Bangladesh

The worldwide rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases and the associated risk factors could be country or area specific. A case control study identifying important risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI) prevailing in the northern region of Bangladesh, was conducted in two major northern region hospitals, Rajshahi and Rangpur Medical College for a period of 6 months. Majority of the cases (66%) and controls (56%) were in the age range of 41 – 60 years. The proportion of male, married and urban residents were predominant in both the case and control group. The highest percentage of patients with MI were involved in business comparatively patients without MI. Clinical symptoms like chest pain, epigastric pain, breathlessness, dizziness and fatigue were observed to be somewhat higher in cases compared to controls. The logistic regression analysis showed that smoking habit, smokeless tobacco consumption, sedentary lifestyle and dyslipidemia were found independent predictors of MI in northern district patients with odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) being 3.1 (1.2 to 3.7), 2.5 (1.0 to 3.5), 2.0 (1.1 to 3.6) and 2.3 (1.3 to 4.1), respectively.

Exploring Resident’s Cognition toward Sport Events’ Environment Impact: A Case of Neimen Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array Event

This study mainly explores local residents’ cognition toward the impact of holding sport events on the environment. The population for this study is 18-65 year-old residents of Neimen, the place holding Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array event. Out of 400 survey questionnaires distributed during and after the advent of end of Neimen Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array event, 306 usable responses were received from participants, indicating a high valid response rate of 76.5%. The results show that (1) residents’ gender and educational background do not exert significant differences among cognition toward positive and negative environmental impacts; (2) younger residents are found to show higher cognition toward positive and negative environmental impact; (3) unmarried residents exert higher positive environmental impact than married residents; (4) residents who support future re-organization of this event are proven to have higher positive environment impact cognition than those who do not; and (5) local residents obviously support the re-organization of Neimen Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array event in the future.