Marmelos Leaf Research Articles

Validation of ethnopharmacological findings of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa through phytochemical screening and bioactivity assay

For centuries, medicinal plants have been integral to human health and well-being across the world. Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae), a medicinal plant indigenous to Nepal, holds substantial ethnomedicinal use among indigenous communities in South Asian countries. Present study aimed to explore the integration of contemporary scientific analysis of the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of A. marmelos leaf extracts harvested from Nepal with traditional ethnopharmacological knowledge. Leaf extracts of A. marmelos were subjected to phytochemical analysis utilizing mass spectrometry. The extracts underwent in vitro evaluation for antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and toxicity activities. Hexane fraction was found to possess volatile oils, polyphenols, and tannins, while other fractions were found to have alkaloids, terpenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and reducing sugars. Further analysis of the hexane fraction identified 21 compounds with over 90 % accuracy. The main phytoconstituents were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (24.25 %), hexadecanoic acid (10.89 %), methylcyclohexane (8.39 %), methyl ester (4.26 %), and caryophyllene (4.10 %). The methanol extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Additionally, the methanol extract demonstrated pronounced cytotoxic effects against brine shrimp, with an LC50 value of 50.11 µg/mL. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl assay revealed both methanol and acetone extract to have notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 90.63 ± 1.47 µg/mL and 89.93 ± 2.52 µg/mL, respectively. Remarkably, the acetone extract displayed superior antidiabetic activity compared to acarbose, with an IC50 value of 13.50 ± 0.79 µg/mL. Our findings proves A. marmelos leaf extracts to harbor significant bioactive constituents, suggesting their potential as sources of natural compounds for applications in medicine and healthcare.

Bio-based fabrication of palladium nanoparticles by using Aegle marmelos leaf extract for biomedical applications: Cytotoxicity, cell imaging studies in HeLa cells and antioxidant activity

This paper presents the outcome of medicinal plant-derived synthesis of nanomaterial. The results in the present study provide a simple, novel, sustainable, and economically noble process for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using leaf extract Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to verify the surface layer of synthesized palladium (ALE@Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) enriched with several kinds of phytochemicals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the synthesized NPs possess a ball shape and the average diameter was 4.31 ± 1.89 nm. The synthesized NPs possess stability confirmed by UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry. The face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of the fabricated nanoparticles was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Fabricated ALE@Pd NPs are subjected to further testing for their cytotoxicity in HeLa cell lines, as well as for a comparative study of antioxidant activity between the A. marmelos leaves and prepared ALE@Pd NPs. The anti-carcinogenic activity and cell imaging in HeLa cells were tested, and the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC or IC50) has been determined and found to be around 46 µg/mL for HeLa cell lines. Fabricated palladium nanoparticles derived from A. marmelos have the potential to be employed as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective anticancer agent. Furthermore, synthesized ALE@Pd NPs possess higher antioxidant activity than A. marmelos leaves extract (ALE) due to the increased phenolic content connected to the surface of produced palladium NPs as a capping agent. The minimal inhibition concentration of synthesized ALE@Pd NPs was found to be ∼5 µg/mL.

Bili leaf extract: Green corrosion inhibitor for zinc in hydrochloric acid-experimental and theoretical study

The primary goal of this study was to examine whether Bili leaf extract (BLE) (Aegle marmelos leaf) could inhibit zinc corrosion in an acidic environment, specifically in 0.05–0.10 M HCl solutions. The corrosion rate was examined using PDP (Potentiodynamic Polarization), EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy), and weight loss techniques. The research attains notable inhibition efficiencies of 99.0 %, 83.4 %, and 78.95 % in weight loss, PDP, and EIS respectively, at a concentration of 2.0 g/L BLE and a temperature of 303 K. The influence of temperature (ranging from 303 to 333 K) on the corrosion behaviour was examined upon the addition of BLE. As the concentration of BLE increased, the corrosion rate(CR) of Zn decreased, and a similar reduction was observed with decreasing temperature. Adsorption of BLE onto the metal surface followed by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The activation parameters of BLE and its negative Gibbs free energy indicate spontaneous adsorption rates. Tafel polarization measurements showed that BLE acts as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor, meaning it influences anodic and cathodic reactions. FT-IR spectroscopy is employed to determine the functional groups of BLE. Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)/Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of the zinc surface verified a significant reduction in surface inhomogeneities when BLE was present. The quantum parameters obtained through DFT(Density Functional Theory)/MD (Molecular Dynamics) demonstrated excellent agreement with the experimental findings.

Optimising Biosynthesis of Antimicrobial Copper Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Aegle marmelos Leaf Extract-Based Medium

Abstract Copper oxide nanostructures have garnered significant attention in nanotechnology for their diverse applications. This study presents a green synthesis approach using an aqueous Aegle marmelos leaf extract-based medium to produce copper oxide (Cu4O3) nanoparticles. Optimisation was achieved through a simplified Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, investigating critical parameters such as temperature, surfactants (AOT and Tween 80), and additives (ascorbic acid and chitosan). Under optimised conditions (AOT: 0.0012 mM, ascorbic acid: 10 mM, chitosan: 1 %, temperature: 80 °C), near-spherical nanoparticles of ~200 nm were obtained. Comprehensive characterisation through UV-Vis, DLS, electron microscopy, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the nanoparticles’ properties, while antibacterial assays showed promising results against Escherichia coli bacteria.

Aegle marmelos (L.) Leaf Extract Improves Symptoms of Memory Loss Induced by Scopolamine in Rats.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that results in memory impairment. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (AM) is used as a traditional medicine. AM leaves have the potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. This study used scopolamine to induce AD in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AM leaf extract using this model. Motor and memory functions were tested by the motor activity and Morris water maze (MWM) tests, respectively. The density of the synaptophysin and dendritic spines in the CA1 were detected by immunofluorescence and Golgi impregnation, respectively. The hippocampal histology was reviewed by H&E staining. After the treatment, the latency times in the MWM tests of the AD groups reduced, while the motor activities showed no difference. The density of the synaptophysin of the AD groups increased after the treatments, and that of the dendritic spines also increased in all AD groups post-treatment. The hippocampal tissue also recovered. AM leaf extract can improve cognitive impairment in AD models by maintaining the presynaptic vesicle proteins and dendritic spines in a dose-dependent manner.

New insights into the role of color extraction from (Aegle Marmelos leaf) using a non-traditional heating source

Purpose Due to herbs and plants’ therapeutic properties and simplicity of availability in nature, humans have used them to treat a variety of maladies and diseases since ancient times. Later, as technology advanced, these plants and herbs gained significant relevance in some industries due to their suitable chemical composition, abundant availability and ease of access. Aegle marmelos is a species of plant that may be found in nature. Yet, little or very little literature was located on the coloration behavior of this plant’s leaves. This study aims to focus on the effect of different parameters on the extraction of colorant from Aegle marmelos leaves. Design/methodology/approach Some factors that affected on the extraction processes were examined and found to have significant impacts on the textile dyeing such as the initial dye concentration, extracted temperature, extracted bath pH and extracted time were all changed to see how they affected color extraction. The authors report a direct comparison between three heating methods, namely, microwave irradiation (MWI), ultrasonic waves (USW) and conventional heating (CH). The two kinetic models have been designed (pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders) in the context of these experiments to investigate the mechanism of the dyeing processes for fabrics under study. Also, the experimental data were analyzed according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Findings From the result, it was discovered these characteristics were found to have a substantial effect on extraction efficiency. Temperature 90°C and 80°C when using CH and USW, respectively, while at 90% watt when using MWI, period 120 min when using CH as well as USW waves, while 40 min when using MWI, and pH 4, 5 and 10 for polyamide, wool and cotton, respectively, were the optimal extraction conditions. Also, the authors can say that wool gives a higher absorption than the other fabric. Additionally, MWI provided the best color strength (K/S) value, and homogeneity, at low temperatures reducing the energy and time consumed. The coloring follows the order: MWI > USW > CH. The adsorption isotherm of wool could be well fitted by Freundlich isotherm when applying CH and USW as a heating source, while it is well fitted by the Langmuir equation in the case of MWI. In the study, it was observed that the pseudo-first-order kinetic model fits better the experimental results of CH with a constant rate K1 = −0.000171417 mg/g.min, while the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fits better the experimental results of absorption of both MWI (K2 = 38.14022572 mg/g.min) and USW (K2 = 12.45343554 mg/g.min). Research limitations/implications There is no research limitation for this work. Dye was extracted from Aegle marmelos leaves by applying three different heating sources (MWI, ultrasonic waves [USWW] and CH). Practical implications This work has practical applications for the textile industry. It is concluded that using Aegle marmelose leaves can be a possible alternative to extract dye from natural resource by applying new technology to save energy and time and can make the process greener. Social implications Socially, it has a good impact on the ecosystem and global community because the extracted dye does not contain any carcinogenic materials. Originality/value The work is original and contains value-added products for the textile industry and other confederate fields.

A Comparative Clinicopathological Study on Powder of Aegle marmelos Leaf and Withania coagulans Flower in the Management of Madhumeha

Background: In view of Ayurveda, abnormal and profuse excretion of urine in general is called as Prameha. If we do not treat the Prameha, it leads to Madhumeha. There are many herbs mentioned in Ayurveda that have Madhumehahara property. Hence, to control Madhumeha two effective Ayurvedic drugs, namely, “Aegle marmelos” and “Withania coagulans” were selected for the present study. The study aimed to study the efficacy of A. marmelos leaf and W. coagulans flower powder in the management of Madhumeha. Materials and Methods: For the present study, 40 patients of Madhumeha were randomly selected according to the Inclusion criteria. The prepared medicine was trailed in two groups (Groups A and B) each having 20 Patients. The assessment was in every 10 days of intervals. Discussion and Conclusion: Statistically, A. marmelos leaf powder provided no significant results and W. coagulans flower powder provided significant results in improving subjective and objective signs and symptoms of Madhumeha.

Bio-stimulants from medicinally and nutritionally significant plant extracts mitigate drought adversities in Zea mays through enhanced physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant activities

Drought stress poses a substantial threat to global plant productivity amid increasing population and rising agricultural demand. To overcome this problem, the utilization of organic plant growth ingredients aligns with the emphasis on eco-friendly farming practices. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the influence of 30 botanical extracts on seed germination, seedling vigor, and subsequent maize plant growth under normal and water deficit conditions. Specifically, eight extracts showed significant enhancement in agronomical parameters (ranging from ∼2 % to ∼ 183 %) and photosynthetic pigments (ranging from ∼21 % to ∼ 195 %) of seedlings under drought conditions. Extended tests on maize in a greenhouse setting confirmed that the application of six extracts viz Moringa oleifera leaf (MLE), bark (MBE), Terminalia arjuna leaf (ALE), bark (ABE), Aegel marmelos leaf (BLE), and Phyllanthus niruri leaf (AmLE) improved plant growth and drought tolerance, as evident in improved physio-biochemical parameters. GC-MS analysis of the selected extracts unveiled a total of 51 bioactive compounds, including sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and amino acids, and might be playing pivotal roles in plant acclimatization to drought stress. In conclusion, MLE, MBE, BLE, and ABE extracts exhibit significant potential for enhancing seedling establishment and growth in maize under both normal and water deficit conditions.

AuNP decorated aegle marmelos leaf as SERS substrate for trace detection of antibiotics and machine learning based classification

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a reliable molecular spectroscopic technique for trace detection of chemical and biological samples. Present study illustrates a new SERS platform which has been obtained through surface adsorption of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) on a microscopically roughened surface of aegle marmelos (AM) leaf. The micro-structured patterns of the AM leaves promote the generation of hotspot regions for the surface deposited AuNPs thus, aids in electromagnetic enhancement for the scattered Raman signals from the sample. For the proposed SERS platform, with rhodamine6G (R6G) as an analyte, the limit of detection (LoD) was found to be 0.88 nM. The applicability of the designed SERS was realized through detection and quantification of two commonly used antibiotics- Ceftriaxone (CEFTR) and Ceftiofur sodium (CEF-Na) residues from cow milk samples. Furthermore, a dimensionality reduction method known as principal component analysis (PCA) and an optimal machine learning-based model were built to categorize the analytes in the milk samples. The suggested machine learning model’s classification accuracy was found to be 94%.

Bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from Aegle marmelos assisted by microwave method for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial applications

Microwave-assisted green method was successfully used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles in Nanoscale range by varying the Aegle marmelos leaf extract concentration. The existence of functional groups on the nanoparticle surface was confirmed by the FTIR spectra, which displayed distinctive vibrational modes. The nanoparticles size, shape, and surface features were discovered through morphological and structural research utilizing HRTEM, and SEM. The average particle size was found to be in the range of 18–28 nm. Under UV light irradiation, the ZnO NPs exhibited promising photocatalytic activity in the breakdown of methylene blue dye. The synthesized ZnO NPs are excellent in degrading dye to 80 % only in one hour. Furthermore, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains were effectively inhibited by the synthesized ZnO NPs' high antibacterial activity. Thus, characterization and promising photocatalytic and antibacterial properties point to the potential of these ZnO NPs for use in a range of environmental and biological applications.

Synthesis of Ag-Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaf extract: Characterization and potential applications

Synthesis of Ag-Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaf extract: Characterization and potential applications

Evaluation of anti-microbial activity and molecular docking of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticle from aegle marmelos leaf extract

Evaluation of anti-microbial activity and molecular docking of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticle from aegle marmelos leaf extract

Green synthesis assisted copper nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaves extract: Physical, optical and antimicrobial properties.

In the present report, Aegle marmelos leaf powder is used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles using a simple and cost-effective method. Aegle marmelos leaves have a variety of medicinal uses, including the treatment of diarrhoea, constipation, diabetes, cholera, skin diseases, earaches, blood purification, heart problems, and so on. The plant biomolecules induce the reduction of Cu2+ ions to CuNPs and also act as a capping and stabilising agent. The formation of CuNPs was confirmed by the photoluminescence (PL) excitation and emission spectra using a Shimadzu RF-5301 PC Spectro-fluorophotometer and the absorbance spectra of a UV visible spectrophotometer at different stages during the synthesis process. In addition, other properties of synthesised CuNPs were also investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) techniques. The average size of the synthesised Cu nanoparticles is in the range of 20-40 nm. Further, the synthesised nanoparticles were also considered for an antimicrobial study against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. by using the Agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria is greater than the zone of inhibition against Gram-negative bacteria. This investigation's results suggested that synthesised nanoparticles are promising nanomaterials that can be used as antimicrobial agents.

Aegle Marmoles Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticle Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Application for Wound Dressing

Nanotechnology gain significance importance in various field such as medicine, electronic, waste treatment and defence sectors. The physical, chemical and biological methods of producing and usage of nanoparticles for different end economic cost of beneficial application brought wide interest on nanoparticles. Aegle marmelos commonly known as Bael is used in ancient Indian medicine siddha and Ayurveda from time immemorial. It also considered to be most sacred plant in India. Silver Nanoparticles were synthesized with the aid of novel, non-toxic, eco-friendly biological method using Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Silver nanoparticles used in medicinal industry such as topical ointment to prevent infection against burns and wounds. Hydrogel loaded with metal nanoparticle have great importance for many applications in the biomedical and biotechnological field. In the present study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles-based hydrogel of Maha vilvam (Aegle marmelos) extract for topical delivery. The usage of Aegle marmelos in the form of hydrogel with nanoparticle has extended its well-established application in the field of wound healing, tissue engineering and drug delivery. Further, the characterization study was carried out on biosynthesised silver nanoparticle loaded hydrogel by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform –Infrared Spectroscopy and SEM analysis. The antimicrobial resistance was accessed for the biosynthesised silver nanoparticle loaded hydrogel against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, zone of inhibition was measured.

Eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aegle marmelos leaf extract and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and photocatalytic degradation activity

The present research work, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was synthesized from silver ions using the reducing and capping agents of Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Initially, UV–vis spectrophotometry absorption of the Surface Plasmon Resonance centre at 450 nm was confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. Preliminary phytochemical and FT-IR analysis indicate the identification of secondary metabolised flavonoids that act as the reducing and capping agent of the synthesized Ag NPs. Transmission electron microscope analysis, morphology of Ag NPs shown by transmission electron microscopy is spherical with a size range of ∼30–50 nm. The synthesized Ag NPs were investigate the in-vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, results shows the potential activity against the standard drugs. The Ag NPs also revealed the cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MTT assay shows the IC50 values at 125 ± 4.26 μg/mL of Ag NPs compared to the untreated cells of negative control. The Ag NPs was excellent photocatalyst act as degradation of environmentally polluted Basic Fuchsin dye within 18 min.

Larvicidal Activity of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Against Aedes aegypti

Aegle marmelos leaf contains secondary metabolites that have bioinsecticidal effects. This study aimed to analyze phytoconstituents of the ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves, its larvicidal activity, and its effects on histopathological changes of the midgut of Aedes aegypti larvae. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained from the concentrated maceration of the leaf powder and analyzed with GCMS. The instar III or IV larvae were used and divided into six groups where each group was exposed to an extract with a concentration of 1%; 4%; 8% and 16%, and one other control group without exposure to such extract. The histopathology of larval midgut was prepared, stained with Hematoxyllin-Eosin, and observed using light microscopy. GC-MS analysis revealed that the extracts contain 8 compounds, Oleic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, Cis-1,3-Eicosenoic acid, Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester), Digitoxin, Z-(13,14-epoxy)tetradeg-11-en-ol acetate; 2,3-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1-phen-1,4-diol, ethyl iso-allocholate. Probit test revealed that the LC50 value of ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves was 3.917% and histopathological results are damage to brush borders, nucleus and nucleolus, epithelial cells, and hypertrophy of the gastric caeca. The leaf ethyl acetate extract from Aegle marmerlos can be considered as a probable natural insecticide to kill Aedes aegypti. Aegle marmelos can be applied as natural insecticide to eradicate the population of Ae. aegypti.

Hibiscus sabdariffa tea improved the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and blood pressure in normotensive participants

In vitro analysis of Aegle marmelos leaf extracts on skin pathogensGarima Mathur, Nidhija Roy, Ashwani Mathur

Biosynthesis and extrinsic toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles against cattle parasites: An eco-friendly approach

Plant extracts' ability to collect metals and decrease metal ions makes them a superior candidate for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles; hence, they are referred to as bio-nano factories since both living and dead dried biomass are employed to produce metallic nanoparticles. The antiparasitic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was examined against cow tick larvae (Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, and Hippobosca maculata). These parasitic larvae were treated with various concentrations of methanolic leaf extract of A. marmelos (MLE-AM) and biosynthesized CuO NPs for 24 h. CuO NPs were synthesized quickly using A. marmelos leaf extract, and nanoparticle synthesis was identified within 15 min. The results from characteristic XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TEM analyses confirmed the biosynthesis of CuO NPs. The presence of 26-Hydroxycholesterol was discovered as the predominant chemical present in the GC-MS analysis of MLE-AM. The maximum efficacy was observed in biosynthesized CuO NPs against R. microplus larvae, H. bispinosa adults, and Hip. maculata larvae (LC50 = 4.30, 9.50, and 11.13 mg/L; and LC90 = 8.30, 19.57, and 21.65 mg/L; and 6.219, 6.547, and 2.587). Overall, the bio-fabrication of CuO NPs has the potential to develop better and safer antiparasitic control techniques.

Evaluation of Protein and Carbohydrate Content of Some Anti Diabetic Medical Plants

Diabetes mellitus may be defined as a state where the body of a person is deficient in the production of insulin. It may lead to a high amount of glucose in the bloodstream. The uses of medication for diabetes have many side effects. This paper involves a biochemical analysis of protein and carbohydrate content of Ocimum sanctum, Aegle marmelos, and Azadirachta indica leaves by use of extraction method. The plant samples for the same were collected from Vadodara and Anand district located in Gujarat. The results showed that the Azadirachta indica leaf sample collected from Anand showed maximum protein content and the Aegle marmelos leaf sample obtained from Vadodara had maximum carbohydrate content when compared with all plant samples collected for analysis. It may indicate that these plants have great anti-diabetic potential and can be used for the development of a potent drug from natural sources in the future.

Bimetallic p-ZnO/n-CuO nanocomposite synthesized using Aegle marmelos leaf extract exhibits excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic removal of 4-nitroaniline and methyl orange.

In the current study, the photocatalytic activity of bimetallic ZnO-CuO hetero-nanocomposite was evaluated and compared with the monometallic ZnO and CuO nanoparticles using 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) and methyl orange (MO). Bimetallic ZnO-CuO hetero-nanocomposite, ZnO, and CuO nanostructure were synthesized utilizing leaf extract of Aegle marmelos and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and XPS. Benefiting from the p-n heterostructures formation, bimetallic ZnO-CuO hetero-nanocomposite exhibits an excellent photocatalytic activity against 4-NA as well as MO compared to pure ZnO and CuO. In particular, bimetallic ZnO-CuO hetero-nanocomposite expressed the highest photocatalytic activity by reducing 90% of 4-NA in 20min and by degrading 96% of MO in 10min, whereas 65% reduction of 4-NA in 30min and 93% degradation of MO in 45min was exhibited by CuO and 48% reduction of 4-NA in 30min and 98% degradation of MO in 50min was exhibited by ZnO. Moreover, bimetallic ZnO-CuO hetero-nanocomposite maintains excellent photocatalytic activity even after five cycles indicating its stability as photocatalyst and reusability. Based on the experimental findings, bimetallic ZnO-CuO hetero-nanocomposite could be used as a photocatalyst for wastewater treatment with excellent regeneration efficiency.