Market In Ibadan Research Articles

The Role of the Igbo Apprenticeship System in Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria

The growth of entrepreneurship is vital for Nigeria's economic development, with Small and Medium-scale Enterprises (SMEs) playing a key role. This study examines the impact of the Igbo Apprenticeship System on entrepreneurship development and youth employment in Nigeria. Through semi-structured interviews with 50 Igbo business owners at Dugbe market in Ibadan, Oyo State, a significant market in South-Western Nigeria, the research highlights the system's role in establishing small businesses and imparting entrepreneurial skills to apprentices. The study confirms that the apprenticeship system is well-established within the community, with all respondents familiar with it. It highlights the system's critical role in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria, noting that 98% of respondents have participated in the system, and over 60% have sustained their businesses for more than ten years. The system also positively impacts youth employment by providing young people with the skills necessary to start and run their own businesses. However, it shows limited success in empowering females, and challenges such as financial settlement issues and a hostile work environment persist. The study recommends restructuring the system to shift from an individualistic focus to one that promotes teamwork, collaboration, and mutual support, with a particular emphasis on enhancing inclusivity for women.

Plasmid Profile of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Ogi Encolding for Acetaldehyde in Yoghurt

An investigation was carried out on the plasmid profile of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Ogi samples collected randomly from Bodija market, a local market in Ibadan, Oyo State of Nigeria. Morphological, cultural and physiological characterization was employed to isolate and identify each strain of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Lactobacillus spp namely Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus casei were identified. The isolates were inoculated in pasteurized milk to produce Yoghurt (fermented milk product) and were screened for acetaldehyde production using HPLC model Agilent technologies1200. Plasmid profiling of each isolate was done and each isolates harbored plasmid bands. Distinct plasmid bands were seen using the gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA method. The results shows that acetaldehyde production of the isolates varied from strain to strain and hence could be used as starter culture for yoghurt production with market acceptability.

Effect of Processing Conditions on Oil Point Pressure of Calabash Nutmeg

The oil point pressure of calabash nutmeg (Monodora myristica) was investigated considering particle size, moisture content, heating temperature and heating time. Freshly harvested seeds obtained from a local market in Ibadan were decorticated and cleaned of all extraneous matter. The kernels obtained were milled and graded into fine and coarse aggregates. The experiment was a central composite design in which two levels of moisture content (17 and 21%wb), heating temperature (50 and 70 ̊C) and time (5 and 15 mins) were considered. The data obtained were analyzed using Design Expert Version 6.0.8. The results showed that oil point pressure increased with time but decreased as heating temperature and moisture content increased. For fine aggregates, the minimum oil point pressure of 0.116 MPa was obtained at a temperature, time and moisture content combination of 60 ̊C, 10 mins and 23%wb, respectively. However, for coarse aggregates, the minimum oil point pressure of 0.144 MPa was obtained at 70 ̊C, 5 mins of heating time and moisture content of 21% (w.b). The results showed that the oil point pressure of fine aggregates was lower than that of the coarse aggregates. From the analysis of variance, heating time had significant effect on the oil point pressure (p<0.05). The minimum oil point pressure of calabash nutmeg was obtained as 0.116 MPa at an optimal temperature, time and moisture content of 64 ̊C, 5 mins and 21% (w.b), respectively.

DETECTION OF SOME ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN LARGE AFRICAN SNAILS FROM OJE MARKET, IBADAN, NIGERIA

Snails (Mollusca: Achatinadae) are crucial fauna species on earth that serve the functions of food and biological indicators of environmental pollution. Numerous chemical discharges from agricultural applications of pesticides and industrial outlets could destroy human body parts and deplete the environment. This study assessed the occurrence of some organochlorine pesticides in giant African snails from Oje Market, Ibadan, Nigeria. Aldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and heptachlor epoxide levels were measured in snails taken at random from thirty (30) sample points in the Oje market in Ibadan. Snails were weighed, labeled, and then divided into three groups of ten (10). The forte extraction method was used, and gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) was used to analyze the various pesticide types in the snail sample. The mean concentration of heptachlor epoxide is 41.65 mg/kg, higher than aldrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (9.44 mg/kg and 4.17 mg/kg, respectively). The concentrations of pesticides range from 4.27 mg/kg - 21.77 mg/kg for aldrin, 2.80 mg/kg to 6.92 mg/kg for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and 22.87 mg/kg to 75.15 mg/kg for heptachlor epoxide. The Pearson correlation coefficient between Aldrin and DDT is 0.939, while that of Aldrin and Heptachlor epoxide is 0.945, and that of Heptachlor epoxide and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is 0.981. The analysis revealed a solid positive correlation between the concentration of pesticides. The pesticide levels observed in the snail samples exceeded those of the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Therefore, snails' consumption should be monitored to avoid toxicity in humans.

Mycotoxin Content of Fungi-Contaminated Sorghum Sold in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Nigeria

Aim: This study sought to evaluate the mycoflora associated with sorghum retailed in some selected markets in Ibadan metropolis and assessing the risks associated with their consumption.
 Methodology: Sorghum samples were obtained from Sango, Oja Oba, Ojoo, Bodija and Orita markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Associated fungi were isolated by direct plating of the sample on Potato Dextrose Agar while they were identified by morphological and microscopic methods. Proximate and aflatoxin content of the samples were determined using standard methods. 
 Results: The presence of Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Mucor sp, Penicillium sp, Trichothecium sp, Curvularia sp., Fusarium monoliforme, Alternaria alternata, and P. roqueforti were observed in the samples. Among these, A. flavus and A. niger were the most predominant with occurrence of 34.92% and 23.81% respectively. The aflatoxin analysis showed a concentration ranging from 46 – 102ppb and was highest in samples collected from Ojoo market. Aflatoxin contamination was not detected in sixty percent of the samples collected while samples from Oja Oba and Bodija markets had the most samples contaminated by aflatoxins.
 Conclusion: The presence of fungi and aflatoxin was confirmed in some of the samples collected from major markets in Ibadan. This suggests the need for continuous surveillance and the recommendation of measures that will prevent fungal infestation.

Effects of drying methods on nutrients and organoleptic properties of dried pawpaw chips

Fruit dehydration is one of the ways of preserving fruits and supplying consumers with healthy and nutritious fruits, particularly when these fruits are in their off-seasons. Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical plant grown for its edible fruit, having commercial importance because of its high nutritive and medicinal value. However, it is highly perishable. Hence, its processing and preservation are important to retain the product quality and nutritional value. This study investigated the effect of drying methods on the nutrient and organoleptic qualities of pawpaw. Fresh pawpaw fruits were purchased at Oje market in Ibadan, Nigeria. The pawpaw samples were sorted, washed with clean water, peeled and sliced into chips, then the chips were dried using five techniques - solar, open sun, oven, cabinet and dehydrator. Fresh and dried samples were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, selected bioactive compounds, colour, fibre, microbial quality and organoleptic properties. Significant (p≤0.05) differences were observed in the effects of the drying techniques employed. The pawpaw samples that were dried in the dehydrator had significantly (p≤0.05) higher amounts of bioactive compounds and TSS (8.10 ± 0.00°Bx). They also had the most appealing organoleptic properties and showed the least bacterial growth (0.14 ± 0.21 x 104cfu/g) in comparison to the samples dried using other techniques and the fresh sample (91.5 ± 13.44 x 104). While the sun-dried samples had the least fungal load (0.05 ± 0.07 x 103) in comparison to the samples dried using other techniques and the fresh sample (315 ± 7.07 x 103). Results also showed that the samples dried in the dehydrator were the lightest (26.81 ± 0.01) and yellowest (11.42 ± 0.00) of all dried samples. Generally, findings from the study showed that dried fruits portray a greater nutrient density and increased shelf life compared to fresh fruits.

Microbial Quality of Ready-To-Eat Shrimps from Three Selected Markets in Ibadan

Microbial Quality of Ready-To-Eat Shrimps from Three Selected Markets in Ibadan

Converting Fruit Waste into Biogas: A Waste to Energy Strategy for Urban Markets in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria

Converting Fruit Waste into Biogas: A Waste to Energy Strategy for Urban Markets in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella species Isolated from Ducks and Indigenous chickens in live-bird Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

This study investigated the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. and their antimicrobial susceptibility from ducks and indigenous chickens in major live-bird markets at Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Thirty-one cloacae samples were each collected from both ducks and indigenous chickens in three different sample locations for a total of 186 cloacae swab samples. Isolation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was done using MacConkey agar and Sorbitol MacConkey agar selective for E. coli O157:H7, while serological latex agglutination test kit was used to confirm isolates. Rappaport Vassiliadis and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar were used for Salmonella spp. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion method and interpreted using the CLSI 2020 standards. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test (p ≤ 0.05). Escherichia coli O157:H7 was confirmed in 31 samples (16.7%). E. coli isolates showed high resistance (90.3-93.5%) to cefuroxime, cefixime, ceftazidime, and amoxicillin, while they were highly susceptible to ofloxacin (96.8%) and gentamycin (80.7%). Salmonella was confirmed in 24 samples (12.9%). Salmonella showed 100% resistance to cefuroxime, cefixime ceftazidime, and amoxicillin, but was highly susceptible to gentamycin (91.7%) and nitrofurantoin (66.7%). No statistically significant association (p<0.05) was observed between the occurrence of E. coli O157 and Salmonella within the three live-bird markets. This study reveals that E. coli and Salmonella spp. occur in ducks and indigenous chickens from major live bird markets in Ibadan, Oyo state with antimicrobial susceptibility. Findings from this study underscores the need for further studies on these pathogenic organisms from ducks in Nigeria because there is paucity of data on this species of poultry that may serve as reservoir for these zoonotic organisms.

PREVALENCE AND PARASITE INTENSITY OF HAEMOGREGARINES IN AFRICAN BELL HINGE-BACK (KINIXYS BELLIANA) AND AFRICAN HOME'S HINGE-BACK (KINIXYS HOMEANA) TORTOISES IN IBADAN, NIGERIA.

Haemogregarines are a group of intracellular blood parasites reported in reptiles, other vertebrate taxa including mammals and fish, and haematophagous invertebrates. Information on prevalence, biodiversity, and host-specificity of haemogregarines of tortoises in Nigeria are scarce. A total of 120 African hinge-back tortoises (Kinixys belliana, n=70, and K. homeana, n=50) were bought from the Wildlife and Herbal Market in Ibadan, Nigeria. Blood was withdrawn via the subcarapacial sinuses of each tortoise. The prevalence and parasite intensity of haemogregarine infection was determined using a light microscope, and parasite species were determined by PCR using HepF300 and HepR900 primers. A sequence of 654 base pairs (bp; Hepatozoon cf. fitzsimonsi) from the study aligned with published 18SrRNA and closely related with a similarity of 97.38% to Hepatozoon fitzsimonsi sequenced from Kinixys zobensis in South Africa. Overall prevalence of haemogregarines was 53.33% from light microcopy and 75.83% from PCR, which is considered very high. Higher prevalence and mean±SD parasite intensity were recorded for K. belliana (82.89%, 0.29%) than for K. homeana (66.00%, 0.26%). Prevalence rates and parasite intensities of haemogregarines were significantly higher in wet than in dry seasons. The differences in prevalence and intensity between and within species may be due to habitat characteristics, feeding habits of vectors and hosts, seasons, and vector abundance.

Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in well-water samples from an automobile junk market in Ibadan, SW-Nigeria

Unserviceable vehicles imported from developed countries are often dismantled in automobile junk markets and the useable parts sold. This generates hazardous waste oils which contain contaminants detrimental to the environment and human health. In this study, we quantified the potential human health risks associated with oral and dermal exposure to heavy metals and PAHs in well-water samples from a major automobile junk market in Ibadan, SW-Nigeria. Twenty-four to thirty-one water samples from seven wells within the market were analyzed for seven metals and eight PAHs using standard methods. Hazard-Quotient (HQ), Hazard-Index (HI), and Carcinogenic-Risk (CR) were computed for children and adults based on the USEPA Human-Health Risk Assessment model.Iron, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Benzo(a)Anthracene, and Benzo(a)Pyrene exceeded regulatory limits. In children and adults, lead (1.14–3.71), cadmium (1.26–2.60) and arsenic (1.03–4.33) had HQingestion values exceeding 1. In addition, cadmium also posed risks via the dermal route in children in two of the seven sampled wells with an HQ of 1.76. Hazard Index was >1 via both routes in children (HIingestion:- 5.04–10.07; HIdermal:- 1.12–2.12) but only via ingestion in adults (HI ingestion:- 2.36–4.85). Well-3 samples posed the greatest non-carcinogenic risks via ingestion with HI values of 10.07 (children) and 4.85 (adults) respectively. Cadmium, arsenic, lead, and chromium could also elicit carcinogenic risk, with CR values of 1.00E − 02, 1.95E − 03, 1.11E − 04, and 3.30E − 04 which exceeded the 10−4 limit indicating high risk, particularly in children.However, HQ and HI values for PAHs were <1 via both pathways suggesting no non-carcinogenic risk from PAH exposure. Carcinogenic risk estimates for Benzo(a)Anthracene (9.66E − 04) and Benzo(a)Pyrene (2.31E − 04) suggest moderate risks in exposed children via the dermal route. Adverse health effects including cancer may occur in the exposed population on prolonged usage of these polluted water sources. Urgent remediation measures are therefore necessary to protect the exposed population.

EN 338 Strength Characterization and Grading of Four Less-used Timber Species Grown in Nigeria for Structural Uses

In Nigeria recently, less-used timber species have been introduced into the main stream of timber markets, as a relief for over-exploitation of well-known species that are going into extinction due to over-exploitation for construction purposes. This study successfully classified four timber species grown in Nigeria into different strength classes in accordance with EN338, such as Ako-(Brachystegia eurycoma), Ara-(Pterocarpus erinarceus), Obobo-(Guarea cedrata) and Epuu-(Ricinodendron heudelotii) timber species. These timbers were obtained from famous timber market in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. All timber specimens used for physical and mechanical tests were prepared and tested in accordance with EN 13183-1 and EN 408 for structural timber. Four- point bending test was used for determining the bending strength and modulus of elasticity of each specimen using Universal Testing Machine. Characteristic values of the bending strength, modulus of elasticity and density were determined. The average moisture content of Ako, Ara, Obobo and Epuu were 11.78, 12.71, 23 and 24 %, respectively. Timber classification was conducted after properties values adjusted to 12 % moisture content as specified by EN 384. For density, Ako had the highest of 747.26 kg/m3 density followed by Ara and Obobo and Epuu had the lowest density of 481.71 and 477.15 kg/m3and also assigned to strength classes D 50, D 24, D 18 and C 16 respectively, in accordance with EN 338.

Market Handling Practices Effect on the Nutritional Profiles of Honey-beans and Groundnuts from Three Different Markets in Ibadan, Nigeria

Honey-beans and groundnuts serve as major plant protein sources, market handling practices may affect their nutrient profiles. This study evaluates market-handling practices effects on nutritional profiles of two protein-rich raw-foodstuffs from three markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Raw honey-beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and groundnut seeds (Arachis hypogaea) were purchased from Dugbe, Sango and Oja-Oba markets (chosen based on their differences) in Ibadan. The samples were cleaned and assayed in triplicates for proximate and mineral compositions (Iron, Zinc, Magnesium and Calcium) according to standard procedures using 3 × 2 factorial method in a completely randomized design. Data were subjected to ANOVA using SAS (2002) and means separated with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (at α0.05), results of proximate analysis were in percentages while minerals were in mg/Kg. Results showed variations (p&lt;0.05) in dry matter based on different markets. Dry matter content was similar (P&gt;0.05) in Dugbe (91.37±0.67) and Sango (91.46±0.43) market samples but higher (P&lt;0.05) in Oja-Oba (90.64±1.81) samples. Crude protein content of samples from Sango (28.40±11.11) was higher (p&lt;0.05) compared with other locations. Crude fat of honey-beans (24.32±0.44) and groundnut (1.97±0.64) were significantly different (p&lt;0.05). Similarly, crude fibre content of honey-beans (32.42±2.09) and groundnut (16.46±1.33) were different (p&lt;0.05). Results showed similarities in ash content of honey-beans (5.16±0.32) and groundnut (4.85±0.65). Carbohydrate content varied according to sample-type and location; carbohydrate in groundnut (27.88±0.55) was higher (p&lt;0.05) than in honey-beans (14.06±1.92) whereas, carbohydrate content of samples from Dugbe (21.75±7.37) and Sango (21.14±8.87) were different (p&lt;0.05) from each other but both were similar (p&gt;0.05) to samples from Oja-Oba (21.02±7.38). Magnesium content of honey-beans (40.06±9.18) was higher than groundnut (3.11±0.71) while Calcium in honey-beans (5.97±1.25) was also higher (p&lt;0.05) compared with groundnut (2.23±0.54). Variations were observed due to interaction effects of sample-type and market handling. Conclusively, market practices affected nutritional content of selected protein-rich raw foodstuffs.

Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Well-Water Samples from an Automobile Junk Market in Ibadan, Sw-Nigeria

Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Well-Water Samples from an Automobile Junk Market in Ibadan, Sw-Nigeria

Comparisons of some functional and pasting properties of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) flours produced under different processing conditions

Cyperus esculentus is an underutilized and readily available crop. Successful utilization of its flour for food products will depend on its functional and pasting characteristics which are usually affected by different processing conditions. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine and compare the extent to which the different processing conditions will affect the properties of tiger nut flours. Fresh and dry yellow tiger nuts were purchased from the Ojo market in Ibadan, Nigeria. They were cleaned, sorted, washed, and separated into four major batches for both the fresh and dry samples. These were subjected to different processing conditions of fermentation, germination, and roasting. The untreated fresh and dry samples were used as controls. Flours were produced from the samples using standard procedures. The functional and pasting characteristics of the samples were evaluated. Water absorption capacity increased to 2.70 and 2.20 g/g for fresh roasted and dry fermented samples respectively. Oil absorption capacity increased to 1.40 g/g for the dry germinated sample and 1.35 g/g for dry fermented, dry roasted, and fresh fermented samples. There were increases in swelling power with germination, fermentation, and roasting. Peak viscosity increased from 710 to 779 RVU and breakdown from 6 to 14 RVU while setback decreased from about 90 to about 10 RVU with all processing methods. Final viscosity was generally not affected by all processing methods. The results of the pasting temperatures and peak time combinations indicated that the dry germinated sample will be easier to cook than all other samples.

Determination of Organochlorine Residues in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP) From Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp) is one of the major stale plant protein food crops in Nigeria, but constantly being attacked by insects especially during storage. This has been a major production constraint which usually necessitated the use of synthetic pesticides and chemicals, but comes with the problems of high pesticides residues. In cowpea, only few information or research has been made as regarding the level of pesticides residues, therefore the objective of this study was to identify the awareness level and organochlorine insecticides residue presence trendy to cowpea grains. This study was carried out using a multiple choice questionnaire, in which three markets in Ibadan were selected as the case study due to their population and patronisation. The multiple choice questionnaire was used in getting information as regarding the pesticide used, method of application, duration of storage after pesticide application and level of awareness on the possible side effects of pesticides. Thirty samples of cowpea were collected from the selected three markets for residue analysis which was determined in an analytical laboratory using standard procedures. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that Fumigation, spraying and baiting were the mostly used method of application of pesticides and Aluminium phosphide, Betoxin and Quickphos were the mostly used pesticides during application. Higher percentage (56.67%) of the respondent store the food stuff for less than a month before exposing it to the market for sales, about 53.3% of the respondents shows their ignorance about the health hazard associated with pesticides. Organochlorine pesticide residues were detected in all the samples of cowpea grains examined with highest mean concentration of Endosulfan (0.7500 mg/kg 0.3508).

The Intersection of the Sacred and the Profane in Urban Markets in Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract The secularization of the sacred and the sanctification of the secular are two ongoing processes in contemporary urban areas in Nigeria. Although, profanity and sacredness are two distinct ‘realities’ in every religious arena, observations reveal some convergences of the duo in urban market settings. This is a departure from Durkheim’s distinction between the sacred and the profane; hence, this calls for further contextual scholarly attention. Qualitative data were collected via observations, Key Informant Interviews (KII) and In-depth Interviews (IDI) which were conducted with traders and religious leaders whose churches/mosques provided trading shops/spaces to these traders, and who organized prayer sessions for traders. Data were subjected to content analysis and findings revealed that churches have shopping malls in the markets; also, a mosque let out its open space for trading. Letting was done without religious sentiment, thus, it is evident that economic bias is more important than religious sentimentality. Both Christian and Muslim traders meet from time to time at designated places in the markets for religious rituals. As a result, traders create the consciousness of divine worship and prayer to integrate sacredness and profanity into everyday market transactions, and also advance mutual trader-cohesion for individual and market success.

Chemical Composition and Nutraceutical Potential of Velvet Tamarind (Dialium guineense wild) Fruit Pulp

Background: Fruits are known as excellent source of mineral and vitamins and may be used to increase rural population food quality. Consuming fruits and vegetables may usually aid in the prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases.&#x0D; Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition of velvet tamarind (D. guineense wild) fruit and its nutraceutical potential.&#x0D; Methodology: The fruit of velvet tamarind was purchased from “Oja-Oba” market in Ibadan, Nigeria. The fruits were sun-dried, the coat and seed were removed by mechanical means. The pulp was ground using a pestle and mortar, and were transferred into an electric blender (Moulinex) for further grinding. After grinding, the powder was sieved into a finer particle and was used to determine the proximate, phytochemical, vitamin and mineral compositions of velvet tamarind fruit.&#x0D; Results: Velvet tamarind fruit contains high concentration of carbohydrate (79.78%) but very low concentration of fat (0.43%). The phytochemical composition of the fruit has flavonoid (33.78 mg) and phytate (0.07mg) as the highest and lowest phytochemicals respectively. Velvet tamarind pulp was observed to be rich in vitamins with vitamin C (28.82 mg/100g) and vitamin B1 (0.84) having the highest and lowest concentrations respectively. Velvet tamarind pulp contained 5.85 mg/100g of potassium and 0.38 mg/100g of phosphorus as the highest and lowest minerals respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The composition of velvet tamarind fruit obtained in this study revealed that it is a good source of nutrient, phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals. It should be incorporated as food supplement to reduce malnutrition. It is a fruit with promising nutraceutical potential, thus it is a useful tool for further drug development from the natural plant products.

Sexual Abuse among Female Adolescent Hawkers in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Involvement of a child or adolescent in a sexual activity is a global public health challenge. This cross-sectional study documented experiences of sexual abuse (SA) among Female Adolescent Hawkers (FAHs) in selected markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected from 410 FAHs using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression were used to analyze the data at p < .05 significance level. Mean age of respondents was 14.4 ± 1.76 years. The majority (69.0%) have ever experienced at least a form of SA, of which 68.3% occurred 3 months preceding the study. Having had sex and boyfriends were predictors of SA. Male customers (98.6%), traders (98.2%) and peers (69.4%) were major perpetrators. About 67.5% of victims of SA did not seek help. Sexual abuse is a major problem among FAHs. Age-appropriate sexuality education and life-building skills interventions should be targeted at FAHs while advocacy is recommended for caregivers and market stakeholders.

Assessing efficacies of insect pest management methods to preserve nutritional composition of bagged maize in storehouses located in markets in Nigeria

Maize needs to be stored using effective and safe postharvest management measures to prevent physical insect damage as well as ensure stability of nutritional quality during storage. In this study, conducted in February–December 2016, insect pest management methods for bagged maize preservation in storehouses located in markets in Nigeria were evaluated for their ability to preserve nutritional quality. Study locations were in three grain markets, namely Eleekara market in Oyo town and Arisekola market in Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria, and Ago market in Ilorin, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria. Treatments comprised Piper guineense(Botanical), Bularafa diatomaceous earth (DE), permethrin powder(Rambo™) (Permethrin), PICSbags(hermetic)and ZeroFly® bags(non-hermetic). The study also had negative control(Control)comprising untreated maize in polypropylene bags. In general, as a result of insect infestation, protein content increased in all treatments except PICS which had the least infestation. After 11 months of storage, Permethrin and PICS treatments had the lowest insect infestation levels and the highest energy levels. Energy level in the Botanical treatment was also high and similar to levels in Permethrin and PICS treatments most likely due to fats and essential oils in P. guineense being adsorbed and/or absorbed by kernels. Fat content was lower in the Control and DE treatments likely due to the Control having the highest insect infestation and the DE adsorbing and/or absorbing fat from kernels. During storage carbohydrate content decreased in all treatments except the Control. However, even in the Control, there was a clear trend of decrease in carbohydrate content. Because the Control had the highest insect (Sitophilus zeamais) infestation and insect damaged kernels (IDK), this trend in decrease in carbohydrate content may be insect related. Ash content increased in the ZeroFly treatment, was unchanged in Botanical, Control, and PICS treatments, and decreased in DE and Permethrin treatments. Nutritional quality variables in this study were within or close to the known value ranges for maize. Therefore, use of maize that had been fumigated well and had a relatively low initial grain MC (9.1%), in addition to the effects of the treatments most likely slowed down population growth of the several insect species that were found and contributed to preserving nutritional quality. The relatively low insect populations in all treatments, including the Control, during the February–September period probably reduced the clarity of effects of infestation on nutritional composition reported in this study.