Married Females Research Articles

SLEEP DISORDERS AS PREDICTORS OF AFFECTIVE AND SOMATIC SYMPTOMS OF MILD DEPRESSION

The study investigated sleep disorders as predictors of affective and somatic symptoms of mild depression among Undergraduates in Imo State. The design of the study was correlation design. Four hypotheses guided this study. 443 participants were selected through random sampling technique. They were between the ages of 21 and 39 years with mean age 31.60 and standard deviation age of 3.40 with unequal gender (males =179 and females=264). Their marital status included 24 married males and 155 single males, while married females were 38 and 226 were single females. Instruments used were Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Sleep Disorder Symptoms Checklist (SDS-CL). A Correlation Design and Multiple Regression Analysis were employed to analyze the data. Results indicated that at p<0.01 Sleep Apnea and Insomnia were significant predictors of mild depression symptoms among undergraduates in Imo State, while at p<0.05 Restless Legs Sleep Syndrome significantly predicted mild depression. However, at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance, Narcolepsy did not significantly Predict Mild Depression symptoms among Undergraduates in Imo State. The study suggested that Sleep Apnea, Insomnia and Restless Legs Sleep Syndrome were significant predictors of both affective and somatic symptoms of mild depression among undergraduates. It also recommended among others that undergraduates should not find it difficult to discuss their sleep problems with their doctors, clinical psychologists and counselors for proper attention in order to present their undiagnosed depression generate into moderate and severe depression.

Fear of Childbirth, Desire to Avoid Pregnancy and Marital Adjustment Among Married Females

With the advancement in the world, there are many phenomena that are increasing, but the Fear of childbirth is still an issue that goes unnoticed. Birth is a unique and also a painful experience for a woman. It is recognized that because of Fear, women tend to avoid becoming pregnant, which affects their marital life. The present study explains the relationship between Fear of childbirth, the desire to avoid pregnancy, and marital adjustment. The sample comprised of 154 married females. It was a correlational study accompanied by a convenient sampling technique. For data collection, the Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire (FCQ), Desire to Avoid Pregnancy (DAP) Scale, and Marital Adjustment Test (MAT) were used. Findings show that Fear of childbirth is positively correlated with the desire to avoid pregnancy, and Fear of childbirth is negatively correlated with marital adjustment. Results showed a significant relationship between all three variables. Findings show that the Fear of childbirth positively predicts the desire to avoid pregnancy. On the contrary, Fear of childbirth negatively predicts marital adjustment among married females. This study would be helpful for counselors, practitioners, researchers, therapists, psychologists, medical experts, and especially midwives to explore this domain while dealing with married females.

Mapping service quality through demographic clustering in Northern Luzon State University

This study evaluated the implementation and impact of the Citizen’s Charter at Isabela State University, Echague Campus, with a focus on its effectiveness in improving service delivery among non-teaching and teaching personnel. Employing a quantitative research design, the study utilized a structured survey to assess various dimensions of the Citizen’s Charter, including tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, quality assurance, and empathy. A total of 139 participants, comprising non-teaching and teaching personnel, provided their insights and satisfaction ratings. The findings revealed consistently high satisfaction levels across both groups, with grand means of 3.29 for non-teaching personnel and 3.39 for teaching personnel in terms of tangibles, indicating positive perceptions of facilities and service quality. Cluster analysis identified three demographic groups—married males, single males, and married females—with civil status emerging as the strongest determinant of satisfaction levels (correlation of 0.79), followed by gender (0.42). Educational attainment had minimal influence (0.37), underscoring the significance of relational and personal factors in shaping satisfaction. Non-teaching personnel rated tangibles and reliability more highly, while teaching personnel emphasized responsiveness, reflecting differences in expectations and service interactions. Key drivers of satisfaction included timely service delivery, adherence to the Citizen’s Charter, and empathetic client engagement.

Perception about Emergency Contraception in Married Females of Childbearing (15-49) years in Dadu, Sindh

Objective: To determine the perception about emergency contraception in married females of childbearing (15-49) years and to identify associated factors related to perception in Dadu, Sindh. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 216 married females of childbearing (15-49) years was conducted at Dadu, Sindh during March to August 2023. Participants were selected through simple random sampling. Questions were asked regarding perception of emergency contraception through structured questionnaire by getting informed verbal consent. The analysis of the data was done by using SPSS-26. Results: From 216 participants only 3.2% had perception regarding emergency contraception. Major source of perception received from healthcare professionals. Number of females who had ever used it, was 4 (1.9%). 3.2% participants had knowledge regarding correct timing (up to 72hours) for its effective usage. 69% participants lie in age group of 18-34 years and 69% were illiterate, 77% from rural area and 5.6% participants were employed. 57.9% study subjects had monthly house hold income ten thousand rupees. 92.1% were residing in joint family structure and 79.6% having two or more children. Study revealed that 24.5% had unplanned pregnancies and 13.9% underwent abortions. Further findings of study revealed that education, residence, guardian’s income, unplanned pregnancies are major variables that determine the understanding of emergency contraception. Conclusion: It was observed that educated females were more aware about emergency contraception and those who were living in developed areas with high socioeconomic status and having unwanted pregnancies in their past.

Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors on Care Types Received by Elderly People in Irele LGA, Ondo State, Nigeria

This study examines the influence of socio-demographic factors on care types received by elderly people in Irele Local Government Area (LGA), Ondo state, Nigeria. The study employed quantitative technique to elicit data from 100 elderly people through structured questionnaires. The study emphasized the relationship between socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, education, and occupation on care types received by elderly people including assistance with daily activities, companionship, emotional support, financial, and medical care. The initial evidence from this study showed that there are identified socio-demographic factors (age, education and occupation) with influences on care types received by elderly people. Further results indicate significant interactions between socio-demographic factors like age (p=0.000), education (p=0.017), and occupation (p=0.023), and care types received by elderly people. However, gender (p=0.717) and marital status (p=0.138) of elderly people are insignificantly related to care types received in the study. The findings depict that the care types received by elderly people are influenced by their socio-demographic factors. Moreover, evidences showed that financial support, companionship and medical care are germane care types received by elderly people in this study. Hence, the study recommends that more elderly married females should be urgently considered to benefit from financial support, companionship and medical care within families in Irele Local Government Area of Ondo state and the entire Country.

Metabolic syndrome patterns by gender in major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are significant health challenges, with distinct gender-specific manifestations. This suggests that the clinical presentation of MetS within the MDD cohort may also vary by gender. The objective of this study is to explore these gender-specific clinical patterns in the co-occurrence of MetS among hospitalized MDD patients, thereby offering insights and guidance for targeted interventions aimed at managing MetS in this demographic. The study included 1,281 first hospitalization MDD patients. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics and general clinical profiles. Metabolic parameters, routine biochemical markers, and psychological symptoms were measured and analyzed. The prevalence of MetS was 8.21% in male patients and 10.34% in female patients, with no significant difference between genders. Gender-specific risk factors were identified: in males, age and anxiety symptoms were significant predictors of MetS, while in females, age at onset and married were linked to the development of MetS. Additionally, MetS severity was influenced by age at onset in males and by both age at onset and married in females. This study found no gender-specific prevalence of MetS in hospitalized MDD patients. However, gender-specific factors influencing MetS development and severity highlight the need for focused management in older, married females and older males with high anxiety symptoms.

Role of Perceived Social Support in Facilitating Work Life Balance among Female Professionals

The current research intends is to explore the predictive liaison concerning perceived social support and work-family balance in working females. After reviewing the literature, it remained hypothesized that, 1) Work-family balance would be significantly predicted by perceived social support in working females.; 2) There would be significant differences in the scores of work family balance and perceived social support in married and unmarried working females; and 3) There would be significant differences in the scores of work-family balance and perceived social support in working females living in nuclear and joint family systems. The sample comprised of 288 participants, which includes doctors, teachers, and registered nurses, with age ranges between 21-40 years. The sample was recruited from various hospitals and educational institutions of Hazara division, Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa, Pakistan, by using a purposive sampling technique. Participants were assessed by using the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS,(Zimet et al., 1990) and Work-Family Balance Scale (WFBS, (Zhang et al., 2012)followed by the administration of demographic information form. SPSS; V-25 is used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were used for the demographic information, whereas, regression analysis and t-test were used to make inferences regarding investigation of hypotheses. Results showed significant predictive association between perceived social support and work-family balance [r=.130 ; R2=.017, F= (4.93); p<.05; work-family enrichment .143, p<.05 & work-family conflict .106, p>.05). The results of the current study concludes that perceived social support helps in strengthening work family balance, enhancing the work-family enrichment and reducing work-family conflict among female employees.

The relationship of social support with sexual assertiveness and marital satisfaction in Iranian women.

People who receive social support in their marital life have a higher chance of experiencing more marital satisfaction. Pleasant healthy sexual relations and a couple's sexual assertiveness are of prime significance in such satisfaction. This study aimed to determine the relationship between social support and both sexual assertiveness and marital satisfaction in married women referring to health centers in Tabriz, Iran. This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study on 292 women out of 22308 reproductive-age married females referring to the health centers of Tabriz in 2022. Sampling was done by cluster sampling method. Data collection instruments included a socio-personal information questionnaire, personal resource questionnaire 85 (PRQ85-Part 2) as a social support measure, Halbert index of sexual assertiveness (HISA), and enrich marital satisfaction (EMS) scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson, independent t, one-way ANOVA tests, and the general linear model. The mean (SD) of social support, marital satisfaction, and sexual assertiveness scores were 103 (19.8), 135.9 (11.8), and 52.2 (19.5), respectively. Social support had an average positive correlation with marital satisfaction (P < 0.001; r = 0.57) and a good positive correlation with sexual assertiveness (P < 0.001; r = 0.73). An adjusted general linear model showed a significant statistical relationship between social support with sexual assertiveness (B: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.8; P <0.001), and marital satisfaction, (B: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2-0.4; P <0.001). An increase in social support, increases their marital satisfaction and sexual assertiveness. Focusing on social support could be an effective approach in family counseling or family education programs to improve marital satisfaction.

Multifaceted Exploration of Public Awareness, Government Perspectives, and Community Attitudes Toward HIV.

The purpose of this research is to quantify the knowledge of students about HIV, social media contribution, and their satisfaction with the government and society's acceptance of HIV patients. A cross-sectional survey of 579 participants was conducted at Punjab University, University of Peshawar, Karachi University, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences University, and Quaid-i-Azam University. Student self-administered surveys included demographics, knowledge, government satisfaction, social media rumors, and PLWHA acceptability. The response rate was 96.5%. The four variables are knowledge, government satisfaction, social media rumors, and HIV patient acceptance. The knowledge score in married males (Beta=-0.075) and married females (Beta=-0.022), government satisfaction in married males (Beta=0.087) and females (-0.412), social media rumors in married males (Beta=-0.125) and married female (Beta=-0.301, and HIV acceptance in society married male -0.301 and married female 0.07. the knowledge and government satisfaction, score showed that males had higher knowledge about HIV than married females. Married women say HIV acceptability in society is strong, whereas men believe social media spreads less misinformation. Similarly, there is a negative correlation between government satisfaction social media rumors (-0.687**) and HIV acceptance in society (-0.687**). HIV acceptance has a strong correlation with knowledge (0.711**) and social media rumors (0.727**). The p<0.001 indicates that there is a significant correlation. Sufficient knowledge and the positive role of social media, effective government contributions to eradicate HIV, and more awareness and knowledge can significantly change the attitude of the community toward PLWHA.

The effect of health education on quality of life (QOL) among polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) females at Karachi, Pakistan.

To evaluate the effect of nurses-led health education intervention on quality of life among polycystic ovary syndrome females. The quasi-experimental study was conducted from May to August 2022 at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient department of Dow University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised married females aged 18-45 years, who were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome based on the Rotterdam criteria. Nurses-led health education intervention session was conducted for all the patients. Data was collected using the self-administered polycystic ovaries syndrome quality of life scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Of the 50 females, 26(52%) were aged 26-35 years. There was a significance difference between baseline and postintervention scores across all domains of quality of life (p<0.05). Also, baseline body mass index of the participants was 30.4±4.711 which went down post-intervention to 29.4±4.800 (p<0.001). Nurses-led health education intervention improved the quality of life and body mass index of polycystic ovary syndrome patients.

Blood and Choice: Reconstructing the Marriage Plot in David Copperfield and Iola Leroy

ABSTRACT Using the exemplary pair of Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield from a recent Dickens Universe conference, and Frances E.W. Harper’s Iola Leroy, this article explores what it might mean to read two novels from different traditions “together.” After identifying models of “togetherness” from comparison to what she calls “defamiliarization,” Michie looks at how both novels defamiliarize the traditional (white, female-centered) marriage plot. While David Copperfield challenges the neat binary structure of the white female marriage plot, Iola Leroy, with its representation of the violence of slavery, offers a counter-structure that questions the plot’s dependence on virginity, individuality, and choice.

Exploring Situational Triggers of Intimate Partner Femicide within the Ecological Framework: Evidence from Married Females in China

ABSTRACT In the extensive research on intimate partner violence (IPV), the emphasis on female victimization has led to a detailed exploration of intimate partner femicide (IPF) as its most severe outcome. Although numerous studies have investigated IPF risk factors, the specific situational triggers leading to these incidents remain under-examined, particularly in the Chinese context, where research on this topic is notably limited. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 238 Chinese judicial cases of IPF involving married females. Utilizing an ecological framework and qualitative analysis, the study identifies situational triggers of IPF across various levels: societal (e.g. bride price conflicts, return to Niangjia, oppression and termination of economic dependence in uxorilocal marriage), relationship (e.g. broken intimate relationships, infidelity, and situational arguments in marital life), and individual (e.g. offender with mental illness, offender suicide, and alcohol use by the offender). The study, however, finds no evidence that community-level factors serve as situational triggers of IPF. This study not only empirically validates the identified situational triggers of IPF but also enhances the ecological framework’s applicability in understanding this phenomenon.

Sex & marital differences in delayed pharyngeal cancer treatment before and after medicaid expansion

ObjectiveIn the United States, pharyngeal cancer has become the most common type of head and neck cancer, with 80 % of cases found in males. Although disparities in treatment delays have been observed in pharyngeal patients, less is known about how policies facilitate timely care. This study aimed to estimate the association between Medicaid expansion and delaying initiation of pharyngeal cancer treatment. MethodologyWe extracted Surveillance, Epidemiological, End Results (SEER) case data to analyze pharyngeal cancers diagnosed between 2000 and 2018. The outcome of interest was a binary variable indicating if the patient initiated treatment two or more months after diagnosis. We conducted subgroup analyses by sex, marital status, and type of treatment received (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, post-operative radiation, systemic therapy). We implemented the Matrix Completion algorithm to account for staggered rollout of Medicaid expansion within our difference-in-differences design. ResultsOur sample included 79,433 patients diagnosed with pharynx cancer. Delayed treatment was lowest among married females receiving systemic therapy (5 %), and highest among married males and females not recommended to receive surgery (43 %). Generally, there was no association between Medicaid expansion and changes in delayed treatment. Subgroup analyses show that Medicaid expansion was associated with reduced treatment delays in unmarried females receiving systemic therapy (−4.5%-points), and married males receiving chemotherapy (Est. = −2.6%-points), radiotherapy (Est. = −3.1%-points), and married males not recommended to receive surgery (Est. = −4.6%-points). ConclusionsGiven the importance of timely pharyngeal cancer treatment, health systems must identify and address the drivers of treatment delays to advance cancer equity.

Epidemiology and SARIMA model of deaths in a tertiary comprehensive hospital in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2022

BackgroundBy analysing the deaths of inpatients in a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, this study aimed to understand the epidemiological distribution characteristics and the composition of the causes of death. Additionally, this study aimed to predict the changing trend in the number of deaths, providing valuable insights for hospitals to formulate relevant strategies and measures aimed at reducing mortality rates.MethodsIn this study, data on inpatient mortality at a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2022 were obtained via the population information registration system of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The death data of inpatients were described and analysed through a retrospective study. Excel 2016 was utilized for data sorting, and SPSS 22.0 software was employed for data analysis. The statistical inference of single factor differences was conducted via χ2 tests. The SARIMA model was established via the forecast, aTSA, and tseries software packages (version 4.3.0) to forecast future changes in the number of deaths.ResultsA total of 1938 inpatients died at the tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, with the greatest number of deaths occurring in 2022 (262, 13.52%). The sex ratio was 2.22:1, and there were significant differences between sexes in terms of age, marital status, educational level, and place of residence (P < 0.05). The percentage of males in the groups aged of 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 years was significantly greater than that of females (χ2 = 46.905, P < 0.001). More females than males died in the widowed group, and divorced and married males experienced a greater number of deaths than divorced and married females did (χ2 = 61.130, P < 0.001). The proportions of male students with a junior college and senior high school education were significantly greater than that of female students (χ2 = 12.310, P < 0.05). The primary causes of mortality within the hospital setting included circulatory system diseases, injury, poisoning, tumours, and respiratory system diseases. These leading factors accounted for 86.12% of all recorded deaths. Finally, the SARIMA (2, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)12 model was determined to be the optimal model, with an AIC of 380.23, a BIC of 392.79, and an AICc of 381.81. The MAPE was 14.99%, indicating a satisfactory overall fit of this model. The relative error between the predicted and actual number of deaths in 2022 was 8.02%. Therefore, the SARIMA (2, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)12 model demonstrates good predictive performance.ConclusionsHospitals should enhance the management of sudden cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, severe craniocerebral injury, lung cancer, and lung infection to reduce the mortality rate. The SARIMA model can be employed for predicting the number of deaths.

ANALYZING SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES AND FACTORS INVOLVED IN NON-USE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG YOUNG AND NON-YOUNG MARRIED FEMALES IN INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM NFHS 2019-21

It has been observed that married women refrain from utilizing contraceptive methods owing to a variety of reasons, including postpartum-amenorrhea, side-effects-worries, rarely or never having sex, no contraception while breastfeeding, or frustration with a particular method. The current study sought to investigate the sociodemographic disparities and contributing factors related to married women who are young (15–24 years old) and non-young (25–49 years old) and who do not utilize contemporary contraceptive methods. The research utilized cross-sectional data obtained from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) to explore the determinants of contraceptive non-utilization among 175,652 married women in India. Multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized for the examination. The study found that non-young married females (25-49) had a higher prevalence of not using contemporary contraceptives (72%) compared to young married females (45.8%). The majority of non-users were from the central region (24.4%), followed by the east (17.4%), north-east (17.2%), north (15.9%), south (15.2%), and west region (9.9%). The majority of non-users were non-working and had male and female household heads. Most non-users knew about modern contraceptives but were unaware of family planning on radio and TV. Higher odds ratios in the non-use among married females were found significant among central-region females (OR=2.189, CI: 1.815-2.641), East-region (OR=1.324, CI: 1.148-1.527), South-region (OR=1.262, CI: 1.063-1.497), females who don’t know caste (OR=1.898, CI: 1.176-3.062), females having primary (OR=3.466, CI: 2.889-4.157) and secondary education (OR=2.281, CI: 1.890-2.753), females who used since last birth (OR=1.851, CI: 1.658-2.068) and never used (OR=1.632, CI: 1.474-1.806). The study found that economically disadvantaged females, household heads, and those with multiple children are less likely to avoid birth control methods, while marital status, religion, caste, education, and birth order did not have a significant impact on non-usage. The study highlights sociodemographic disparities in contraceptive use, emphasizing the need to address issues like low education, media exposure, and ignorance towards birth-control practices, and recommends immediate actions to reduce non-use among married females.

Frequency of Obesity among Lady Doctors of Multan Medical and Dental College and Hospital

Background: This is a report from Multan Medical and Dental College about obesity among lady doctors and factors associated with it. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in Multan medical &amp; dental college and hospital from 1st January 2020 to 30th March 2020 after taking approval from institutional review board. Closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data from 159 lady doctors of age from 22 to 60 years including both married and unmarried females using simple random sampling technique. Results: Obesity was seen more in married lady doctors i.e. 64 (83.1%) as compared to 13 (16.88%) unmarried lady doctors and highest frequency of obesity was seen in 50 to 60 years age group i.e. 22 (88%) obese as compared to 3 (12%) non obese. The results were statistically significant. P=0.000. Conclusions: There is alarming rate of obesity among married lady doctors and also in upper age group i.e., 50 to 60 years.

Rates of Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Bladder Cancer Are Lower in Unmarried Males and Females

ObjectiveSystemic therapy is guideline-recommended for metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCUB). Unmarried status represents an important barrier to treatment access in many primaries. The importance of married status is unknown in the context of systemic therapy in metastatic UCUB and was addressed in the current study. MethodsWe relied on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2020) to identify patients with metastatic UCUB. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to address systemic therapy rates. Additionally, temporal trends were plotted. ResultsOverall, 6873 patients with stage IV UCUB were identified. Of those, 4853 (71%) were male. Of males, 2993 (62%) were married vs. 797 (39%) of females. The rates of systemic therapy were 55% in both married males and married females. Married males and females differed from their unmarried counterparts regarding age and race/ethnicity. In males, prior to any adjustment, married status was associated with an odds ratio of 1.46 (P < .001). After adjustment for age and race/ethnicity, the odds ratio increased to 1.73 (P < .001). In females, prior to any adjustment, married status was associated with an odds ratio of 1.94 (P < .001). After adjustment for age and race/ethnicity, the odds ratio decreased to 1.57 (P < .001). ConclusionUnmarried males and unmarried females are significantly exposed to lower access to systemic therapy compared to their married counterparts. In consequence, both unmarried men and unmarried women should be given very careful consideration when use of systemic therapy in metastatic UCUB is contemplated.

중국인 여성 결혼이민자와 한국인 여성 결혼자의 불평 화행 전략 사용 양상 비교 연구

Objectives This study aims to examine how female marriage immigrants use complaint speech acts in everyday conversations and to compare and analyze the actual usage patterns of complaint strategies between Chinese female marriage immigrants and Korean female spouses. Methods To achieve this objective, data were collected in two phases. First, a preliminary survey was conducted with Korean and Chinese female spouses to identify nine real-life situations in Korean communication contexts that could trigger complaints. Following this, a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) survey was conducted to gather response data for each complaint situation. Based on the collected data, the usage patterns of individual strategies, combined strategies, and grammatical usage were analyzed. Results The analysis yielded the following results. In terms of individual strategy usage, both groups predominantly employed the ‘direct complaint’ and ‘indirect complaint’ strategies in complaint situations. However, the Chinese female marriage immigrant (NNS) group frequently used ‘sarcasm’ and ‘rhetorical questioning’ strategies, whereas the Korean female spouses (KNS) group tended to use ‘command’ and ‘situation explanation’ strategies more often. Next, the analysis of combined strategy usage revealed that the NNS group used combined strategies more frequently than the KNS group. However, when analyzing the combined strategies according to social status and the intensity of the complaint, it was found that the KNS group used a wider variety of strategies than the NNS group in most situations, except in equal status scenarios. Lastly, the analysis of grammatical usage showed that both groups most frequently used the ‘direct complaint’ strategy. However, the KNS group often used the form ‘-(으)ㄹ게요’ to express their intentions, while the NNS group showed a tendency to use ‘informal speech’ more frequently. Additionally, in the ‘indirect complaint’ strategy, the KNS group used the phrase ‘-(으)ㄹ/ㄴ/는 것 같다’ to express their assertions mildly, whereas the NNS group often used the phrase ‘-잖아요’ to emphasize their assertions more directly. Conclusions These differences stem from the distinct linguistic habits and cultural differences between the two groups. For instance, the development of honorifics in Korean, differences in child-rearing practices between Korea and China, and varying perceptions of dual-income households in Korean and Chinese societies contribute to these disparities. This study is significant in that it summarizes the commonalities and differences in complaint speech act strategies used by Chinese female marriage immigrants and Korean female spouses, and elucidates the reasons for these differences through an exploration of Korean and Chinese cultural differences.

Cultural Mapping Web of Chinese Female Marriage Immigrants

Cultural Mapping Web of Chinese Female Marriage Immigrants

Descriptive Study of the Urinary Tract Infections in Patients Admitted in the Cardiology Ward of Afghan Momand Medical Complex

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is very common in our community most specifically in married females with numerous antecedent risk factors. The aim of the study was to find out about the current risk factors and clinical profile of urinary tract infections in patients admitted to the cardiology ward of Afghan Momand Medical Complex for various purposes. It was a cross-sectional descriptive hospital-based study including both male and female patients visiting the Afghan Momand Medical Complex from January 2022 to June 2022. Of all 960 patients, 202 (21%) patients had urinary tract infections with gender distribution as 69 (34.2%) males and 133 (65.8%) females. In fact, 33 (16.3%) patients with urinary tract infections were single while the rest 169 (83.7%) patients were married. In addition, regarding clinical profile, the following clinic was respectively more prevalent: Dysuria in 120 (59.4%) patients, flank pain in 73 (36.1%) patients, urine frequency in 67 (33.1%) patients, urgency in 36 (17.8%) patients, fever in 24 (11.8%) patients, and nausea and vomiting in 19 (9.4%) patients. Moreover, the following risk factors were respectively the most common ones: Diabetes mellitus 86 (42.5%), pregnancy 30 (14.9%), stones 15 (7.4%), 10 (4.9%) devices, 10 (4.9%) prostatic hyperplasia, and 4 (2%) anatomical anomalies. Urinary tract infection is a common disease in the admitted patients in Afghan Momand Medical Complex specifically being more common in females and early 20s of the age. In fact, diabetes, pregnancy, and kidney stones were the leading associated factors with UTI. Moreover, dysuria, bladder emptying irritative symptoms, and abdominal pain were the most prevalent clinical profile of the patients. Special attention should be paid to infectious diseases in cardiac patients since infection itself is a stress and a threat to such patients and authorities should design special measures to prevent UTI in the general population to avoid a sum of burden on the health system.