Marriage Partners Research Articles

Features of Modern Understanding of the Concept of "Love" in Student Families

The scientific article describes the peculiarities of the perception of student marriage partners of the concept of "love" as a romantic feeling. The aim of the article was to clarify the features of the modern understanding of the verbalized concept of "love" among student marriage partners. The methodology of researching the personal meaning of the concept of "love" was aimed at identifying their semantic spaces among 142 students who are in a marital relationship through a free direct associative experiment. As a result of the study of the associative field of "love" for five reactions for women and men, the peculiarities of the modern perception of married partners of the definition of "love" is the association with trust and care, care and tenderness. It was also found that the studied phenomenon is a category of intimate relationships aimed at satisfying sexual desire. Analysis of the data of a free associative experiment suggests that the idea of love in marital relations of students generally correlates with scientific ideas about these phenomena. Love is seen as "trust", "tenderness", "passion", "respect", "sex", "understanding", "hugs". These associations belong to the associative fields of various topics, including spiritual and moral, psychological, cultural and philosophical. The most common associations were also: faith, dreams, romance, beauty, motherhood, partnership, view, positive, value, strength, mutual need. Therefore, it allows us to conclude about the positive perception of the concept of "love". Students' daily understanding of the concept of "love" has an emotional and psychological color with a physical component.

Religion and Confession as the Bedrock of Monarchy and Court in Early Modern Europe

At the moment of his coronation or succession, the early modern ruler, whether Catholic or Protestant, took on the role of bishop in the territory he ruled over. In addition, many rulers were imbued with a very real personal faith which underpinned their pious practices and those of their families. The first half of this article examines the monarch’s divine mandate and the reality of piety at court. The second half moves from the notion of religion as the foundation of the monarchical state, irrespective of confessional difference, to the impact that post-Reformation confessional divisions had on the lives of royal women by determining their marriage partners. It also discusses the way in which religion provided them with comfort in times of sorrow and the way in which they used the convent as a refuge from the world of the court.

Derbforgaill: twelfth-century abductee, patron and wife

AbstractThis paper explores the themes of abduction, patronage, female wealth and marital relationships through their intersection in the life of Derbforgaill (d. 1193), whose abduction in 1152 sparked a chain of events that contributed to the English invasion of Ireland. Derbforgaill is also remembered for her donations to Mellifont in 1157, during the consecration of its ‘church of the monks’, and to the construction of a nuns’ church in Clonmacnoise in 1167. Focusing on the broader political context of these donations offers strong grounds for reconsideration of both Derbforgaill's and other women's experiences. Among the wider implications of this study must be the reconceptualisation of female political importance as functional through or in concert with marriage partners, rather than the natal family.

Understanding The Problems Of Early Marriage Perspective KH. Husein Muhammad And Their Relevance To Law No 16 Year 2019 Concerning Marriage

Early marriage is a timeless phenomenon, this case will always be interesting to be an object of research because in practice early marriage does not always lead to happiness, but instead leads to misery. Young men and women have not been able to manage emotions well, so early marriage partners often want to win on their own and cause arguments that will result in violence or even divorce. This research is a literature study with a qualitative type of research that is observing cases of early marriage that have occurred in Indonesia, especially how the law of early marriage in the perspective of positive law and Islamic law and its relevance to the thought of KH. Husein Muhammad as Indonesian Muslim feminist. The results of this study are the harmony between legal considerations in the law on the age limit for marriage and also the results of the study of KH. Husein Muhammad about early marriage. This means that the marriage law law and the study of Husein Muhammad are both concerned with the protection and safeguards so that there is no damage due to early marriage.

Creating a Holistic Model of Heterosexual Marriage Wellbeing Mechanisms

The links between marital relationship well-being and multiple life outcomes, including health, finances, career, living conditions, and happiness, are repetitively endorsed in academic studies. These outcomes are far-reaching and broadly representative, so it is perhaps surprising that there are limited publicly available, evidence-based models of marital wellbeing mechanisms to aid couples in trouble or to educate families, professional helpers, or policy makers in their decision-making processes. The goal of this study was to isolate the generic properties of marital health and understand their operation - investigating the precedents, antecedents and maintenance of adult romantic relationship happiness, stability and general marital well-being, including how these constructs self-organise and co-relate, how outcomes emerge, and how we might therefore potentially alter these outcomes. Over the last 40 years thousands of studies have been carried out to determine the factors that contribute to marital satisfaction and endurance. Nonetheless, to this point in history little has been done to synthesise these multiple factors into an overarching model of marital wellbeing. For this study, pre-existing theories and research findings pertinent to marriage and relationships were sought out using a scoping review, collating more than 24,000 research articles. The multi-grounding process extricated categories from the scoping review for the model development. Prominent pertinent theories were discovered, and their premises were explored, compared, and inter-relationships were considered in the model development process. Given the prevalence and primacy of marriage partnerships across most societies and given the individual importance and the societal impact that these partnerships have, this model has significance for individuals, therapists, family therapy lecturers and researchers, policy makers and even societal and business leaders.

Gendered Governance: Is China Taking a U-Turn on Its Women’s Liberation Movement to Solve the Problem Left Over by It: ‘The Leftover Women’?

Increasing pursuit of education, employment and financial independence among women, which is undoubtedly an impact of early inception of women’s liberation movement in China, has nevertheless resulted in more and more women becoming uncompromising, when it comes to a marriage partner. Moreover, even though men are always in search for good looking and professionally successful women, but they are invariably unwilling to wed women with as much or more education or income than themselves. As a result, a new category of women, the ‘leftover women’ has emerged. This article explores the reasons behind their emergence and role played by women’s liberation movement therein. It also studies the actions taken by governing bodies in creating and propagating the term itself and the stigma around it, especially pinpointing the approach taken by them towards ‘leftover women’ visa-vie ‘leftover men’. It reveals the underlying patriarchal agenda of gendered governance, behind twisting and practically stalling the women’s liberation movement in China in the recent years. As the official narrative of women’s liberation and development is increasingly catering to more traditional and patriarchal values, the article argues, Chinese government is taking a complete U-turn in women’s liberation movement in the 21st century.

Relational turbulence and social network engagement during the summer of COVID-19: A repeated measures, dyadic analysis.

Background/Purpose: Relational turbulence theory suggests that changes in and around relationships create the potential for relational turbulence when everyday routines and scripts are upended and communication becomes polarized. In turn, perceptions of a romantic relationship as chaotic or tumultuous can influence a person’s engagement with their social network. Alternately, previous research also suggests that engagement with friends and family has the potential to influence married partner’s relationship quality. Research Design: This study examined these propositions among a sample of married couples (N = 64, 128 individuals) whose daily experiences and relationship dynamics changed during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Results/Conclusions: Based on a 10-week, weekly diary repeated measures design, results suggest that relational turbulence and the valence of social network engagement may be mutually influential, such that (a) relational turbulence may influence the way in which married partners interpret communication with social network members and (b) the valence of communication with social network members may influence experiences of relational turbulence.

Measuring the impacts of maternal child marriage and maternal intimate partner violence and the moderating effects of proximity to conflict on stunting among children under 5 in post-conflict Sri Lanka

This study aimed to understand whether maternal child marriage and past year intimate partner violence (IPV) impact stunting among Sri Lankan children under 5 years old, and, secondarily, whether proximity to conflict is associated with stunting. Additionally, we assessed whether proximity to conflict moderates the relationships between maternal child marriage and past year IPV (sexual, physical, and emotional). We tested these questions using logistic regression analyses of the 2016 Sri Lankan Demographic and Health Survey (n = 4941 mother-child dyads). In country-wide adjusted analyses, we did not find associations between maternal child marriage or IPV and stunting (p > 0.05). Children in districts proximal and central to conflict were significantly less likely to be stunted compared to children in districts distal to conflict (proximal adjusted odds ratio/aOR: 0.43, 95% confidence interval/CI: 0.22–0.82; central aOR: 0.53, CI: 0.29–0.98). We found significant interaction effects on stunting between proximity to conflict and both sexual and emotional IPV, which we further explored in stratified analyses. In districts distal to conflict, maternal sexual IPV was significantly associated with increased odds of stunting (aOR: 2.71, CI: 1.16–6.35), and in districts central to conflict, maternal emotional IPV was significantly associated with increased odds of stunting (aOR: 1.80, CI: 1.13–2.89). Maternal emotional IPV was significantly associated with decreased odds of stunting in districts proximal to conflict (aOR: 0.42, CI: 0.18–0.96). Maternal child marriage and physical IPV were not associated with stunting in Sri Lanka. Variations in associations between maternal IPV and stunting across Sri Lanka may reflect the lasting and differential impact of conflict, as well as differential humanitarian responses which may have improved child nutrition practices and resources in districts central and proximal to conflict. Policies and programs addressing stunting in Sri Lanka should consider the role of maternal IPV as well as community-level variations based on proximity to conflict.

Redeeming Professions: Wollstonecraft, Austen, and Vocational Choice

Abstract: Jane Austen’s novels insist that readers notice characters’ professions and vocational choices. This essay argues that Austen’s ideas develop from—and expand on—Wollstonecraft’s claims about the power and potential of vocational choice to benefit self and society. In A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft famously critiques clergy, soldiers, and sailors because too often men in these professions were—like women of the time—without choice of career and without self-determination within those careers. Austen illustrates novelistically many of the complaints Wollstonecraft levels against men in clerical and military professions, but she also offers examples that redeem these professions and the men who intentionally adopt them. Previous studies of Wollstonecraftian influence on Austen have largely overlooked Austen’s insistent attention to men’s careers and the ways in which they affirm Wollstonecraft’s critiques as well as extend the possibility of moral and social benefits to be realized from vocational choice, equipping men, too, to be better marriage partners and citizens. This essay provides an overview of Wollstonecraft’s theories about vocational choice and Austen’s fictional echoes of these theories within the context of contemporary ideas of vocation and the professions. Then it turns to two case studies from Austen’s fiction and two characters who most directly and extensively discuss their choices of profession: Edward Ferrars in Sense and Sensibility (1811) and Edmund Bertram in Mansfield Park (1814). Bringing these elements together not only illuminates another aspect of Wollstonecraft’s influence on Austen that has received scant critical attention but also reveals Austen’s contribution to changing notions of profession and egalitarian marriage partnerships.

Farm Parent and Youth Aspirations on the Generational Succession of Farming: Evidence From South India

Agriculture remains vital in ensuring the food security of developing economies like India, yet increasing rural-urban migration, an aging farm population, and waning interest of rural youth in agriculture are emerging concerns. This paper focuses on the aspirations of farm parents and their children in agriculture, the challenges they confront, and potential solutions. We draw on qualitative data from two rural sites in Southern India, different from each other in their agro-ecological and social contexts, to point to the material, social, relational, and structural factors shaping aspirations. First, agrarian distress, resulting from climate variability and market uncertainty, affects farm households' socioeconomic status, resulting in farmers' aspiration failure in agriculture. Farm parents then focus on educating their children, aspiring for secure non-farm jobs for their sons, and finding suitable marriage partners, also in non-farm employment, for their daughters. While this steer from parents discourages youth from aspiring to careers in agriculture, in reality, there is a wide gap in the achievement of aspirations, and a majority of youth, especially young women, do end up working on their family farms. For the future development of agriculture and sustainable food systems, it is essential to protect young farmers from aspiration failures and innovate through appropriate policies.

Does Proximity to Conflict Zones Moderate Associations Between Girl Child Marriage, Intimate Partner Violence, and Contraception in Postconflict Sri Lanka?

Women’s primary contraceptive method type is impacted by the gender inequities of girl child marriage and intimate partner violence (IPV). Outside of South Asia, proximity to conflict zones has been found to impact contraceptive use, girl child marriage, and IPV, possibly moderating associations between these variables. We created multinomial regression models using the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey data from postconflict Sri Lanka to study associations between primary contraceptive method type (modern spacing methods, sterilization, and traditional methods compared to no method) and the gender inequities of girl child marriage and past year sexual, physical, and emotional IPV and to assess whether and how these associations were moderated by proximity to conflict. We found that proximity to conflict moderated the relationships between girl child marriage, past year physical and emotional IPV, and primary contraceptive method type. Girl child marriage was associated with increased relative risk (RR) of modern spacing methods (adjusted RR ratio/aRRR: 1.81–2.21) across all levels of proximity to conflict. In districts distal to conflict, past year physical IPV was associated with decreased RR of sterilization (aRRR: 0.67) and traditional methods (aRRR: 0.63), and past year emotional IPV was associated with decreased RR of traditional methods (aRRR: 0.71). In districts central to conflict, past year emotional IPV was associated with increased RR of modern spacing methods (aRRR: 1.50). Our findings suggest that policymakers and providers who seek to improve reproductive health in Sri Lanka must consider the moderating impact of proximity to conflict on the relationship between contraceptive use and the gender inequities of girl child marriage and IPV.

Infamous Gaming: The Intergroup Bias of Non-gamers in the Chinese Marriage Market.

The link between gaming and negative outcomes has been explored by previous research and has led to the widespread adverse attitude toward gaming (ATG) and gamers, especially from those who are unfamiliar with this activity. By implementing an audit study with gamers and non-gamers as participants (N = 1,280), we found that non-gamer participants rated gamers less as similar to their ideal marriage partners compared to non-gamers, while gamer participants did not differentiate between gamers and non-gamers in the ideal marriage partners similarity rating (IMPSR). The findings also revealed that the difference in IMPSR between gamer and non-gamer participants toward gamers was completely mediated by their ATG. These results imply that non-gamers consider gaming as an undesired characteristic, and this is due to the relatively negative attitude of non-gamers toward gaming. Current study provides a new perspective on exploring the effect of gaming by investigating the social interaction between gamers and non-gamers in real-world and suggests that the unfamiliarity of gaming can lead to the negative ATG, which may, ultimately, place gamers at a disadvantage in the context of mate selection.

Fish in the sea: Number, characteristics, and partner preferences of unmarried Japanese adults - analysis of a national survey.

BackgroundA large proportion of adults in Japan remain unmarried even though they intend to marry during their lifetime. To provide data for policy makers and those searching for partners in the Japanese marriage market, we estimated the number and characteristics of unmarried women and men with marriage intention and assessed their partner preferences. Based on the findings, we hypothesized regarding potential mismatches between the individuals available in the marriage market and the type of partners they are looking for.MethodsWe used data from the National Fertility Survey (2015), a nationally representative survey in Japan, and included 20,344 participants aged 18–49 years, of which 6,568 were unmarried with marriage intention. We estimated the total number of unmarried women and men who intend to marry, extrapolated their characteristics to the Japanese population, and assessed their partner preferences, as well as their ideal age of marriage and the ideal age of their partner.ResultsIn 2015, there were 8.48 million unmarried women and 9.83 million unmarried men aged 18–49 years with marriage intention in Japan. Surpluses of around 600,000 men were observed in non-densely inhabited areas (men-to-women ratio: 1.31) and in the Kanto region (1.23). Most of the women and men in the marriage market had annual incomes lower than 3,000,000 JPY (28,000 USD) and only 263,000 women (3%) and 883,000 men (9%) had an income of 5,000,000 JPY (47,000 USD) or more; 167,000 men (2%) had an income of 7,000,000 JPY (66,000 USD) or more, with roughly three-quarters of them having a university degree. When asked about eight items that one may consider in a potential partner, the proportion of women listing an item as “important” tended to be larger than those of men across all items (education, occupation, finances, personality, mutual hobbies, cooperation/understanding regarding one’s work, and attitude towards/skills in housework and childrearing) except appearance. The largest differences were observed for finances (proportion of women vs. men listing the item as “important” or “would consider:” 94.0% vs. 40.5%, p<0.001), occupation (84.9% vs. 43.9%, p<0.001), and education (53.9% vs. 28.7%, p<0.001). While women, on average, preferred men who were around 1–3 years older than themselves, men preferred women around their own age until the age of 26 years, at which point men preferred women who were younger than themselves, with the preferred age difference increasing substantially with age. As such, the number of men preferring a younger partner was larger than the number of women who preferred an older partner.ConclusionsBy providing data on the number, characteristics and partner preferences of individuals in the marriage market, our study could inform decisions for those searching for marriage partners in Japan. Moreover, we hypothesize that mismatches in geographical location, the supply-demand disparity for partners with higher income, and age preferences could partly explain the large number of Japanese women and men who remain unmarried despite intending to get married. Further studies are needed to assess if, and to what extent, the identified mismatches may affect marriage rates.

The Aging Self: A Narrative Analysis on Generational Lesson Sharing and Embodiment Expressions of Older Adults

This qualitative study captures individual aging experiences, gaining insight into how older adults understand aging bodies and express age. Three main research questions were developed to respond to that inquiry: (1) How do older adults embody aging? (2) What life lessons are embedded in these expressions of age? And (3) What life lessons are beneficial for younger generations to know for their own aging experiences? The study employed a secondary data analysis of semi-structured interviews, initially completed without restrictions on age, identity, or experience for participant inclusion. Results were analyzed using NVivo software with a constructive narrative analysis focus. Narratives were grouped into three categories based on the time frame central to the interview: past, present, or future. Emerging narratives included being a student, worker, partner in marriage, parent, retiree, and immigrant. The findings demonstrate how different embodiment experiences emerge through reflective narrative construction and influenced lessons shared. These conclusions contribute to understanding how choices and experiences at different stages in the life course can influence the aging experience and how it is projected. Ultimately, the findings emphasize the role that the self and body hold on identity and self-expression for older adults.

A Women's Rights-Based Approach to Reducing Child Mortality: Data from 193 Countries Show that Gender Equality does Affect Under-five Child Mortality.

Mother's health and wellbeing significantly affects child health. Women's autonomy can improve healthcare-seeking behaviour, utilisation of healthcare services, and planned pregnancy, thereby improving child health. The global under-five mortality rate (U5MR) has seen the fastest decline in the past two decades, but the influence of gender equality on child mortality remains unaddressed. A strategic approach addressing gender equality is needed to reduce the U5MR further. The study aimed to identify andinvestigate the association between indicators of gender equality and U5MR using a human rights-based approach. We analysed open-source secondary data from international agencies comprising 521 gender-sensitive variables for 193 countries. Nine variables were included for the final Structural Equation Model based on the theoretical model. Model 1 consisted of 193 countries, and Model 2 comprised a subgroup analysis of 11 variables for 158 countries. Gender equality was a latent variable, and the U5MR was the outcome variable. Gender equality was significantly associated with U5MR (Z = -7.47, 95% CI = -754.67 to -440.98, p < 0‧001, n = 193 for Model 1, and Z = -7.71, 95% CI = -808.26 to -480.72, p < 0‧001, n = 158 for Model 2). Female education, women's waged and salaried employment, women as employers, and women's representation in leadership and parliament enhanced gender equality, whereas the prevalence of child marriage and intimate partner violence (IPV) negatively affected gender equality. Improvement in gender equality significantly reduced U5MR. CONCLUSIONSFOR PRACTICE: Improving women's economic, educational, and social position and increasing female representation in higher leadership and policymaking positions is the key to reducing child mortality. Notably, eliminating child marriage and IPV is the key to achieving gender equality and is needed at the forefront of national policies. Gender equality can significantly improve women's reproductive autonomy, a critical factor in improving healthcare utilisation for women and their children.

Право на тіло: в полоні соціокультурного та юридичного дискурсів

The human body in the conditions of (post) modernity becomes significant both from the point of view of the person and from the regulatory discourses in which this significance is fixed. Therefore, there is talk about having the right to a body, the implementation of which is problematic, because the body is controlled by various discourses, including socio-cultural, economic, media, medical, legal and others. The article deals with the right to a body, which can be considered in the context of the theory of generations of human rights and attributed to the fourth generation of human rights - somatic rights. In the socio-cultural perspective, the right to the body can be seen as the right to free bodily existence outside the controlling gaze, the choice of one’s own appearance (shape, weight, level of care, etc.), one’s own sexuality, marriage partner. At the same time, society has a system of rules that determine bodily norms and deviations, the conditions under which they are formed and exist and the characteristics according to which they are determined, the pool of experts who can dictate and evaluate, and categories of people depending on their compliance to those norms. First of all, such a strict normative view is aimed at women, which leads to a variety of negative consequences, including extreme forms of violation of the right to the body, including severe injuries. The existence of the norm is supported by discrimination against non-compliant social groups or stigmatization of inappropriate bodily practices. However, a person has the inalienable right to choose what to do with his/her own body, to take care of it, to express himself/herself by any means, i.e. he/she has the right to bodily autonomy and non-violence. The quality of his/her life depends on this direction. In Ukrainian society, the exercise of the right to the body is associated with both the existing socio-cultural discourse that legitimizes bodily norms and legal discourse that defines certain bodily practices as significant and therefore regulated by law (this includes birth / reproductive rights, including abortion and artificial insemination, euthanasia, cloning, gender reassignment).

Use of work-related communication technology outside regular working hours and work-family conflict (work interference with family and family interference with work): results from the 6th Korean working conditions survey.

Recently, use of work-related communication technology-smartphones, tablets, and laptops-is increasing rapidly by development of technology with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Some studies have suggested that work-related communication technology has a significant link with work-family conflict (WFC) but these studies included only limited number of participants and lacked essential covariates. Therefore, this study analyzes this association using large representative data sample and selected waged workers who were married-couples with children. This study was conducted based on data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS). A total of 17,426 waged workers having a marriage partner and one or more children were selected. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether WFC was associated with communication technology use. The odds ratios (ORs) for WFC were stratified by sex and working hours. In fully adjusted model, WFC was higher those who used communication technology outside regular working hours compared with those who did not use it (OR: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39-1.97). When stratified by sex and working hours, the effect was greater in women than in men (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.42-2.26 vs. OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.17-1.97) and women who worked over 52 hours per week had the highest OR (3.40; 95% CI: 1.25-9.26). This study revealed that the work-related communication technology use outside regular working hours was associated with WFC. The association were greater among those having longer working hours and female workers. These results suggest that appropriate policy should be implemented to reduce working hours and right to disconnect after work, particularly in female workers.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROLE OF THE PARENTAL FAMILY IN CHOOSING A MARRIAGE PARTNER

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the acceptance of individual decisions regarding the choice of future marriage partner by modern youth. The peculiarities of the parental family and parent-child relations functioning, their influence on the modeling of image and on the choice of future partner have been studied. The analysis of the obtained results allowed to make conclusions, what way future partners wanted to be seen in by our understudied, according to the experience of parental family and relations with parents. The obtained results allow suggesting that the image of future partner is formed at subconscious level in early childhood and presupposes the presence of features and qualities, both positive and negative, of the closest environment of a child. The research showed that in the vast majority of the interviewed, the features and qualities of persons that caused the emotional attraction, coincide with the highlighted features and qualities of the childhood period closest environment. At the same time it should be noted, that if for the subconscious partner image, as well as the closest environment since childhood, positive features and qualities are more typical, then the choice of partners, whom the greater emotional attraction are followed to, are also endowed with positive characteristics. The fact has been confirmed, that study of the peculiarities of the marriage partner choice should be carried out comprehensively, taking into account the peculiarities of the influence of both parental family and closest environment, which have made the expressed impression in early childhood.

Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Attitudes Towards Its Prevention Among Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Primary Health Centres in a Niger Delta Capital City

<i>Introduction </i>Cervical cancer is the fourth commonest cause of cancer and cancer-related deaths among women worldwide and commonest gynaecological cancer in Nigeria. This study sort to determine the awareness of cervical cancer, its prevention and determine the attitude and practice of these women towards screening. <i>Materials and methods: </i>This was a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study to assess the knowledge, attitude and utilisation of cervical cancer screening among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in primary health centres in Uyo, South-south Nigeria. <i>Results: </i>The mean age of respondents was 34.7±8.9 years. The majority (76.7%) had post-secondary education, were married (69.6%), had 2 or more lifetime sexual partners (>60%) and had been pregnant twice (25%). Most (87.5%) have heard about cervical cancer, mainly from health workers, 116 (44.8%). The top 2 clinical features known were abnormal vaginal bleeding 177 (59.8%) and foul-smelling vaginal discharge 157 (53.0%) while the commonest risk factors mentioned were sex at early age 145 (49.0%) and multiple sexual partners 135 (45.6%). Preventive strategies known include quitting smoking (53.4%), avoiding early sexual intercourse (49%) and avoiding multiple sexual partners (48.3%). The majority, 186 (62.8%) knew about screening measures but less than a quarter knew that all sexually active women should be screened 46 (15.5%), while only 24.7% were aware of free services, 15.2% had ever been screened. The commonest reasons for non-screening were not feeling at risk 68 (27.1%) and being unaware of screening 57 (22.7%) while most had a positive attitude towards screening for cervical cancer. 167 (56.4%). <i>Conclusion: </i>The good knowledge of cervical cancer and attitude towards its screening was not matched by action as only a few had ever been screened despite their high lifetime risk for it. There is therefore the need for further awareness creation on cervical cancer prevention with the aim of increasing their uptake of available screening services in the state.

Ostvarivanje i zaštita prava na porodičnu penziju vanbračnog partnera, ili šta NAM sve zakonodavac nije rekao?

The amendments to the Pension and Disability Insurance Act, enacted at the end of 2019, envisage that the right to a family pension can also be exercised by the surviving extramarital partner. Thus, extramarital partners have been equated (for the first time) with spouses in matrimonial relations. In order to be entitled to a survivor's pension, both spouses and extramarital partners must inter alia spend at least three years in marriage or extramarital union, or have a child together. The existence of an extramarital union is determined in a non-litigious proceeding. Although this statutory specification of the constitutional norm on the equality of marriage and extramarital union is praiseworthy, the authors point out that the new legal provision raises a number of issues. The situation is indisputable if a man and a woman were in an exclusive extramarital relationship that lasted for a long time, and particularly if they have at least one child together. However, in the event that one of them was in a parallel extramarital union with another person, or if the condition of gender differentiation does not exist or has ceased to exist, it raises the question how the existence of an extramarital union will be proven in non-litigious proceedings. The authors examine whether the existing legal framework provides for achieving the goal of the provision envisaged in the Pension and Disability Insurance Act, and how possible abuses of this right can be prevented in order to protect the conscientious (bona fides) users acting in good faith. Although the Serbian legislator finally decided to fully equalize marital and nonmarital unions in terms of exercising the right to a family pension, we believe that the existing solution needs to be improved in order to avoid confusion in practice and prevent possible abuses. Only the nominal introduction of the provision on the equality of married and non-marital partners with reference to the non-litigation procedure has already opened a number of questions in practice. In this paper, we point to some issues concerning the method of determining the quality of an extramarital union and the competition between two extramarital unions. An innovative solution, which would represent not only a concretization of the constitutional provision but also a qualitative contribution to the pension and disability insurance system, calls for amending the existing solution in the Pension and Disability Insurance Act, detailed regulation of the procedure for determining the existence of extramarital union as a named procedure in the Non-litigation Procedure Act, and the introspection what the legislator actually wants for and from an extramarital partner. Although it sounds like a serious task, the importance of an institution such as extramarital union certainly deserves not such an approach.