Marriage Practices Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MAGUINDANAON TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE AND ISLAMIC MARRIAGE SYSTEM

This study aimed to find out the Comparison of the Maguindanaon Traditional Marriage and the Islamic form of Marriage. Specifically, the study seeks to find out the Socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, Marital Status and educational attainment. The Requisites of the Maguindanaon Traditional form of Marriage and the Requisites of Islamic forms of Marriage are identified in this study. Also, the factors to a successful marriage in terms of Cultural / familial, Economic, Spiritual factor and the difference between the Maguindanaon Marriage and that of the Islamic Marriage system are the focused of this study.
 This study made use of expost facto research design particularly descriptive ethnographic in approach. This study was conducted in the thirty four barangays of municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao. The respondents of this study were individuals who have sufficient information on Traditional Marriage of the Maguindanaon and Islamic form of Marriage. There were 200 respondents for the entire municipality. 100 respondents are those members of the Al-Hiqma organization, and one hundred (100) respondents were from Maguindanaon local folk who had sufficient information about Maguindanaon traditional marriage, and used the simple random sampling procedures. A survey questionnaire was used for the respondents who can read and write and for the respondents who have no knowledge on reading and writing used interview method.
 
 Based on the findings of the study, the beliefs and practices of the Maguindanaon in terms of marriage were handed to them by their forefathers through series of generations down to present. These beliefs and practices were counted as legacies of the past that remained a living heritage of the present generations. The Maguindanaon tradition on marriage is still primitive in many aspects like the negotiation of third parties, imposition of dowry, man’s servitude to his in-laws and many of the rituals of the past are still seen in the present time. Education, both Islamic and Western have influenced the marriage practices of some Maguindanaons in the urban society as some of their marriage ceremony are held in hotels and restaurants. The augmentation of the materialistic nature of maguindanaon traditional marriage has been maintained and increased due to the devaluation of the Philippine currencies.
 
 Key words: Comparative Study, Maguindanaon, Traditional Marriage, Islamic Marriage System

PERKAWINAN DI BAWAH UMUR DAN TANTANGAN DALAM MENCAPAI SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The SDGs have a goal of empowering women and the practice of underage marriage. However, this is still happen in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is first, analyze the protection to children who are involved in underage marriages. Second, analyze the role of Indonesia in realizing the fifth goal of the SDGs.              The method used in this research is normative juridical. The primary legal materials used are Law Number 16 of 2019, Law Number 35 of 2014, Law Number 25 of 2004. The theories used in this study are Theory of Legal Effectiveness by Soerjono Soekanto and Theory of Welfare by Bagir Manan.              Based on the research results, the protection has not been effective because of the weak factor of substance, infrastructure, society and existing legal culture. However, the Indonesian government has a strategy in achieving the five SDGs but it has not been effective in releasing.

PRAKTEK PERNIKAHAN DI BAWAH UMUR Di Kenagarian Bawan Kecamatan Ampek Nagari Kabupaten Agam Sumatera Barat

The title of this research is The Practice of Underage Marriage in Kenagarian Bawan, Ampek Nagari District, Agam Regency, West Sumatera. The background of this research problem is based on Article 7 paragraph 1 of Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage which states that "marriage is only permitted if the male party has reached the age of 19 years and the female has reached the age of 16 years, while in Nagari Bawas, Ampek Nagari Sub-district, Agam Regency, many people ignore this provision. The purpose of this study was to see the form of implementation and the factors causing the practice of underage marriage in Kenagarian Bawan, as well as the actions taken by religious leaders, traditional leaders and KUA officials. This type of research is empirical legal research or legal sociology. That is an approach by looking at a legal reality in society. The sociology of law approach is an approach used to look at legal aspects in social interactions in society. Data taken from interviews with the Head of the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) and parties involved in the practice of underage marriage. The results showed that the practice of underage marriage in Kenagarian Bawan was only carried out in front of the local Tuanku, not in front of the Marriage Registrar, in the sense that this marriage was an illegal/unofficial marriage according to the Positive Law of Indonesia. There are three contributing factors, namely: pregnancy factors, educational factors and economic factors. Actions taken by religious leaders, traditional leaders and KUA officials are in the form of socialization and counseling to the community.

Perceptions of minimum age at marriage laws and their enforcement: qualitative evidence from Malawi

BackgroundChild marriage in Malawi is a significant problem with 42.1% of women 20–24 married by age 18. In 2017 the Malawi government formalized legislation to make marriage under age 18 illegal; violators are subject to fines. While leveraging laws to reduce child marriage is common, the enactment of laws and their enforcement has led to some novel practices. One such practice observed in Malawi is marriage withdrawal, where the community intervenes when a child marriage has taken place to force the girl to return to her natal home.MethodsThis paper is a qualitative analysis of perceptions regarding marriage withdrawal. We conducted focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with married and unmarried adolescents, parents of adolescents, and key community members in Mangochi and Nkhata Bay. Data were collected as part of an evaluation of the More Than Brides Alliance program aimed at delaying marriage and improving access to sexual and reproductive health services in Malawi.ResultsThe knowledge that violation of marriage laws entails substantial fines is widespread and marriage withdrawals are seen by some respondents as a way of enforcing the spirit of child marriage laws while avoiding fines. Some respondents suggest that enforcement of marriage laws has an unintended effect of driving marriages underground. One important disconnect between the laws and the realities of child marriage practices in these communities is that the law holds parents responsible for the marriage and for preventing it, while parents do not necessarily exercise control, particularly when the marriage is precipitated by pregnancy. While parents and other adults view withdrawals as an acceptable resolution of a problematic child marriage, girls noted many drawbacks for withdrawn girls such as stigma and limited education and livelihood opportunities once withdrawn.ConclusionsOur exploration of perceptions about marriage laws suggest that the imposition of fines may have some unintended consequences, both driving the practice underground and encouraging practices to evade fines, and may be associated with unintended consequences for adolescent girls. Programs to address child marriage should include other approaches that address more distal drivers including poverty and lack of alternatives to child marriage.Trial registrationThis work is part of an RCT registered August 4, 2016 in the AEA RCT registry identified as: AEARCTR-0001463. See: https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/1463

Recent Changes in Regulatory Development of Interreligious Marriage and Children’s Rights Based on Justice Perspective in Indonesia

The issue of this study is the marriage registration with or on the basis of a court decision as referred to in Law Number 24 of 2013 concerning Population Administration is valid according to Law No. 1 of 1974 regarding Marriage. The Marriage Law is also one of the bases for the formation of the Population Administration Law. Bearing in mind that the Population Administration Act does not regulate further about how the procedure of marriage between people of different religions occur so that the terms and procedures and prohibition of marriage in the Marriage Law remain in force. Based on the above background, problems can be formulated to analyze marital regulations in the Marriage Law not yet fully based on the value of justice and its reconstruction. The findings show that the Reconstruction of marriage regulations in the perspective of the Marriage Law based on justice values can be carried out by reconstructing the provisions of articles governing the validity of marriages, which in their implementation or in their application do not indicate or provide a sense of justice for some people who will carry out marriages, particularly those related to the practice of interfaith marriages.

Socio-Cultural Causes of the Increasing Rate of Maternal Mortality in District Lodhran, Pakistan

This qualitative study conducted at District Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan adopted a constructivist approach with an aim to investigate the social-cultural factors accelerating maternal mortality. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews from 40 family members of deceased mothers and four focus group discussions, and the information for the secondary data pertaining to the victims of maternal death recorded in District Lodhran for the year 2016-17 was collected from the Health Department. The study concluded that there are various social and cultural practices, i.e. the practice of early marriages, repeated pregnancies with the wish of having a male child, treatment and living of pregnant women in the joint family system, and son’s preferences are the causative factors behind maternal mortality. The study recommends inculcation of awareness, especially among gestating women, regarding maternal health and associated factors, besides civil society’s measures for improvement and the government’s special attention towards the issue.

NIKAH MISYAR; ASPEK MASLAHAH DAN MAFSADAH

Marriage is one of the sunnah and things chosen by Allah, to reproduce offspring, and to continue human life. So that the practice of marriage has various purposes, namely to maintain offspring, to continue and maintain the safety of life between humans, because it is a form of ta'abbudiyah (servitude) and obedience to every command. This paper aims to examine what is meant by Nikah Misyar and how the law and Maslahah and Mafsadah are. This research is in the form of literature review where the legal source comes from documents or books in accordance with the theme of this research. The data that has been collected is analyzed in the context of mu'tabarah fiqh, so that it gets good and comprehensive analysis results. The scientific study of Misyar Nikah should further spread the explanation of Maslahah and Mafsadah especially to the common people, especially in Indonesia.

A Review on Cultural Customs of Marriage Traditions Among Banjar Ethnic Women in Banjarmasin Indonesia

This study reveals the tradition of the Banjar inland tribes in their marriage rituals. For a Banjar ethnic woman, who adheres to her cultural customs, a marriage for them will only take place when it is arranged by the family. Arranged marriage means a marriage determined by the family with the prospective husband chosen by the family on certain factors. Family is the dominant factor that determines the future of a Banjar ethnic woman especially in the aspect of marriage. The research methodology used in this research is a literature review that reveals the secrets behind conventional marriage practices using a phenomenological approach. Firstly, this study found that for the Banjar ethnic group, traditionally arranged marriages are compulsory. Second, there is a culture of giving money in a nominal amount to the bride’s family before the wedding takes place. Third, the bride’s home must be filled with donations such as furniture or daily household necessities. If things as stated cannot be met, then the bride’s family will look for another prospective husband for her daughter. Such a marriage tradition is the practice and belief of the ancestors of the Banjar tribe, it is an ancient practice of dynamic animism.Keywords: Rituals; marriages; customs; Banjar; Indonesia.

Child Marriage Practices: A “Cultural Siege” Against Girls in the Indigenous Communities in Northern Uganda

The study examined the impact of child marriage on the education attainment and welfare of girls in Northern Uganda. Two indigenous communities, Tepeth and Matheniko were used as case study. The study employed case study design, while qualitative approach (face-to-face interview) was used in data collection. 25 key informants participated in the study that includes 15 female and 10 male. The study was guided by the Radical Feminist Theory. The theory, argues that patriarchy is the primary cause of women oppression because partriachy gives men advantage over women in the society and puts men in an advantage position to determine the future of women. The study findings reveal that two main factors: poverty and cultural practice of cementing alliances are responsible for child marriage in Northern Uganda. In addition, the study found that child marriage breaches different aspects of human/ children’s rights, such as the right to education, healthcare, and protection from physical and sexual abuse among others. The study concluded that child marriage is a practice that has long lasting negative impact on the welfare of the affected individuals and by extension the development of the communities where it is practiced. Consequently, the study made recommendations on possible solutions and strategies to eradicate the practice.

Pernikahan Dini Bagi Masyarakat Kampung Baru Desa Pitusunggu Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep Sulawesi Selatan

This study seeks to uncover the traditions of the Kampung Baru community who like to marry off their sons and daughters early. This paper is a qualitative-descriptive research with a phenomenological approach. Data collection is done by interview and observation. Data analysis in this study took place simultaneously with the data collection process. Data analysis was carried out through three stages of the water model, namely data reduction, presentation, and data verification. However, these three stages take place simultaneously, with the aim of providing accurate data and information for Ministry of Religion officials in formulating development policies in the field of religion. The research found that the practice of early marriage has been going on for a long time in Kampung Baru, and has even become a community culture that has been maintained for decades. The people of Kampung Baru view marriage as aiming to elevate one's sosial status. People's motivation for underage marriage is due to economic faktors, education, religion, and lack of legal awareness. In general, households built through underage marriages in Kampung Baru last quite long. The custom of the people of Kampung Baru to marry off their sons and daughters early needs special attention from all parties, especially the relevant government agencies, in order to provide enlightenment to the community about the risks and problems that can be caused to children and born generations.

Modernization in Medical Practices in Rural Nepal: An Ethnographic Study of Hyolmos

This article attempts to investigate the modern medical practices and the major factors triggering the changes in views, attitudes, and practices among the Hyolmos, an indigenous people residing in high hill region, Helambu, the northeast of Sindhupalchok, central Nepal. This ethnographic study with the key informants' interview, participant observation and household census was employed during a year-long fieldwork. The collected data were thematically analyzed and interpreted. The finding shows that the major triggering factors bringing such changes are education, communication, and transportation that increased awareness among the people for choosing alternative opportunities. Tourism and foreign employment raised the economic level that created better financial options for treatment. Conservation of forest was limited to the performance of herbalists and Amchis. To some extent, inter-caste marriage practice and the urbanization process also increased awareness about the use of western medicine.

Preventing Child Marriage: The Role of Strategic Actors in South Kalimantan

South Kalimantan Province is the province with the highest number of child marriage cases, according to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2017 and 2019. This has resulted in various negative impacts, one of which is the high maternal mortality rate, as well as the low human development index (HDI) in the province, which is placed at the 22nd position from 34 provinces in Indonesia. This paper aims to examine various strategic actors who can prevent and reduce the practice of child marriage in South Kalimantan Province in three levels of analysis: the macro, mezzo, and micro levels. This paper seeks the relationship between the three aspects of structure, culture, and social processes at the three macro, mezzo, and micro levels, as the concept of analysis used to prevent child marriage practices from a child protection perspective and SRHR issues. This study uses a qualitative approach through in-depth interview methods to key policy makers and is supported by focus group discussions (FGD) to participants in discussions from various backgrounds, both government agencies, and non-governmental organizations concerned with the issue of child and women's protection in South Kalimantan Province.

Associations of early marriage and early childbearing with anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of nationwide survey

BackgroundEarly marriage and early childbearing are common practices in Ethiopia. Girls who get married and give birth at a very young age are more likely to experience several health problems including anemia among others. However, the effects of early marriage and early childbearing on anemia status of adolescent girls have not been quantified in previous studies. In this study, we assessed whether early marriage and early childbearing measured at both individual and community levels are associated with adolescent anemia.MethodsWe analyzed data from the 2016 demographic and health survey of Ethiopia. Our study focused on 3172 late female adolescents (15–19 years). We used the chi-squared test and spearman correlation coefficients for bivariate analysis. The relationship between early marriage and childbearing with anemia was evaluated using multilevel binary logistic regression models while controlling other determinants.ResultsOverall prevalence of anemia among female adolescents was 23.8% (95% CI; 22.3–25.2). Our multivariable multilevel analysis showed that individual-level marital status (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06–2.02) and community-level childbearing status (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.25–6.29) were positively associated with anemia among female adolescents.ConclusionOur findings show the presence of significant association between early marriage & early childbearing with adolescent anemia. Therefore, there is a need for effective policies and programs to end the practice of early child marriage and the consequent adolescent pregnancy in Ethiopia. This will help to improve nutritional status of adolescent girls as well as nutritional outcomes of their children.

Long Runs of Homozygosity Are Correlated with Marriage Preferences across Global Population Samples.

Children of consanguineous unions carry long runs of homozygosity (ROH) in their genomes, due to their parents' recent shared ancestry. This increases the burden of recessive disease in populations with high levels of consanguinity and has been heavily studied in some groups. However, there has been little investigation of the broader effect of consanguinity on patterns of genetic variation on a global scale. This study, which collected published genetic data and information about marriage practice from 395 worldwide populations, shows that reported preference for cousin marriage has a detectable association with the distribution of long ROH in this sample, increasing the expected number of ROH longer than 10 cM by a factor of 2.2. Variation in marriage practice and consequent rates of consanguinity are therefore an important aspect of demographic history for the purposes of modeling human genetic variation. However, reported marriage practices explain a relatively small proportion of the variation in ROH distribution, and consequently, population genetic data are only partially informative about cultural preferences.

Being Muslim the Chhipa way: Caste identity as Islamic identity in a low-caste Indian Muslim community

This article adds to the emergent picture of caste practices among Indian Muslim communities through a focus on caste-based discourses and practices in the contemporary OBC Muslim Chhipa community (OBC, short for ‘Other Backward Class’, is an Indian-government designation). The article examines Muslim Chhipa origin stories, marriage practices and language strategies and shows the ways in which these phenomena—and attitudes about them—allow Muslim Chhipas to articulate and enact strategies of upward mobility and respectability. Central to these strategies is the idea of ‘Islam’, though not in its expected guise as a religion of equality. The article also shows that Islam plays a different but ultimately complementary role in intra-Chhipa relations, allowing for continued caste pride. However, the upward mobility achieved by some suggests that caste practices and beliefs in Muslim communities remain linked to pan-South Asian notions of purity and pollution and, as such, perpetuate discrimination against dalit Muslims.

"Trading daughters for livestock": An ethnographic study of facilitators of child marriage in Lira district, Northern Uganda.

Child marriage remains a significant challenge in Uganda despite national policies, legislation and programs for improved rights of girls. This ethnographic study aimed to explore underlying drivers of child marriage in Lira district, Northern Uganda. We applied a triangulation of qualitative methods; in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observations. Data were analysed using qualitative thematic content analysis. Our study findings showed that child marriage is still prevalent in the study area and the practice was also carried out at designated markets, at which girls were traded in exchange of livestock. The main drivers of child marriage were identified as poverty and survival strategies; socio-cultural beliefs and norms; and school dropouts. Determined efforts are needed to address the socio-cultural drivers of child marriage, keep girls in school, address poverty through targeting the family and individual level with appropriate incentives to address the economic needs of girls and families to delay marriage, enforce laws prohibiting the practice of child marriage, equip teenagers with accurate information on SRHR and ensure that parents support their daughters to be educated and responsible adults.

Marriage Practices in Roma Communities

Romanların en fazla sayıda yaşadığı 12 ilde TÜBİTAK destekli olarak yürütülen bir projenin verilerine dayanılarak hazırlanan bu çalışma Türkiye’deki Romanlarda evlilik pratiklerini incelemektedir. Araştırmada, Romanlarda evlilik biçimi, küçük yaşta evlilik, akraba evliliği, başlık parası ve tek eşlilik gibi konular ele alınmaktadır. Araştırma bulgularına göre erken yaşta evlilik, kaçma-kaçırmak yoluyla evlilik ve iç grup evliliği Türkiye’deki tüm Roman topluluklarında görülen ortak sosyolojik olgulardır. Bununla birlikte, başlık parası ve akraba evliliği gibi uygulamalar ise bazı illerdeki Romanlar arasında daha yaygındır. Romanlarda yaygın olan evliliğe ilişkin pratikler, tutumlar ve değerler, bir yandan Roman kültürünün yaşatılmasına hizmet ederken, bir yandan da Romanların kendi içinde kapalı bir topluluk şeklinde yaşamasına yol açmaktadır.

An Analysis of Early Age Marriage in The Economic Resilience of The Family at Kelurahan Jua-Jua Kecamatan Kayu Agung

Marriage is generally carried out by adults or already in ideal conditions for marriage, but until now there is still the practice of early marriage that occurs in Jua-Jua Village, Kayuagung District. This study aims to look at the analysis of early marriage in the economic resilience of families in Jua-Jua Village, Kayu Agung District by using a quantitative method approach, data collection techniques using questionnaires and interviews. Respondents in this study were 32 women who married early and one parent whose child married early was carried out by interview. The data analysis technique used is to find the percentage of the respondent's achievement level (TCR). The results showed that the TCR calculation on the indicator of family residence with a value of 80.86 is categorized as good. On the family income indicator with the TCR calculation, the value of 56.72 is categorized as poor, the indicator for children's educational needs with a value of 48.04 is categorized as not good and the indicator for family financial security with a TCR calculation value of 48.63 is categorized as not good. Through the calculation of the respondent's level of achievement, the average value of family economic resilience in early married couples is 58.56. This figure illustrates that the economic resilience of families in early married couples in Jua-Jua Village, Kayu Agung District is not good. Keywords: Early marriage, family economic resilience.

Health indicators on adolescents reveal disparity and inequality on regional and national levels

BackgroundHealth status in adolescents is difficult to evaluate and compare horizontally, vertically and longitudinally among different regions and nations of the world.MethodsWith repeated surveys conducted with relatively uniformed standards, the UNICEF Data warehouse compiles and publishes a wide spectrum of health indicators, of which data analysis and visualization would reveal the underlying statuses and trends on global, regional and national levels.ResultsApparent geographic disparity is present in that sub-Saharan African countries lag far behind their counterparts in other regions with regard to most health indicators on adolescents. Education attendance rates sequentially drop from primary to secondary school levels, and display correlation with youth literacy. Harmful practices of early marriage, early childbearing and female genital mutilation have decreased but the presences of peer violence and sexual violence are worthy of attentions. Although incidence and mortality rates of HIV/AIDS have dropped (most notably in sub-Saharan Africa), adolescents’ HIV/AIDS awareness remains suboptimal in selected countries. Cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths in the adolescents are comparable to the children but relatively lower than the adult and senior groups.ConclusionsFindings on the health indicators of adolescents until 2019 reveal the most recent status quo for reference right before the hit of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Progresses made on the various health indicators as well as the associated disparity and inequality underlie the remaining gaps to fill for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

Revisiting Plural Marriage in the 21st Century: Polygamy, Politics and Power

This paper reviews the complex history of plural marriage associated with the Mormon Church, giving consideration to views that are both favorable and unfavorable to the practice of polygamy. Interdisciplinary in nature, this paper delves into the religious underpinnings common to the practice of polygamy in the United States, alongside a discussion of media framing and court decisions that could impact the future of polygamy. Utilizing a social constructionist framework informed by historical information, media narratives from women who have experienced polygamy first-hand, and legal arguments surrounding the practice of plural marriage, the author argues that modern opposition to polygamy is rooted in ideas of moral superiority and is not aligned with many historical accounts of polygamy nor with the changing tides of legal recognition of fundamental rights and familial status occurring in the United States in the 21st century.