Marked Gender Research Articles

SENSORY EXPERIMENTS, SENSORY ORDERS, AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION

ABSTRACTErica Fretwell's Sensory Experiments: Psychophysics, Race, and the Aesthetics of Feeling (2020) raises crucial questions about the making of a concept of difference through marshaling the senses to the ends of a sensory order in postbellum United States. In this essay, I argue that Fretwell's book has opened a crucial horizon for rethinking how race and ideas of difference marking gender and disability were remade through the short‐lived but deeply consequential science of psychophysics. While the study focuses on how psychophysics and its aftermaths recast questions of difference in the US, Fretwell indirectly poses a major challenge for the critique of the twentieth‐century experience of race elsewhere—for example, of apartheid in South Africa. In this review essay, I argue that, beyond the US, Fretwell's meticulously elaborated argument renews approaches to the problem and problematization of race and difference. Read in relation to the making of race in South Africa, the book inadvertently brings into view a deceptive plot of petty apartheid, a banal everyday constitution of a sensory order that shares its origins in the discourse of psychophysics. When placed alongside the more pronounced forms of grand apartheid, the resultant psychophysical aesthesis conscripts the human sensorium to a cybernetic mode of power that shifts between a racialization of labor and a racialization of desire. Fretwell effectively invites us to consider the endpoints of psychophysics in a hierarchy of the senses, for which an aesthetic education may yet be required to short‐circuit and reroute the senses through intervals of synesthesia.

Is Kenya’s gender wealth gap narrowing? New insights from probate records

Abstract This article introduces a new dataset on individuals leaving inheritances in Kenya, which sheds light on the country’s marked gender disparities in the ownership of wealth. An estimated 9% of decedents in Kenya leave estates that undergo probate or administration. Since the 1980s, men have been four times more likely than women to leave such estates at death. But this gender estate gap has been narrowing. The share of women leaving wealth at death has risen from below 10% in the 1970s to 25% today. The geographic variation in this gender estate gap shows that women are more likely to leave wealth in regions with active land and property markets, suggesting that women are sharing in the ownership of assets purchased in the course of their lifetimes. In contrast, in regions where much of the wealth stock is comprised of ancestral land, women remain a smaller share of inheritance-leavers.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) in Chile

Objective To examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 34-item Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation—Outcome Measure questionnaire (CORE-OM). Method Psychometric exploration was conducted in two samples: non-clinical (n = 706) and clinical (n = 420) participants. The non-clinical sample comprised a subgroup of community members (n = 308) and students (n = 398). The clinical sample consisted of self-reported patients (n = 209) and outpatients (n = 211). The analysis included both internal and test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and principal component analysis. A reliable change index and clinical cut-off scores were established for assessing clinically significant change. Results The Spanish CORE-OM demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, along with satisfactory convergent validity against the 45-item Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2). There were strong differentiations between the clinical and non-clinical samples and the four sample subsets. The outpatient group reported the highest scores, while the community group exhibited the lowest scores. There were no marked gender effects. All observed patterns aligned closely with the established Spanish referential data. Conclusion Our findings provide support for the utilization of the Spanish CORE-OM as a measure for tracking psychotherapeutic progress in the context of Chile.

Liver Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan: Fifteen-Year Retrospective Study.

The aim is to study the trends of liver cancer (LC) incidence in the regional context in Kazakhstan. The retrospective study was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and age-specific incidence rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. The data were used to calculate the average percentage change (APС) using the Joinpoint regression analysis to determine the trend over the study period. Between 2005 and 2019, 13,510 cases of LC were documented, comprising 59.3% males and 40.7% females. Most diagnoses were seen in age groups 55-59 years (13.3%) to 75-79 years (11.7%). LC patients' average age increased from 63.6 to 64.5 years. Incidence rates per 100,000 peaked at ages 65-69 years (35.1±1.0) and 70-74 years (43.3±1.0). LC incidence notably rose in the 70-74 years age group (APC=+0.89), contrasting with declining trends in younger age groups. Regional incidence variations revealed diverse patterns, mostly demonstrating unimodal increases, and some regions displaying bimodal growth. The age-standardized incidence rate was 5.7±0.1 per 100,000, declining from 2005 to 2012 (APC: -3.93), then rising until 2019 (APC: +1.13). Gender-specific standardized rates showed varied trends. Analyses of standardized indicators indicated declining trends in most regions but increased values in specific areas. Thematic maps classified incidence rates based on standardized indicators: low (up to 5.22), average (5.22 to 7.11), high (above 7.11 per 100,000 for the entire population). The study on liver cancer in Kazakhstan reveals marked gender and age differences. The standardized incidence rate among men was twofold greater than that among women. A distinct rise in cases was noted among individuals aged 70-74 years. Regional variations in incidence were evident. These findings emphasize the necessity for focused research to comprehend the causes behind these differences, enabling customized interventions for Kazakhstan's population.

Assessing the E-bike trends and impact on sustainable mobility: A national-level study in the Netherlands

Over the past decade, e-bikes have become increasingly popular, sparking interest in their potential replacement for car use and benefit for the environment. However, many studies on e-bike development and their substitution effects exhibit limitations. These include a lack of modeling on e-bike trend development, inadequate assessments of their impact on national-level mobility, a predominant focus on commuting, and a lack of foresight into future e-bike substitution effects. Our research introduces an innovative approach to model e-bike development, employing a multilevel Richards growth curve model fitted within a hierarchical Bayesian framework using the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method. Further, we incorporate an intention-based method to delve into the potential of e-bikes in stimulating sustainable mobility in the Netherlands. Our findings highlight an ongoing increase in e-bike distance share, with marked gender and generational differences in growth patterns. Notably, women have higher e-bike usage than men, and this gap is narrowing for older age groups while widening among younger demographics, suggesting that younger people may adopt e-bike usage differently than older generation. E-bike ownership strongly reduces the conventional bicycle use and, to a lesser extent, car and public transport use, especially for commuting. This study provides insight into whether and to what extent e-bikes substitute for car use and other modes of transportation, and how the expected growth in e-bike use in coming years may impact national mobility in the Netherlands.

Evolutionary pathways of complexity in gender systems

Abstract Humans categorize the experience they encounter in various ways, which is mirrored, for instance, in grammatical gender systems of languages. In such systems, nouns are grouped based on whether they refer to masculine/feminine beings, (non-)humans, (in)animate entities, or objects with specific shapes. Languages differ greatly in how many gender assignment rules are incorporated in gender systems and how many word classes carry gender marking (gender agreement patterns). It has been suggested that these two dimensions are positively associated as numerous assignment rules are better sustained by numerous agreement patterns. We test this claim by analyzing the correlated evolution (Continuous method in BayesTraits) and making the causal inferences about the relationships (phylogenetic path analysis) between these 2 dimensions in 482 languages from the global Grambank database. By applying these methods to linguistic data matched to phylogenetic trees (a world tree and individual families), we evaluate whether various types of gender assignment rules (semantic, phonological, and unpredictable) are causally linked to more gender agreement patterns on the global level and in individual language families. Our results on the world language tree suggest that semantic rules are weakly positively correlated with gender agreement and that the development of agreement patterns is facilitated by different rules in individual families. For example, in Indo-European languages, more agreement patterns are caused by the presence of phonological and unpredictable rules, while in Bantu languages, the driving force of agreement patterns is the variety of semantic rules. Our study shows that the relationships between agreement and rules are family-specific and yields support to the idea that more distinct rules and/or rule types might be more robust in languages with more pervasive gender agreement.

Exploring Hindko Indexicals: A Pragmatic Analysis with Implications for Language Teaching

The study aims to address the challenges faced by English language teachers and learners in multilingual contexts by examining the deictic expressions in Hindko, an under-documented and endangered language. In a world where linguistic diversity is increasingly threatened, documenting lesser-known languages like Hindko becomes imperative to preserve cultural heritage and enrich linguistic understanding. This research focuses on the comparative analysis of deictic expressions in Hindko and English, specifically exploring person, spatial, and temporal deixis. By elucidating the differences between these languages' deictic systems, the study aims to equip English language teachers with insights into potential pitfalls Hindko-speaking learners may encounter when acquiring English deixis. Moreover, the research identifies common errors made by Hindko-speaking learners and provides strategies for addressing these challenges in English language teaching. Additionally, the study enhances linguistic knowledge by delving into the intricacies of marking numbers and gender on Hindko indexical, offering learners and language teachers a deeper understanding of linguistic diversity and cultural nuances. Through its findings, this research contributes to the broader scope of English Language Teaching by fostering cross-linguistic awareness, promoting cultural sensitivity, and enhancing language instruction in diverse educational settings. Keywords: Deixis; deictic expression_indexical.

Startup success from the founder's perspective

AbstractSubjective entrepreneurial success has emerged as an area of academic interest. However, no research study has yet been conducted on startup founders as a specific group of entrepreneurs. Although ‘success’ has been prominently covered in existing startup literature, studies predominantly focus on the possible reasons behind startup success, measuring it solely in economic terms. Drawing upon the qualitative analysis of 22 in-depth interviews with Hungarian startup founders, this paper aims to explore the complex structure of subjective startup success from the founder's perspective along with its gendered patterns. The five dimensions of subjective startup success emerging from the data are similar to those of subjective entrepreneurial success: firm performance, team, personal fulfilment, community impact and personal financial reward. Nevertheless, results reveal that there exists considerable difference between the substance of firm performance dimension in the subjective entrepreneurial success model and in our subjective startup success model. Further, it is found that the interplay among indicators of success could range from synergies to tensions. Finally, personal fulfilment is found to be the only dimension that reflects a marked gender difference in the sample.

P1144 Forecasting the Future Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Korea through 2048: An Epidemiologic Study Employing Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Models

Abstract Background The global escalation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has precipitated an increased burden of disease and economic impact, particularly accentuated within the Asian context. The primary objective of this study is to predict the future prevalence trajectory of IBD in Korea and elucidate the pattern of its evolution. Methods Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (2004–2018) were analyzed using a validated diagnostic algorithm to identify IBD patients. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, employing 2004–2017 data, predicted future trends based on past values and error correction. The model's accuracy was validated against the actual 2018 patient count. We projected IBD patient numbers and prevalence from 2018 to 2048, using a generalized linear model (GLM) to determine influencing factors. Results A consistent annual increase in the number of IBD cases across all age groups was observed from 2004 to 2018, with prevalence peaking in the 20–39 age group. The validation of our prediction model demonstrated an acceptable range of error for IBD prevalence, with a 2.45% error rate and a mean absolute difference of 2.61. The 2018–2048 projections confirm a steady rise in Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and IBD prevalence across both genders (Figure 1). IBD prevalence is projected to increase from 104.19 per 100,000 in 2018 to 149.59 per 100,000 by 2028, and further to 239.73 per 100,000 by 2048 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 223.73–255.73), marking a 130% increase. By 2048, the prevalence rates for UC and CD were estimated to be 159.40 per 100,000 (95% CI: 137.38–181.42) and 91.11 per 100,000 (95% CI: 0.81–181.41), respectively. The Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) of IBD is predicted at 4.51%, varying from a 2.77% decrease in those over 60 to a 14.20% increase in the 20–39 age group. Gender-stratified forecasts show a higher AAPC in males (6.17%) compared to females (2.75%) over the next 30 years. The highest AAPC, valued at 19.48, was noted in the male group aged 20–39 years. GLM analysis indicates significant age, gender, and temporal effects on IBD prevalence, with marked gender disparities in specific age groups for both CD and UC. In UC, males aged 20–39 experienced a significantly higher increase in prevalence than females. For CD, males also showed a higher prevalence increase than females in the 20–39 and 40–59 age groups (all interaction p-values < 0.05; Table 1). Conclusion This study forecasts a significant increase in Korean IBD prevalence by 2048, especially among males and the 20–39 age group, highlighting the need to focus on these high-risk demographics in future disease management.

Changes in adult well-being and economic inequalities: An exploratory observational longitudinal study (2002–2010) of micro-level trends among Tsimane’, a small-scale rural society of Indigenous People in the Bolivian Amazon

Knowing what happens over time to the lifeways of people in contemporary small-scale non-industrial societies of the rural Global South matters because it helps assess changes in the quality of life of underrepresented groups. It has been hard to answer the question because longitudinal information is rarely collected in such settings. A longitudinal dataset of nine years (2002–2010) from a horticultural-foraging society of Indigenous People in the Bolivian Amazon (Tsimane’) is used for an exploratory analysis of micro-level trends in indicators of well-being and economic inequalities. We selected 13 Tsimane’ villages (from ∼ 100) that varied in proximity to town and surveyed all households in each village. ∼ 240 households were followed yearly to estimate trends of 21 outcomes (e.g., income, sociality, macronutrients). For each economic outcome, annual and all-years-combined Gini coefficients were estimated for the entire sample across the 13 villages. We show a rise in total asset wealth, a change in asset composition (less traditional wealth, more commercial wealth), higher monetary value of foods eaten, and better-perceived health, but a decline in caloric and protein consumption and no marked gender differences in objective or hedonic measures of well-being. Economic inequalities were non-trivial and showed no marked trend but varied between years; asset inequality varied less than income inequality. We document the value of longitudinal, locally grounded indexes of well-being to obtain a granular view of micro-level changes in well-being and the possible use of inequality in the consumption of calories and macronutrients as a valid proxy for income inequality in rural areas of the Global South with tenuous links to the market economy.

Prevalence of gentle herpes simplex type 2 in Babylon province for last 3 years: A retrospective descriptive data analysis

Abstract Background: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection stands as a prevalent sexually transmitted disease with global ramifications. Understanding its prevalence across different age groups and genders is crucial for an effective control and management. Objectives: This study is aimed to retrospectively investigate the prevalence of HSV-2 infection based on age and gender categories. Materials and Methods: A descriptive analytical design was conducted for the periods of April 28 and May 23, 2023. Examination of medical records unveiled a total of 91 confirmed positive cases. Data collection encompassed hospitals, private clinics, and health institutions. A descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were done to glean meaningful insights. Results: The prevalence of HSV-2 infection exhibited a marked gender discrepancy, with females accounting for the highest proportion (60.4%). Notably, individuals aged 15-50 exhibited a substantial prevalence rate of 52.7%. The findings further illuminated a progressive rise in mild herpes prevalence with advancing age. The infection’s prevalence trajectory showed a notable shift over time, with the lowest rate recorded in 2020, gradually ascending to its zenith in 2022. Statistical assessments unveiled significant disparities in HSV-2 prevalence across age and gender strata. Older individuals displayed higher prevalence (p = 0.002), while a profound gender influence was evident, with females displaying a significantly greater prevalence (p = 0.000). Conclusions: With the infection’s persistent nature and the availability of serologic testing, gauging HSV-2 frequency becomes a straightforward task. Despite potential limitations stemming from incomplete data, the study unequivocally underscores the widespread nature of HSV-2 infection. The insights gleaned from this study serve as a pivotal foundation for formulating targeted interventions and preventive strategies on a global scale.

Gender characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease course

Objective. To study the clinical picture, functional indicators of the liver, lipid spectrum, proinflammatory cytokine levels and epithelial dysfunction markers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) so as to detect gender differences.
 Materials and methods. Fifty-two persons with a mean age of 43.0 ± 11.1 years including 17 men (33 %) and 35 women (67 %), who suffered from NAFLD against the background of obesity were examined. The comparison group enclosed 30 practically healthy persons aged 42.3 ± 7.0 years, who had no liver pathology and obesity. The laboratory study included the assessment of functional liver tests, lipid spectrum, proinflammatory cytokine levels and epithelial dysfunction markers.Steatosis of the liver was determined with the method of ultrasonic investigation.
 Results. In the examined group with NAFLD, there prevailed women (67 %). The structure of complains and concomitant pathology had no marked gender differences. The USI showed the symptoms of liver steatosis in all the patients. Among men and women with NAFLD, normal transaminase levels, cholestasis syndrome, more expressed in men, similar disorders of blood lipid spectrum were registered. The proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in the blood serum of female patients with steatosis were significantly higher than in the comparison group and among males with NAFLD. The disturbance of the endothelial angiogenic function in the form of increased vasculoendothelial growth factor concentration more pronounced in men than in steatosis women was detected (р = 0.031).
 Conclusions. Among women with NAFLD, slightly expressed cholestasis syndrome, dyslipidemia, signs of systemic inflammation with increased proinflammatory cytokine concentration and disturbance of angiogenic function of endothelium were registered. In men with liver steatosis, there was identified cholestasis syndrome, dyslipidemia, and angiogenic dysfunction of endothelium, more marked than in women.

The long-run causal effects of single-sex schooling on work-related outcomes in South Korea

This study explores the lasting impact of single-sex versus coeducational high schools on gender disparities in adult life in South Korea, which is a country characterized by marked gender inequality. Leveraging Seoul’s unique policy of randomly assigning students to high schools, we examine how school type influences attainment of bachelor’s degrees, working full time, and attitudes towards competition, risk taking, and working mothers. Our findings reveal that adult women in their 30s and 40s from all-girls high schools are more likely to earn at least a bachelor’s degree, work full time, enjoy competition, take risks, and hold more positive attitudes towards working mothers compared to those from coeducational high schools. The effects of all-boys schools are not statistically significant across most outcomes. Our research highlights the potential of single-sex schooling, particularly all-girls schools, to help address gender inequality in Korea. This study fills a gap in the research by looking at the long-term impacts of single-sex high-school education on six work-related outcomes and suggests that such schools can help reduce gender disparities. Further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms through which single-sex schooling influences these outcomes.

Long-term trend of future Cancer onset: A model-based prediction of Cancer incidence and onset age by region and gender.

Objectives: This study provided estimates of cancer incidence rate and onset age by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions and gender from 2020 to 2040, aiming to clarify the long-term patterns of future cancer onset.Method: Based on the incidence data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study, we constructed the Bayesian age-period-cohort model to calculate the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) of cancers from 2020 to 2040. Using the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to quantify the trends of ASIR and the onset age. In addition, the incidences in 2019 were fixed to distinguish the age onset changes caused by demographic and incidence from 2020 to 2040.Results: Globally, two-thirds of cancers have escalating trends of incidence rate, and the proportion of cancer weighted average onset age above 60 years old will grow from 62% to 76% between 2020 and 2040. In five SDI regions, the proportion of weighted average onset age above 60 years old will rise above 10% in the next 20 years and increase sequentially with the rise of the SDI level. Preclude sex-specific cancers, the onset age is younger in men than in women in 2040. Rule out the influence of changing demographics, half of cancer's morbidity has a youth-oriented tendency globally, which is concentrated in hormone-related and digestive tract cancer.Conclusion: From 2020 to 2040, the incidence and onset age changes demonstrate marked geographic and gender variations in the cancer spectrum. Cancer incidence and onset age are predicted to continuously increase worldwide in the future.

From bonds to beliefs: Investigating parent, peer attachment, and growth mindset in private vocational high schools

This research focuses on investigating the influence of parent and peer attachment on the growth mindset of students enrolled in Private Vocational High Schools in Purwokerto, Indonesia. Stratified proportional random sampling was employed to select participants for this study. Consent was obtained from 235 students who participated. The gender distribution was skewed toward females (57.9%) compared to males (42.1%), with the majority of participants being 16 years old (46.7%). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) was used to measure parent and peer attachment, while the Growth Mindset Scale was employed to assess participants' growth-oriented attitudes. A linear regression analysis was utilized to examine the predictive relationship between mother, father, and peer attachment and growth mindset scores. The results demonstrated significant gender-based variations across the variables studied. Notably, females exhibited significantly higher Mother Attachment scores, indicating a stronger attachment to their mothers. Nonetheless, no considerable gender disparities emerged in Father Attachment scores. Although the distinction in Peer Attachment scores was close to significance (p = 0.053), females displayed slightly higher attachment to peers. A marked gender discrepancy was identified in Growth Mindset scores, with females displaying a notably more positive perspective toward growth and learning opportunities. Furthermore, predictive modeling revealed that Mother Attachment exerted a significant positive impact on Growth Mindset scores (β = 0.3), implying that a stronger attachment to mothers corresponded to a more favorable growth-oriented mindset. Similarly, Father Attachment positively contributed to Growth Mindset scores (β = 0.25). Additionally, Peer Attachment demonstrated a modest yet positive association (β = 0.13). The calculated R² values indicated that both Mother Attachment and Father Attachment collectively accounted for approximately 18% of the variance in Growth Mindset scores, while Peer Attachment contributed to a smaller extent (1%). Collectively, these findings shed light on the intricate relationships between attachment, age, and mindset. They underscore the roles of different attachments in shaping individuals' growth-oriented perspectives and highlight the nuanced gender differences in attachment and mindset. This study provides valuable insights for educators, parents, and policymakers aiming to promote positive growth mindsets among students.

Starting gendered career pathways early? Differences between women and men students in optional module composition among UK law school undergraduates

ABSTRACT Women’s inequalities in the legal profession are an enduring concern. Women are over-represented in junior positions and under-represented in senior roles, especially in large corporate firms. This pattern is compounded for women from Black and minority ethnic backgrounds in comparison to both men of all ethnicities and white women. This is informed not by ability, but by masculinity-privileging working cultures and practices. Women legal academics are also under-represented in senior roles. However, less is understood about women law students’ experiences, particularly in the UK and in recent research. This article reports on a new project which explored undergraduate student allocation on module options at York Law School, University of York, UK. There were marked gender differences in student composition in just over half (36) of the 66 different optional modules between 2014 and 2022. Women were under-represented on modules relating to commercial, corporate and financial law and over-represented on modules relating to family, health, social welfare, gender and sexuality. While there are many possible causal factors, there is clear resonance with the literature on gender inequalities in the legal profession and legal academia. The curriculum and careers guidance implications are considered, and a research agenda proposed.

FARKLI YAŞ GRUPLARINDA ÇAĞRIŞIMSAL CİNSİYET ALGISI-TÜRKÇE BAĞLAMINDA

Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender. However, in terms of biological gender, it can be said that lexical/semantic gender is reflected to nouns lexically. Although Turkish has no grammatical gender, it does have various means based on semantic system in which nouns are assigned to a gender according to its referent’s biological sex to recognize gender. It can also be said that there is a covert gender marking that denotes some person reference words as masculine or feminine. The aim of this study is to describe the phenomenon of associative gender, which carries the social-psychological context, in the case of certain categories (colour, animal, vegetable/fruit, clothing, body, transportation, sports, profession, material and natural features/plants). Also it was aimed at see the current associative gender perceptions of the lexicalized covert words (e.g., hemşire ‘nurse’, gömlek ‘shirt’) based on the assumption that the associative gender perception of sociocultural context may change in parallel with social changes. For this aim, how participants from different age groups (N 400) perceive the gender in Turkish is researched. A survey consisting of close-ended questions with 3 rating scale (masculine, feminine, neutral) for each category was conducted. The most general conclusion in this study is that in the associative gender assignment, neutral is dominant. This is followed by male and female dominance. In terms of the context of database, gender bias varies from masculine-feminine to neutral when the process from childhood to adulthood is looked at. In other words, while the children's perspective in marking gender is more towards masculine-feminine, the characteristics of the language appear more prominently and the tendency to assign gender decreases with age. Another consequence is male participants marked more masculine than female participants. This may be identified with the social gender perception.

Age, gender, and cohort in residential segregation: The case of African immigrants in Spain, 2000–2020

AbstractThe composition of the immigrant population by gender and age, and characteristics at the moment of arrival plays an influential role in the levels of residential segregation reached, and in their evolution over time. In Spain, the African immigrant population is notable for a marked gender imbalance, where men outnumber women, and for continuous growth in the number of immigrants over the past two decades. It is also one of the groups presenting the highest levels of segregation. Using data from the Continuous Population Register, this study analyses the residential segregation of this group from the triple perspective of age, period, and cohort for the six main Spanish cities. The results reveal a significant differentiation in segregation levels by sex and age, with lower rates in the more recent cohorts. This perspective offers a dynamic view of segregation indicators and enables better understanding of its future evolution.

Higher Education in the Pacific Alliance: Descriptive and Exploratory Analysis of the Didactic Potential of Virtual Reality

In this paper, we conducted descriptive quantitative research on the assessment of virtual reality (VR) technologies in higher education in the countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA). Specifically, differences between PA countries in terms of the above perceptions were identified and the behavior of the gender and knowledge area gaps in each of them was analyzed. A validated quantitative questionnaire was used for this purpose. As a result, we found that PA professors express high ratings of VR but point out strong disadvantages regarding its use in lectures; in addition, they have low self-concept of their digital competence. In this regard, it was identified that there are notable differences among the PA countries. Mexico is the country with the most marked gender gaps, while Chile has strong gaps by areas of knowledge. We give some recommendations towards favoring a homogeneous process of integration of VR in higher education in the PA countries.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the oral cavity in children aged 0-2 years: A scoping review.

The aim of this study was to collect, synthesize, and analyze the clinic-demographic data of rhabdomyosarcoma affecting the oral cavity of young children. The clinical question was "What are the clinical characteristics of oral rhabdomyosarcoma in children aged zero to two years?" Two independent reviewers selected the studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality through the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist. Descriptive statistics were performed in SPSS. (protocol: osf.io/b9hvy). Thirty case reports with 41 patients were included (22 males; mean age at diagnosis: 15 months). All studies had some methodological limitations, mainly due to the lack of clarity for a final judgment. More than 70% of the cases affected the tongue or lips. Tumors had a fast growth (mean 2.5months), usually with red coloration, and variable shape and consistency. Embryonal (63.41%) and alveolar (29.27%) were the most common histological subtypes. Treatment was quite variable but usually included surgery. Most patients (53.66%) were alive without disease at follow-up. Oral rhabdomyosarcoma is rare in children aged 0-2 years without a marked gender predilection. The tumor presents as a fast and infiltrative growth leading to local and/or systemic symptoms, and a favorable prognosis for most patients.