Marketing Of Grains Research Articles

Colorimetric Determination of Grain Damage

ABSTRACT EVALUATION of mechanical Jti damage has always been one of the most elusive problems associated with the harvesting, handling, and marketing of grains. A standard method to describe the quality of grain from the standpoint of physical or mechanical damage has not yet been developed. And without a standard measure, the equipment manufactur-er cannot determine when he has developed an improved harvesting machine, the farmer cannot determine when he is harvesting a better quality of grain, and the grain industries cannot determine when they are processing a better quality of product. Hence, there has always been a need to develop a fast and efficient technique for the accurate determina-tion of quality of grain. The desired technique has to be simple so that everyone can use it, and, on the other hand, it has to be a bulk method (for statistically sound results), by which each and every kernel would be equally checked for a consistent evaluation of qualitative, as well as quantitative, damage in the sample. And finally, the result should be presented on a continuous scale because mechanical damage occurs on a continuous scale from hairline cracks and tiny spots of pericarp missing to complete breakage and fines.

ESTIMATES OF PRAIRIE PROVINCIAL WHEAT YIELDS BASED ON PRECIPITATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Weather-based estimates of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba wheat yields were made for the years 1952–67 by weighting estimates for 42 prairie crop districts according to the number of hectares of wheat per district. The crop-district estimates had been computed from May to July monthly precipitation and estimated potential evapotranspiration (PE) data, and preseason conserved precipitation, using regression equations that had been derived separately for different parts of the prairies. In Saskatchewan, where semiarid climates predominate, variability of wheat yields is high and much of it can be attributed to weather variability. In the most humid province, Manitoba, the yield variation is smallest, and less of this variation can be explained using the weather data. Lack of uniformity in climate, soils, and the sizes of crop districts contributed to several analysis problems, one of which was a bias in the results, particularly in Alberta. Equations based on precipitation and PE were superior to those based on precipitation alone. The estimation procedures can be useful in connection with the transporting and marketing of grain, and in planning future land use.

Effect of Moisture Content on Some Physical Properties of Grains

T important measurements used in determining the market grade of grain are moisture content and test weight per bushel (bulk density). Information on both test weight and moisture content is used in management decisions relative to conditioning, storing, and marketing of grain. The basic physical properties of the grain depend on the variety and type of grain, the location and soil fertility where the crop is grown, and the cultural and harvesting practices used. Kernel size and shape, bulk density, true density, and porosity are parameters used in studying hydrodynamic, aerodynamic, and heat and mass transfer problems in grain. Both physical and chemical changes in grains are related to environmental factors encountered in the field and in storage after the grain is harvested. Physical properties are affected by the treatment grain receives. For example, Bushuk and Hlynka (2)* found considerable hysteresis in weight and volume changes in wheat during adsorption and desorption of moisture. The flow of fluids through beds of grains, as well as the mechanical and bulk flow properties of grain itself, depend on the manner in which grains are packed and the amount of air void within the packed bed. Zink (8) and Lorenzen (3) evaluated the porosity of grains by the liquid displacement technique. Recently, Thompson and Isaacs (5) determined the porosity of grains with the air-comparison pycnometer. Particle shape influences void volume. Although many investigations have been aimed at quantitatively defining the shape of irregular particles, no universally accepted definition has yet been developed. Perhaps the term sphericity has been used most to describe particle shape. Seemingly the term was first used by Wadell (7), who

ELIZABETHAN FOOD POLICY AND THE ARMED FORCES

HE Governments of the Tudors and, still more, of the first two Stuarts, were masters of the art of disguising commonplace, and I sometimes sordid, motives beneath a glittering facade of imposing principles. Thus Professor Tawney, discussing the social policy of the English monarchy in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The 'strong practical reasons' which inspired the Tudor and Stuart monarchs in their attempts to control eviction and rackrenting of peasants have been demonstrated in the same writer's Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century.2 Besides intervening from time to time in the name of social justice to help members of a class (the peasantry) which was of great political, military and fiscal importance to them, the statesmen of this period are also found trying intermittently to control the trade in foodstuffs, and justifying their 'interference-legislation' with the same arguments about the State's duty to protect the poor against the rich and unscrupulous. Their food-control policy has hitherto, however, escaped analysis such as that which has so greatly clarified our understanding of their attitude towards enclosures. It has been discussed by historians (e.g. Miss E. M. Leonard) merely as a phase in the development of Poor Relief, in accordance with the explanations of it given by its authors in their official declarations. The group of writers whose delight'it is to idealize the Ancien Regime in England have been left uncriticized in their interpretation of this aspect of its social policy. The 'Book of Orders' for regulation of the marketing of grain, issued by the Privy Council to the Justices of the Peace at the beginning of I587 and the most elaborate embodiment of the State's policy in this field, has been called 'the apogee of paternalism in the history of the corn trade'.' But examination of the evidence regarding the origins and circumstances of this Book of Orders and similar measures suggests that not humanitarian feelings only, but also 'strong practical reasons' played an important role here as in enclosure policy. Owing to the failure of the harvest in the previous year, England experienced during the spring and summer of I586 a shortage of corn which resulted in grave distress.4 The increased demands of London and

FUNCTIONS CONFERRED BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ON AGRICULTURAL AND DISTRIBUTIVE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN THE ORGANISATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF GRAIN.

Annals of Public and Cooperative EconomicsVolume 11, Issue 1 p. 41-49 FUNCTIONS CONFERRED BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ON AGRICULTURAL AND DISTRIBUTIVE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN THE ORGANISATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF GRAIN. First published: January 1935 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1935.tb00468.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume11, Issue1January 1935Pages 41-49 RelatedInformation

Cooperative Marketing of Grain in Western Canada

Cooperative Marketing of Grain in Western Canada

Cooperative Marketing of Grain in the United States and Canada

Cooperative Marketing of Grain in the United States and Canada

Cooperative Marketing of Grain in Western Canada

Cooperative Marketing of Grain in Western Canada

Studies in the marketing of farm products

CONTENTS Page Market Distribution, by L. D. H. Weld 1 The Marketing of Live-Stock Products in Minnesota, by K. F. Warner 15 Cooperative Potato Marketing in Minnesota, by 0. B. Jesness 39 The Marketing of Minnesota Poultry, by S. H. Thompson 57 Milk Distribution in Minneapolis and St. Paul, by W. L. Cavert 73 Minneapolis Central City Market, by R. Maynard Peterson 88 Cooperative Marketing of Grain in Western Canada, by L. D. H. Weld 96 The Food Supply of the Iron Range, by L. D. H. Weld 109