Married Individuals Research Articles

Özel Güvenlik Çalışanları Arasında İşle İlgili Psikososyal Risklerin Araştırılması: Güvenlik Kültürü ve Çalışan Refahına Etkileri

The need for security is an inevitable result of social life. This need has evolved and changed throughout history. In the modern era, private security forces play an important role in ensuring public safety alongside general law enforcement units. Private security employees face high psychosocial risks inherent to the nature of their work. Therefore, it is essential to educate and support individuals, especially against psychological risks. Given the demanding and stressful nature of private security work, it is imperative that appropriate measures be taken to protect their mental well-being. In this context, raising employees' awareness of psychosocial risks is important to mitigate potential problems. Helping private security personnel to access psychological support will help them stay healthy. For this purpose, a survey was conducted among security employees and the results were evaluated. The primary objective of the study is to identify work-related psychosocial risks among private security employees and evaluate the impact of these risks on their well-being. The results indicate that individuals with 3 years of experience have the highest job satisfaction (3.51), and job satisfaction is higher among singles (3.39) compared to married individuals (3.07). It is also found that higher education levels decrease motivation. The study investigates the relationship between the psychosocial risks employees are exposed to, their experience of job stress, job dissatisfaction, job satisfaction, and motivation levels. The perception of the required safety culture in the workplace has a significant impact on psychosocial risk factors, highlighting the need for adjustments to increase employee satisfaction.

The relationship between perceived partner responsiveness and forgiveness in married individuals: The mediating role of interpersonal emotion regulation

Yakın ilişki deneyimlerinde bireylerin, zaman zaman incitici davranışlarla karşılaşmaları sebebiyle, ilişkilerin devam etmesinde affetmenin önemli bir yere sahip olduğu tartışılmaktadır (McCullough, 2001). Affetmenin ilişkiler üzerindeki önemi değerlendirildiğinde, affetmeyi kolaylaştıran faktörlerin ve ilgili mekanizmaların araştırılmasının son derece değerli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı, algılanan partner duyarlılığı ve affetme arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkide kişilerarası duygu düzenleme stratejilerinden olan birlikte kara kara düşünme ve birlikte yeniden değerlendirmenin aracı rolünü evli bireyler üzerinde incelemektir. Çalışmanın örneklemini yaşları 24-65 arasında değişen 187 evli birey oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada algılanan partner duyarlılığı, kişilerarası duygu düzenleme stratejileri ve affetmenin ölçülmesine yönelik çevrim içi ölçek bataryası kullanılmıştır. İstatiksel analizler algılanan partner duyarlılığı ve affetme arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu ilişkide birlikte yeniden değerlendirmenin kısmi aracı rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, çiftlerle yürütülen affetme programlarında, algılanan partner desteği ve duyarlılığına, aynı zamanda ilişki bağlamında duygu düzenleme becerilerinin geliştirilmesine odaklanmanın faydalı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

GOLF CARTS AS A TRANSPORTATION MODE: WHO USES THEM?

Abstract Golf carts are rising in popularity among older adults, not only for use on the course but also for traveling short distances. Alongside their rising popularity are increases in related injuries, which have been the focus of the relatively small literature on golf carts. Little is known, however, about the frequency or social patterning of older adults’ use of golf carts as a transportation mode. Using data from an online survey of Floridians aged 50 and older that was conducted between December 2020 and April 2021 (n=4,199), we used multivariate regression to examine five sets of predictors of golf cart use: sociodemographics, health, subjective aging experiences, transportation experiences, and social relationships. Sociodemographics predicting more frequent golf cart use included being younger, male, or white. More frequent golf cart use also was associated with lower levels of loneliness but was unrelated to physical health. Other predictors of more frequent golf cart use included reporting older age identities and more frequent walking. Also significant were social relationship measures. Results revealed more frequent golf cart use among married individuals and those interacting more frequently with friends – but less frequently with family members. By examining a variety of factors that may influence golf cart use, our study provides clues about how golf carts may relate to older adults’ transitioning from driving.

WITHIN-PERSON ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MARITAL DISSOLUTION AND SUBSEQUENT COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN MIDDLE AND LATER LIFE

Abstract In light of the growing burden associated with cognitive impairment and dementias on families and society accompanied by the dramatic shifts in late-life family demography, there is growing literature focusing on the relationship between marital biography and cognitive outcomes in middle and late adulthood. This study aimed to contribute to the literature by examining within-person linkages between cognitive outcomes associated with two forms of marital dissolutions experienced in later life—divorce and widowhood. Framed around the key concepts of the life course perspective, we examined within-person changes in cognitive function associated with divorce and widowhood transitions in middle and late adulthood. Drawing from 11 waves of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2018), we followed over twenty-three thousand married individuals 50 and older over the study period that spanned nearly two decades (person-wave observations N=128,033). Cognitive function at each wave was evaluated using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (m-TICS). Research aims were addressed using within-between random effects models that yielded within-person estimates unconfounded by person-level characteristics. Approximately 4.4% and 17.7% of the study sample experienced divorce and widowhood transitions during the observation period. The model results indicated that divorce transitions were unrelated to changes in cognitive function. Cognitive outcomes associated with widowhood transitions were heterogeneous for women and men, where women who transitioned to widowhood experienced increases in cognitive function, whereas men experienced reductions in cognitive function. These findings are discussed in the context of implications for practice and policy.

Vulva Candidiasis among HIV Patients and Healthy Female Volunteers in Port Harcourt

Vulvo-rectal the most prevalent species of candida, Candida albicans, is the cause of candidiasis, a fungal infection of the vagina that affects the genital system as an adaptive and opportunistic pathogen.
 This study was aimed at examining the prevalence and risk factors of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis among HIV positive women and healthy volunteers in Port Harcourt. A total of 200 urine and HVS samples, 100 from each of the two groups, were collected. The samples were examined using culture, microscopy, and the germ tube identification method. The overall prevalence of Vulvo-vaginitis in HIV and healthy volunteers using urine and HVS was (32%), (34%), and (76%) and (54%) respectively. HIV recorded a higher of (76%) compared to that of healthy volunteers with (54%). There was no statistically significant difference in the two groups’ prevalence (p>0.05). The age group of 15–25 years old had the highest prevalence of (33%), while the age group of 40–45 had the highest prevalence of 80% for HIV. HIV-positive workers and retirees had higher rates of vulvo-vaginitis in urine samples (21% and 75%, respectively) than did healthy workers and retirees (15% and 25%, respectively). Individuals with tertiary education had the highest prevalence of (32%) and (14%) in HIV and healthy volunteers respectively. It was also reported that married individuals who are HIV positive had a higher incidence of (50%) while for healthy volunteers, single individuals recorded a higher frequency of (29%). Prevalence of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis was greater in HIV patients in Port Harcourt. To help combat fungal infections, it is proposed that antifungal medications be added to antiretroviral medications prescribed to HIV patients.

The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals and Paramedical Staff Working in Peshawar, KP

Background: COVID-19 has a considerable impact on the psychological wellbeing of front-line hospital staff. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify the healthcare workers who are at increased risk of psychological stress.Objectives: To determine mental health issues due to COVID-19 among health care workers during the pandemic. To determine the factors behind mental health issues among healthcare workers during COVID-19Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study, carried out at two major tertiary hospitals in Peshawar Khyber teaching hospital (KTH) and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC). The participants included house officers, trainees, consultants and nurses. Data was collected through questionnaires. Survey tools such as Patient Health questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9) scale for depression and Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) scale for anxiety were used. Chi -square test was applied to find association between mental health issues and COVID-19.Results: About 230 HCWs participated having equal number of males and females. Most of the participants were in age group 25-30 and were composed of trainee medical officers. We found that 61.2% of the participants screened positive for depression while 52.6% of the participants screened positive for anxiety and it was due to dissatisfaction towards facilities provided by their respective hospitals. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression were prevalent among the health care workers especially younger and un married individuals during COVID -19. To foster supportive work environment effective strategies are needed.Keywords: Anxiety, Covid -19, Depression, Pandemic

The assessment of educational and supportive care to the infertile females undergoes In Vitro Fertilization procedure by clinical pharmacist: a randomized clinical trial

Background Infertility affects approximately 10-15% of married individuals, and may trigger various emotional reactions. Females undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) are more susceptible to experiencing depression. This study aims to assess the influence of pharmacist counseling on quality of life, depression scores, and pregnancy rates among infertile females undergoing IVF treatment. Method The research examined women who visited the infertility clinic at Kamal Al-Samaraie Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq to achieve pregnancy. These individuals were separated into a control group and an intervention group. The intervention group received an educational program consisting of five visits, while the control group got a conventional hospital procedure. The present research evaluated the quality of life-related to fertility using the FertiQoL (Fertility Quality of Life) questionnaire. It examined the participants’ depression levels using the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression) scale. These assessments were conducted at the commencement and conclusion of the in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle. Results The present research included 150 women diagnosed with infertility, whose average age was 30.32 ± 5.64 years. The participants had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.12 ± 3.57. No statistically significant difference was seen in the FertiQoL evaluation scores between the control and intervention groups at the beginning of the study. The FertiQoL, assessed at the end of the trial, exhibited a statistically significant increase in the interventional group, with a P-value of 0.025. The prevalence of Depression risk patients decreased from 83% to 69%, and the interventional group exhibited a substantially greater proportion of favorable pregnancy outcomes (48%) compared to the control group (29.3%). Conclusion Infertile women who undergo IVF operations have higher rates of depression. Depression may be reduced, and quality of life improved with education and supportive counseling. Pregnancy rates rise as a result of clinical pharmacist counseling. Trial registration This study was registered on Clinical Trials.gov (NCT06022640).

Relation of Corona Anxiety, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and Distress Tolerance with Domestic Violence

Background: The coronavirus pandemic and the preventive measures implemented in response to it have presented family structures with significant challenges and tensions, leading to an increase in domestic violence cases during quarantine. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of corona anxiety, cognitive emotion regulation, and distress tolerance on domestic violence among couples during quarantine. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the study population included all married individuals who participated in the research through invitations. Three hundred and fifty participants were included in the research by available and targeted sampling. Data were collected using the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (ERQ). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, employing descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression [MLR]). Results: The findings indicated that the variables of corona anxiety, cognitive emotion regulation, and distress tolerance could significantly predict domestic violence among couples. Among these variables, cognitive emotion regulation was the most suitable predictor of domestic violence. The study also revealed a significant positive relationship between corona anxiety and domestic violence (with a correlation coefficient of 0.051, P = 0.001). Additionally, there were negative relationships between cognitive emotion regulation and domestic violence (-0.45), as well as between distress tolerance and domestic violence (-0/38; P = 0.001). Conclusions: The research findings highlight the importance of addressing corona anxiety, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance to mitigate domestic violence among couples. Managing these factors can contribute to reducing the incidence of domestic violence in couples.

The Influence of Healthy Lifestyle Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control on Healthy Lifestyle Behaviour among Married Individuals in Malaysia: Exploring the Mediating Role of Healthy Lifestyle Intention

The Influence of Healthy Lifestyle Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control on Healthy Lifestyle Behaviour among Married Individuals in Malaysia: Exploring the Mediating Role of Healthy Lifestyle Intention

Groundwork-Based Research to Design Application SCC - Building a Sustainable Community for Children in Mountainous Area

Children’s clothing is a prime example of fast fashion, as their continuous growth requires frequent purchases. This not only impacts the environment but also puts financial strain on parents. Concurrently, many highland children lack essential material and educational resources, contributing to poverty in the region. To address these challenges, local authorities urgently require a sustainable solution that supports children, communities, and localities, fostering comprehensive development. The project development criteria are evaluated based on the United Nations’ 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Data was collected through an online survey of 50 married individuals, 162 non-married individuals, and interviews with those who have organized events for children in the highlands. Additionally, insights were obtained from three children from disadvantaged areas. The results indicate that all target groups show a keen interest in social activities for children. Parents facing difficulties accessing charities, and the lack of effective collaboration between charities and local authorities, hinders sustainable development efforts.
 Keywords: children, SDG, social sustainabilty, community

Prevalence of Factors Related to Depressive Symptoms Among Married Individuals.

Background There are multiple studies that indicate that the psychological well-being of a couple and their life satisfaction dependon the family and society. Various factors such as family, family values, marriage style, married life, and education have a great impact on people's lives both directly and indirectly.It is important to understand the effects of these factors on married individuals'lives that lead to depression so that appropriate measures can be taken for its prevention. Objectives This research aims to find the relationship of depressive symptoms among married individuals with various factors such as their marriage style, education, and having children. Materials and methods The study included 433 married individuals from Istanbul who met the criteria for depression. The early identification and prediction of depression in married individuals have been demonstrated to benefit significantly from machine learning techniques. In this study, we used decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) predictive modeling techniques to create a model to predict the occurrence of depression among married individuals. Results The accuracy of the DT approach was found to be 80%, and the RF approach was 60%. Our results showed that as compared to conventional statistical methods, machine learning models performed better for classifying couples. Conclusion Future support systems that employ a range of data sources to identify individuals who are extremely susceptible to developing depression among married people may be developed using these effective models.

Mediating Effect of Pleasure-Seeking and Loss Aversion in the Relationship Between Phantasy and Financial Risk Tolerance and the Moderating Role of Confidence

Abstract Research background Deciding to trade in financial markets is psychologically difficult and wearing. Investors want to find rational justifications for the correctness of their decisions. However, there is uncertainty in financial markets. This uncertainty does not allow for mathematical calculations. In such case, feelings get involved in the decision process. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of two motivational systems (loss aversion and pleasure-seeking) on the effect of phantasy, which is fantasies that are based on an individual’s early infancy, that develop and exist throughout life, but are not consciously aware of by the individual, on financial risk tolerance, and to analyze the moderating effect of confidence in the effect of these two motivational systems on financial risk tolerance. Research methodology Data were collected from 1,643 subjects from Turkey in November–December 2021 using a questionnaire. The link to the survey prepared by the researchers was created using Google Survey and shared by our graduates’ students on their social networks. Results According to the results, phantasy had a positive and significant effect on both motivational systems and financial risk tolerance. Simultaneously, two motivational systems have a mediating effect on the relationship between phantasy and financial risk tolerance. Confidence, on the other hand, has a moderating effect on the effect of these two motivational systems on financial risk tolerance. In addition, as expected, phantasy showed its effect on all individuals without differing according to demographic variables. Despite this, loss aversion and low financial risk tolerance were higher in female and married individuals. While pleasure-seeking is higher in males, it does not differ according to marital status. Novelty Modeling unconscious processes, motivational systems and individual characteristics such as confidence together will provide important and useful findings for both investors and market authority in terms of showing the effect of unconscious and cognitive factors on financial risk tolerance.

High prevalence of subjective cognitive decline in older Chinese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is considered a preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease. However, reliable prevalence estimates of SCD in the Chinese population are lacking, underscoring the importance of such metrics for policymakers to formulate appropriate healthcare strategies. To systematically evaluate SCD prevalence among older Chinese adults. PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, and Airiti Library databases were searched for studies on SCD in older Chinese individuals published before May 2023. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted the information, and assessed the bias risk of the included studies. A meta-analysis was then conducted using Stata 16.0 software via a random-effects model to analyze SCD prevalence in older Chinese adults. A total of 17 studies were included (n = 31,782). The SCD prevalence in older Chinese adults was 46.4% (95% CI, 40.6-52.2%). Further, subgroup analyzes indicated that SCD prevalence was 50.8% in men and 58.9% among women. Additionally, SCD prevalence in individuals aged 60-69, 70-79, and ≥ 80 years was 38.0, 45.2, and 60.3%, respectively. Furthermore, SCD prevalence in older adults with BMI <18.5, 18.5-24.0, and > 24.0 was 59.3, 54.0, and 52.9%, respectively. Geographically, SCD prevalence among older Chinese individuals was 41.3% in North China and 50.0% in South China. In terms of residence, SCD prevalence was 47.1% in urban residents and 50.0% among rural residents. As for retired individuals, SCD prevalence was 44.2% in non-manual workers and 49.2% among manual workers. In the case of education, individuals with an education level of "elementary school and below" had an SCD prevalence rate of 62.8%; "middle school, "52.4%; "high school, "55.0%; and "college and above, "51.3%. Finally, SCD prevalence was lower among married individuals with surviving spouses than in single adults who were divorced, widowed, or unmarried. Our systematic review and meta-analysis identified significant and widespread SCD prevalence in the older population in China. Therefore, our review findings highlight the urgent requirement for medical institutions and policymakers across all levels to prioritize and rapidly develop and implement comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies for SCD.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023406950, identifier: CRD42023406950.

Gender and Risk-Taking in the Building of U.S. Retirement Wealth

AbstractThe growing weight being placed on self-directed retirement accounts within the United States retirement income policy framework, and the time inconsistency challenge of individuals, particularly women, tending to under-invest in retirement savings accounts motivated the current work. Using data from the United States Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances, for a period spanning from 1989 to 2019, 11 cross-sections of data, the paper investigated the role of gender in United States retirement risk-taking investment strategies of single (never married) individuals. The analysis documented increasing trends in the risk-taking of both single women and single men but recorded differences in the risk-taking profiles of the two groups, with single men taking more risk than single women in their retirement wealth building in most cross-sections, with the gender risk-taking gap dropping, nonetheless, algebraically in magnitude from 1989 to 2019.

Marital status and suicidal behavior in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The connection between marital status and suicidal behavior has been poorly assessed in South Asia. We aimed to see the proportion of marital status in individuals with suicidal behavior in South Asian countries. We followed PRISMA guidelines and registered the protocol in advance (PROSPERO 2023 CRD42023399906). A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO. Meta-analyses were performed to pool the proportion of married individuals with suicidal behavior (total [suicide + suicide attempts], suicide, and suicide attempt) in South Asian countries. We considered suicidal behavior consist of suicide and suicide attempts (nonfatal). Our search identified 47 studies for this review from 6 countries published from 1999 to 2022 with a sample size ranging from 27 to 89,178. The proportion of married individuals was 55.4% (95% CI: 50.1-60.5) for suicidal behavior, 52.7% (95% CI: 44.5-60.7) for suicides, and 43.1 (95% CI: 32.9-53.9) for suicide attempts. The proportion of married persons among suicide attempts varied significantly across countries (p = 0.016) which was highest (61.8%; 95% CI: 57.2-66.2) in India, followed by Bangladesh (52.5%; 95% CI: 41.8%-62.9%) and Pakistan (45.1%; 95% CI: 30.9-59.9). The pooled proportions did not differ significantly in relation to the quality of the studies (p = 0.633). This review identified married persons died more than others by suicide in South Asian countries while single persons attempted suicide than married. As the current study did not assess any cause-and-effect association, a cautious interpretation is warranted while considering married marital status as a risk factor.

Fear and level of preparedness of medical care workers post lockdown in the realms of COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 outbreak had placed an exceptional demand on the health system. They were flooded by an overabundance of activities related to controlling the pandemic. There was a need to conduct a study which acknowledged the fear and requirements of medical care workers to handle the patient load and not compromise on delivering health services to the public. This study was cross-sectional, observational with an online questionnaire based on framework provided by the centres for disease control and prevention, preparedness tools for healthcare professionals, facilities and how to cope with stress and build resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majority of healthcare workers were doctors, interns and nurses under age group of 18-24. There was a significant association between health profession and preparedness of situation and preparedness of workplace. Majority were aware of COVID-19 treatment guidelines, received training in using personal protective equiment and were ready to isolate if there was contact with COVID-19 patient. Doctors held a fear of contacting the disease. Frontline workers, aged 45 years and less, females and married individuals expressed greater concerns of fear of disease at their workplace. Medical care workers at the frontline fighting the pandemic are more vulnerable and preparedness of the staff in health-care settings are crucial.

Being Virtual in Real Interpersonal Interaction: What Makes People Prone to Phubbing?

This study examines the relationship between phubbing, body image, and general self-efficacy. The study group consists of 282 adults over the age of 18. Phubbing Scale, Body Image Scale, and General Self-Efficacy Scale were used to collect data in the study. The collected data were analyzed by independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. As a result of the research, it was found that there was a statistically significant and negative relationship between phubbing and general self-efficacy and body image. As a result of the regression analysis, it was seen that general self-efficacy and body image predicted phubbing. In addition, it was concluded that phubbing differed significantly according to marital status. According to this finding, it has been determined that singles' phubbing level is higher than married individuals. On the other hand, it was determined that the level of phubbing did not differ significantly according to gender.

Evaluating the impacts of lockdown duties on mental health of male police personnel in Eluru City, Andhra Pradesh

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic placed immense demands on frontline workers, including police personnel, who bore the responsibilities of maintaining public order during lockdowns. This study focused on male police officers in rural India, examining the mental health impact of their post-lockdown duties, which included enforcing pandemic-related measures. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among police personnel in Eluru, Andhra Pradesh. Data was collected through interviews, using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) to assess mental health. Demographic variables (age, marital status) and stimulant use (tea, coffee, and cigarettes) were analyzed for associations with mental health scores via ANOVA. Results: Among 70 participants, the majority were aged 25-30 (37%), married (61.4%), and consumed stimulants, primarily tea (84.3%). Overall, participants reported moderate stress (mean =8±4.1), while anxiety levels varied (mean =2.73±3.34), and depression was generally low (mean =0.17±0.66). Age, marital status and stimulant use were found to be significantly associated with subscale scores, 36-40 age groups more likely to report anxiety and stress. Married individuals were more likely to report depression and anxiety. Stimulant use was associated with all three subscales. Conclusions: This study revealed the mental health of rural male police personnel after COVID-19 lockdown duties. It emphasizes generational stress differences and the influence of stimulants. Stigma, masculine norms, and rural challenges may suppress depression and anxiety reporting. Policymakers should act on these insights, fostering mental health awareness and interventions for this vital workforce. Longitudinal studies are crucial for deeper understanding.

Love Language Expressions among Newlyweds and Long-Married Couples: Interpersonal Communication’s Perspective

The purpose of this research was to explore the dynamics of love language and the nature of interpersonal communication in encouraging healthy communication in marriage. The research employed a mixed-methods approach to investigate the love languages of newlywed and long-married couples. The sample used is nonprobability sampling, where the population consists of married individuals. Thus, a purposive sampling strategy was employed. For this reason, 64 married individuals from the Bone area were included in the research, divided into 32 newlyweds and 32 long-married couples, each in the Tanete Riattang Barat sub-district, where three of each marital length willingly participated in an in-depth interview. Descriptive and thematic analysis were the types of analysis employed. The findings revealed several key points. Firstly, there is a wide spectrum of love language expressions. Second, "physical touch" was found to be the primary love language among newlyweds. In contrast, long-married couples expressed love primarily through "acts of service. Third, the research further revealed a significant correlation between the duration of marriage (whether newlyweds or long-married couples) and their primary love language, revealing that the duration of marriage may change the way couples express their feelings. Finally, it is worth noting that the findings were limited by a lack of awareness of the sociolinguistic nature of the research population.

Marital Status and Happiness During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study examines the long-observed marital advantage in happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic may have altered the marital advantage in happiness due to changes in social integration processes. However, this has not been explored in previous studies. Data were from the COVID-19 substudy of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N=2622). A series of regressions were estimated to understand marital status differences in pandemic happiness and changes in relationships with non-resident family and friends. Karlson-Holm-Breen mediation analysis was conducted to examine whether relationships with non-resident family and friends explained the marital association with pandemic happiness. From pre-pandemic to pandemic, married respondents experienced a greater increase in unhappiness than unmarried counterparts, narrowing happiness gaps. However, unmarried individuals, including cohabiting, divorced, widowed, and never married individuals, continued to report higher levels of unhappiness during the pandemic than married peers. These differences primarily stemmed from pre-pandemic happiness. After controlling for pre-pandemic happiness, cohabiting, widowed, and never married older adults did not significantly differ from their married counterparts in reporting unhappiness during the pandemic. In contrast, divorced individuals remained consistently more unhappy than married individuals during the pandemic, mainly due to deteriorated relationship quality with non-resident family. During a global crisis, it is crucial for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers to develop innovative interventions to promote happiness and healthy aging among all older adults, paying special attention to those who are divorced.