Marriage Strategy Research Articles

Intergenerational entrainment: old age, marriage, and care arrangements in Danish-Pakistani migrant families

ABSTRACT An increasing number of Pakistani immigrants in Denmark are aging and need different kinds of help and care. Still, few receive the homecare-service provided by the welfare state. Instead, family members care for them at home in complex care arrangements. This article discusses how concerns for elderly care inform marriage strategies in the upcoming generation. However, the future-oriented marriage strategy is complicated by social mobility, increasing numbers of women entering the labour market, rising divorce rates and a strict legislation on family reunification that makes the ‘traditional choice’ of a spouse from Pakistan difficult and insecure. Thus, connecting care arrangements and marriage strategies highlights the intergenerational entrainment when it comes to elderly care in the Pakistani migrant community.

«Я красивый, хозяйственный, заботливый, люблю ее, что еще надо?»: Антропологическое описание брачной стратегии

The article is considered some gender aspects of marriage practices modern urban family. The work is based on the materials of the field research of young Perm families in the 2016–2020, using semi-formal interview and case-studies. The appeal to qualitative methods is conditional upon the study’s specifics — the aspiration to get a lot of information about gender demonstration of at various stages of the marriage strategy. The result of research was the reconstruction of the evolution of relationships and gender identifications of 13 young families. This article founds on the narrative of informants about the main stages of the development of their relationship, which ended with the conclusion of marriage. In the process of analyzing narratives, it turned out that informants falsify practices. They relationship similar to the game with specific signs (special body language, etc.). In this game, the man is given a dominant role; he represents the “macho” image. The woman represents the image of a “small girl”. However, in real life, the leading role is played by a woman. She has higher status positions: the higher education, the senior position, large income. The inequality of respondents is highlighted by the difference in age and an experience of socialization. He is a resident citizen; she has grown up in a village. According to the author, the status inequality of informants, as well as the discrepancy between their public presentations and real images, were updated and emphasized by the mother-in-law. She spoke out against the wedding, because she wanted a more “profitable match” for her son: equal in age and without the experience of past long-term relationships.

Брачная стратегия как элемент современной гендерной культуры

The article is devoted to a consideration one of the phenomenon gender culture modern citizens – the marriage strategies. This work is based on materials of semi-tructured interviews with young Perm’s families. The information received is 13 case-studies – detailed stories about a marriage choice, a marriage party and elements of family’s daily life. Using the theory gender study and case-study the author divided that materials into some groups of marriage strategies. Criteria of this operation were features of a respondent’s gender identifications. This paper considers a perversion marriage strategy. The type of strategy understood as a woman’s gender domination in matrimonial practices in further marital life. And then the author describes two cases illustrating it. A narrative is the form of the strategy’s presentation. This is a storytelling of major marriage practices of characters with their comments. The first narrative describes a «soft» variant of the perversion marriage strategy. An initiative of a woman combines with her performance a traditional «woman’s» role: she does housework and uses man’s material resources. The characters have contrast personality traits. They take turns setting the rules in the relationship and sometimes objectify each other. The second narrative shows a «hard» variant of the perversion marriage strategy. In this story man has a need for the approval of his actions and a woman has it too. Also, she has tendencies to dramatize. The woman plays a leading role in a relationship. She controls a man’s lifeworld and lets him take minor decisions. Both narratives reconstruct two versions perversion marriage strategy and show one of the potential model modern gender culture.

Marriage strategy among the European nobility

We use a unique dataset to analyze the marriage patterns of the British and German nobility from the 1500s to the 1800s, and discuss the differences in institutions between the two countries. Historical evidence shows that: nobles tended to marry nobles with identical title; and, German marriages were characterized by a higher degree of homogamy in titles than British marriages. Moreover, we show that German data exhibit lower odds of marriage than British among nobles and commoners, and hence provide evidence of a more stratified society. Finally, we propose a diff-in-diff exercise to test the correlation between highly restrictive marriage laws and marital sorting in Germany.

Abner to Elmer: Eternal Daughterhood as Undine's Marriage Strategy in The Custom of the Country

Abner to Elmer: Eternal Daughterhood as Undine's Marriage Strategy in The Custom of the Country

Erratum to: Old money, the nouveaux riches and Brunhilde’s marriage strategy

Erratum to: Old money, the nouveaux riches and Brunhilde’s marriage strategy

Enric Porqueres i Gené , Individu, personne et parenté en Europe , Paris, Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2015, 294 p.

Enric Porqueres i Gene, Individu, personne et parente en Europe [Individual, person and kinship in Europe], Paris, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 2015, 294 p.This chronologically organized set of studies by Enric Porqueres I Gene ranges over a wide variety of fields and approaches. Its coherence lies in power and resonance of research problem that runs through various chapters. From patristics to bioethics, from practices of Xuetes of Majorca (descendants of converted Jews, a group Porqueres has studied in depth) to Basque nationalism, this is a fascinating peregrination. We are readily convinced of validity of his overarching thesis: structuralist rigidities on hand and on other common understanding that contemporary societies are characterized by do not mean that we are through with anthropology of kinship - question now is how kinship should be understood today - let alone with kinship itself.Jack Goody, often cited here, warned against evolutionist, ethnocentric interpretations of changes in areas of family, conjugality and fertility. Understanding individualization process - a variant of the civilizing process - as a shift from absolute predominance of collective organization and logic to autonomous individual understood to be constitutive of modernity (and definitively nuclear family), prelude to a postmodern subject with absolute control over his destiny and accountable to himself alone, is simplistic. According to Porqueres, we need to surrender those broad historical categories, along with materialist reductionist concepts such as Bourdieu's marriage strategy, to concentrate on a finer-grained dialectic involving tension between two ideologies. Porqueres explains that Saint Paul (whose thinking was manipulated by Church Fathers, hostile to Roman and Jewish notions of marriage) constructed a figure of human individual as detached from community memberships by baptism, which brought him instead into universal community of believers. The cornerstone of Christian earthly city was love, a value supposedly brought to fore and transmitted to society as a whole by affection-based founded on shared sexual affinity. In response to this model, studied by French historians from Flandrin to Burguiere, a type of vertical, lineage-centred thinking developed in Middle Ages which instead emphasized ties, understood to guarantee stability and perpetuation of families, inter-family balances and, ultimately, existing hierarchies and social order. This second type of logic implies meticulous collective control over marital unions.While Pauline schema, associated with una caro doctrine (man and woman become one flesh through sexual union), constitutes foundation of Western, exogamous and cognatic kinship and a significant part of legal-social order of European states (access to citizenship, naturalization conditions, etc.), it was in continual conflict with approach, which received increasing support from temporal powers. And in early modern period genealogical reasoning and blood rhetoric came to fore, as attested by limpieza de sangre statutes (a person whose was tainted by Jewish ancestors, for example, had to be segregated from others), resulting in emergence of racial exclusion policies, Napoleon's Civil Code, and development of ethnic nationalisms. From fixation on ties came an intense preoccupation with reproductive sexuality and its future effects - we know how this kind of thinking impacted fields of medicine, biology, eugenics. Porqueres draws on social history to demonstrate power that kinship thinking had in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, extensively citing major (though not flawless, as Francois-Joseph Ruggiu has shown) research studies of David Sabean, Simon Teuscher and Gerard Delille: before various discourses (including genetics) discredited consanguinity, between first cousins was on rise. …

Marriage Choice and Kinship among the English Catholic Elite, 1680–1730

Historians of marriage have long debated an individual choice versus kin-based marriage strategy, emphasizing financial gain, patronage, and political alliance as the primary goals of kin. This article challenges the dominance of a Protestant evidence base and a failure to recognize religious motivations in the history of marriage. Examining a Catholic recusant family, it argues that the preservation of Catholicism was a primary imperative that increased kin control over marriage. Marriage was utilized as part of a survival strategy, in response to the chronic insecurity faced by the English elite Catholic community in this period.

Family Matters: Marriage Strategy and the Strengthening of Royal Authority in Castile during the Reign of Alfonso XI (1312-1350)

This article explores the process of consolidating royal authority during the reign of Alfonso XI of Castile, and argues that his unique marriage strategy and skillful use of royal patronage were essential to his success. The king implemented a de facto polygamy which allowed him to develop a parallel family with his concubine, Leonor de Guzman. This relationship allowed the king to lead a nobility faction of his own, comprised of Leonor’s relatives and the children they both had, and fueled by royal patronage. The expansion of royal authority was a direct result of the growth of Alfonso XI’s parallel family into a vast network of family connections and political alliances. By the end of his reign, Alfonso XI’s illegitimate children achieved prominent positions among the kingdom’s political elite: a clear testament to the king’s success.

Marriage Strategy of Structure and Composition Designs for Intensifying Ultrasound & MR & CT Trimodal Contrast Imaging.

Despite great efforts having been devoted to the design of multimodal imaging probe, almost all design principles of nanotheranostic agents subordinate to simple assemblies of building blocks, resulting in complex preparation process and discounted ability, that is, 1 + 1 < 2. In this report, a novel design strategy, marriage of structure design and composition design that can maximize imaging ability of each building block, ultimately achieving 1 + 1 ≥ 2, has been established. Moreover, a high-efficient ultrasound (US) & MR & CT trimodal contrast agent acts as model to instantiate this design strategy, wherein nanoparticles-induced nonlinear scattering and rattle-type structure-induced double scattering enhancing US imaging, and uniform distribution of Mn(2+) paramagentic centers and "core-satellite" structure of Au atoms favoring enhanced MR imaging and CT imaging, respectively have been validated, achieving optimization of structure design. Importantly, the selected components, silica, Au and MnO are endowed with excellent biocompatibility, displaying the marriage strategy of composition design with aforementioned structure optimization. In in vivo evaluations, such a biocompatible trimodal probe is demonstrated of excellent performance in intensifying CT, MR and US imaging in vivo, especially after positively charged modification by PEI promoting more probes retained in tumor. More importantly, as a universal design strategy, the involved principles in constructing such a US&MR&CT trimodal imaging probe promise great potentials in guiding designs of other materials-based multimodal imaging probe.

Nobility, Faith and Masculinity: The Hospitaller Knights of Malta c.1580-c.1700, by Emanuel Buttigieg

As the author points out, the very abundance of archival sources has contributed to ‘a strong antiquarian influence’ upon the historiography of the Hospitallers’ residence on the island of Malta. Emanuel Buttigieg proposes to get beyond this by adopting a cultural history approach, in which he frames his investigation in relation to the three themes of nobility, faith and masculinity. Right from the outset the author emphasises how, as a landowner with property located across Europe and with an international membership (with a clear French majority), the Hospitallers have to be viewed firmly in an international context. At the same time, he insists that attention needs to be paid to the local Maltese setting, which, during the period being examined, saw the rapid urbanisation and the rebuilding of Valletta after the Ottoman siege of 1565. Building on his M.Phil. work on the history of adolescence in early modern Malta, the author emphasises how the process of becoming a Hospitaller was ‘complex, tortuous and expensive’, and how officials had to balance the stricter requirements of the post-Tridentine Church with the pragmatic need to satisfy the strategies of noble families, for whom primogeniture could make the settling of non-first-born sons as pressing a requirement for the successful realisation of a profitable family marriage strategy as the placing of daughters in nunneries (though the interesting comparison here could have been developed further). Something of the inherent fragility of the Hospitallers’ identity as a community of military males sworn to chastity can be seen from the ‘revolt of 1581’, which was provoked by the Grand Master’s expulsion of prostitutes from Valletta and which led to his violent deposition.

Old Money, the Nouveaux Riches and Brunhilde's Marriage Strategy

A woman assessing the wealth of a potential husband may observe some, but not all, of his wealth. She may screen, leading to status consumption and wasteful gift giving. The screening activity is costly not only for the potential husband, but also for the woman, as it reduces the wealth of the man she may marry. A sound observable financial background ('old money') benefits the candidate but also the woman, and reduces wasteful status consumption spending. Also, aging and attractiveness of the woman affect the equilibrium conspicuous spending pattern.

Old Money, the Nouveaux Riches and Brunhilde's Marriage Strategy

A woman assessing the wealth of a potential husband may observe some, but not all, of his wealth. She may screen, leading to status consumption and wasteful gift giving. The screening activity is costly not only for the potential husband, but also for the woman, as it reduces the wealth of the man she may marry. A sound observable financial background ('old money') benefits the candidate but also the woman, and reduces wasteful status consumption spending. Also, aging and attractiveness of the woman affect the equilibrium conspicuous spending pattern.

Reconstructing the History of Marriage and Residence Strategies in Indo-European—Speaking Societies

Reconstructing the History of Marriage and Residence Strategies in Indo-European—Speaking Societies Laura Fortunato Keywords Indo-European, Cultural Phylogenetics, Marriage, Monogamy, Polygyny, Affinal Terminology, Residence, Neolocality, Uxorilocality, Virilocality This file provides additional information on the data and methods used in Fortunato (2011a,b), and discussion of the results of the fossilization of nodes Proto-Indo-Hittite (PIH) and Proto-Indo-European (PIE) for marriage and residence strategies. Data and Methods Below I provide details on the criteria used to collate the cross-cultural sample, with the cross-cultural data in table form, and information on the procedure used by Pagel et al. (2007) to infer the posterior probability distribution of trees on which I mapped the cross-cultural data. Finally, I provide a detailed description of the method used for the comparative analyses. Cross-Cultural Data. Variable identifiers in this section follow Gray's (1999) Ethnographic Atlas (EA) codebook. I collated the cross-cultural sample by matching societies scored as speaking Indo-European (IE) languages (based on EA variable 98) with speech varieties in Dyen et al.'s (1992) IE basic vocabulary database, where needed using information from additional ethnographic and linguistic sources (e.g., Gordon 2005; Levinson 1991-1996; Price 1989; Ruhlen 1991). I also checked for correspondence between speech varieties in the linguistic database and the 62 societies in the EA with linguistic affiliation unknown and located in East Eurasia or in the Circum-Mediterranean region (based on EA variable 91). In some cases, more than one speech variety in the linguistic database could be matched with the same society in the EA. For example, Dyen et al. (1992) include five entries for Greek: three for dialectal forms (Greek D, Greek K, Greek ML), one for modern Greek (Greek Mod), and one for modern spoken [End Page 129] Greek (Greek MD), the latter compiled from dictionary data. In these cases, where available I selected the variety derived from dictionary data, which is likely to be less specific than other entries; alternatively, I selected the variety with data for the greatest number of meanings, or the first variety listed in Dyen et al. (1992, pp. 99-101). The phylogenetic tree model used to represent how societies are related captures the process of diversification of taxa from a common ancestor; therefore, I included in the sample only societies located in Eurasia, corresponding to the geographic range of IE languages before 1492 CE (Diamond and Bellwood 2003). I excluded the Icelanders because the EA description for this society refers to 1100 CE, while the descriptions for the 27 societies included in the sample refer to the "ethnographic present," with dates ranging from 1880 to 1960 CE, and median 1945 CE (Murdock 1967). Table 1 includes the recoded data on marriage strategy and residence strategy (prevailing and alternative modes) for the 27 societies. Tree Sample. Pagel et al. (2007) inferred the posterior probability distribution of trees from Dyen et al.'s (1992) IE basic vocabulary database, using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) phylogenetic tree-building method developed by Pagel and Meade (2004). The linguistic database includes word forms and cognacy judgments for 95 modern IE speech varieties (languages, dialects, and creoles) across the Swadesh 200-word list of items of basic vocabulary; two or more word forms are cognate if they share a common origin. Swadesh lists consist of cross-culturally universal items of vocabulary such as pronouns, body parts, and numerals, which are less prone to innovation and borrowing (i.e., horizontal transmission) than other meanings (Swadesh 1952). The tree-building analysis was performed on a data matrix obtained from the linguistic database as follows. First, Pagel et al. (2007) excluded eleven speech varieties suspected of methodological bias by Dyen et al. (1992) and added data for three extinct varieties (Hittite, Tocharian A, Tocharian B) to be used as "outgroup" taxa. Outgroups provide information on the direction of change in the data by virtue of being distantly related to the groups under investigation, the "ingroup" taxa; they are used in tree-building for determining ancestor-descendant relationships (Felsenstein 2004, p. 6). As discussed in Fortunato (2011a), Hittite belongs to the extinct sister-group to the IE languages, the...

Bridging Divides and Breaking Homes: Young Women's Lifecycle Labour Mobility as a Family Managerial Strategy

AbstractThis article highlights the case of a rural north-east Chinese village where youth labour mobility is a marriage strategy deployed by parents and engaged in by young people given constraints on education and income in the countryside. While some rural mothers and their daughters do make the fairytale of “marrying-up” into an urban household come true, for most rural young women migrants the self-oriented consumption that they are encouraged to pursue free of rural domestic responsibilities sets them up for heartbreak when they are brought back for a rural marriage. As long as rural households are left to rely on the “insurance” of land and a younger generation to work it and provide labour of domestic subsistence, they will pull sons (and wives for them) back to the countryside, and try to marry daughters to urban households to expand their network of security. This new twist on an old managerial strategy sets up a tragic conflict: young men are encouraged to return to the countryside, while young women are pushed to provide a “uniting bridge” into the city and, when they fail, are brought back to the countryside for marriage. If the experiences of families in Huangbaiyu village are not an anomaly but signal a broader trend, a generation of returnee young women who are frustrated and angry in rural marriages and abandon their husbands and parents-in-law will dramatically influence the future of China's development.

IN SEARCH OF ADONIS: MARRIAGE STRATEGIES AND GENDER IDENTITY IN GREEK TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION

Transnational migration, or the circular pattern of mobility between two or more nation-states, has been a relatively new phenomenon studied by social scientists. Focusing mainly on household economics and social networking, scholars are only now accounting for the effects of transnational migration on gender identity or marriage. Using the case of the Greek diaspora, this paper explores how transnational migration itself is used as a marriage strategy among young Greek Canadian women who travel to Greece in search of new lifestyles and potential marriage partners. I argue that the imagining of Greece as the ancestral homeland is realized through satellite television, travel, Internet and other forms of rapidly changing communications by creating a sense of belonging that transcends spatial and temporal distances. The search for an idyllic lifestyle and spouse has implications for how gender identity is performed and constrained by social conventions as individuals move between two different nation-states and two different gender systems. I address what «marriage strategies» constitute in the context of a globally mobile Greek population, and how women, traditionally viewed as a commodity in marriage exchange, utilize education and economic success to become decision makers in their marital choices

Marriage Strategy among the German Nobility, 1400–1699

Marriage Strategy among the German Nobility, I400-1699 Studies of family strategy among the early modern Western European elites generally assert that upward social mobility took place primarily through the marriage of daughters of new to husbands of higher rank, and that women attracted much stronger social disapproval for marrying beneath their rank than men did. According to Dewald, A long succession of alliances joined aristocratic young men with wealthy women from lower ranks, the daughters of officials, bankers, and merchants; marriage of impoverished but noble women with wealthier men happened much less often but was certainly not unheard of. Stone, too, states that in the view of the English gentry, it was permissible to marry your son to the heiress of a tradesman, but not to marry your daughter to a tradesman or even to his son.1 In Germany, however, studies analyzing the connubium, or marriage connections, of individual noble families or regional groups of nobles from the Middle Ages through the early modern period have not found this pattern of marrying daughters up and sons down. Rather, they suggest that within the German nobility, sons tended to marry spouses of higher status than their own, and daughters to marry spouses of lower status. Two historians of the medieval German noble family recently argued that the unique characteristics of the German nobility are responsible for the development of this marriage strategy. Freed traces its origins to the legal disabilities attached to unequal marriages between members of the freeborn high nobility (counts and barons) and those of the unfree lower nobility. Spiess points out that the strategy would have been encouraged by the dowry system of the

Deception and Marriage Strategy in Renaissance Florence: The Case of Women's Ages

Sostrata.Io ho sempre mai sentito dire che egli é uffizio d'un prudente pigliare de' cattivi partiti el migliore.— Niccoló MachiavelliIn their magisterial work,Les Toscans et leurs families, David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber examined in considerable detail a problem faced by many historians studying late medieval tax censuses such as the Florentinecatasto:how much credence to give to the ages of individuals whose names are included in these documents? Following a lengthy investigation of thecatastoof 1427-1429, they reached the wistful conclusion that “Tuscans in 1427 had only a vague knowledge of their own ages or were loath to report them accurately.“ In the course of their inquiry, Herlihy and Klapisch compared the ages of some individuals recorded in thecatastowith the ages of the same individuals found in other documents.

Quand on te donne un mari, ne le refuse pas.

J.-P. Eschlimann—Don't Refuse a Given Husband. The ideology and lineage strategy of preferential marriage, far from being univer-sally accepted in Anyi society, corne under constant internai contention. The matrilineal dominancy prevailing in the socio-political System is imperilled by centrifugal forces resulting from the behaviour of some lineage heads and by the fact that there are youth more sensitive to the attraction of their partner, or of personal freedom, than by the raison de lignage. A corpus of taies gives a tentative explanation of this ever renewed tension between the ideological norm and the actual practice of marriage strategy. The storytellers harp on the disorder resulting from the incautiousness of girls, their defiance of elders, and so forth. They also denounce the erring ways of such men as condone such behaviour—and often forfeit their life in consequence. Finally they describe the lineage elders' reaction to the disorder thus introduced by women. Lest the lineage stool, its riches and its tmity be put in jeopardy, elders need be attentive to unmask Death as it enters the lineage under the disguise of a beautiful Stranger. [pp. 517-547]