Cattle Market Research Articles

Cattle milk processing and marketing characteristics among agro-pastoralists in North West Nigeria

The study was aimed at analysing the fundamental characteristics of milk collection, processing and marketing among agro-pastoralists in North West Nigeria. A three stage (multi-stage) sampling technique was used for the study. The first stage is the purposive selection of four States (Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano and Katsina States purposively selected based on the high concentration of agro-pastoralists). In the second stage, two Local Government Areas (LGA) from each of the State were purposively selected. The third stage involved the use of snowball sampling method for the selection of communities where agropastoralist were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Two communities were selected per LGA. Data were collected from 157 respondents from the target populatuion out of sampled agro-pastoral households. The survey instrument was pretested and subjected to face validity. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages. The average length of time for milk storage before processing was 1 hour and 41 minutes. Pasteurization was the method of choice used to prevent milk spoilage by 63.8% of respondents in all the States considered in this study. Almost all (91.2%) of the respondents market their milks. Spoilage of milk during the period before processing was reported as the highest constraint to milk production, processing and marketing in all the four States. Inadequate equipment and milk loss during processing were also reported as constraints by 18.9 and 14.7%, respectively. Low quality of milk, especially during dry season, also constitute a constraint to about 4% of the respondents. The agro-pastoralists in North West Nigeria are engaged in peasantry profitable ventures of milk processing and marketing. Most of them are not members of groups and cooperatives. Their volume of trade in milk processing and marketing can be greatly enhanced if they are organized into productive groups along the value chain. Past efforts at organizing milk processors and marketers into groups and cooperatives need to be revisited by relevant agencies of government and non-government organizations.

Unethical evidence against cattle dignity during loading, transportation and off-loading by livestock marketers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria

Some activities that showed unethical practices against cattle during loading, transportation and off-loading were considered in this paper. Three major cattle market centres (Akinyele, Bodija and Oranyan) in Ibadan metropolis were used. Eighty (80) structured questionnaires were randomly administered to the cattle] handlers to collect] data on systems of loading, transportation and off-loading of the animals. Visual] observations, head counting and image capturing of the animals on board were made. Cattle were transported by road (100%) using different kinds of vehicle including open] roofed trailer, truck, saloon cars and buses with different capacities. Cattle were] arranged to stand for days under sun and rain until the final destination. Over 94% of] respondents transported their animals in 1-3 days. Also, 60% parked breeds, different] sizes, horned and polled cattle together in the same truck during transportation. 3.75%,] 5%, 7.5% and 83.75% of handlers respectively transported their cattle in the morning,] afternoon evening and at any time of the day. Cattle were loaded and off-loaded by] dragging, pulling and pushing. It is concluded that there were no standard systems no transportation, loading and off-loading of cattle as animals were exposed to inclement weather and hardship.

Livestock value chain: Prediction of live weight and cut yield of three indigenous breeds of cattle in Nigeria

Problems associated with prediction of saleable meat yield, price haggling and monetary worth of cattle purchased due to difficulties in accurately relating visual appearance of animals and the weight with their price have always been in existence. This study was carried out to determine the accuracy in the use of heart girth tape as an alternative to the use of weighing bridge and crush, dressing percentage and expected cut yield from three indigenous breeds of cattle in Nigeria using linear body measurement. Thus, a total number of 51 healthy and mature White Fulani (n=17), Sokoto Gudali (n=17) and Red Bororo (n=17) cattle breeds were randomly purchased from Ilesha Baruba cattle market Kwara State, Kotangora cattle market, Niger State and Akinyele cattle market, Ibadan, Oyo state and were subjected to heart girth measurements. The study lasted for 32 weeks. Live weights of animals were determined at the point of purchase using a specialized measuring tape (girth tape) calibrated in kilogram (kg) and centimeter (cm).The live weights were recorded in kilogram which was used in price negotiation at the market. The live weight of the cattle ranged from 164 – 463 kg. The mean girth tape values were White Fulani (286.53 51.06)kg, Sokoto Gudali (293.35+77.51)kg and Red Bororo 261.88+60.65)kg respectively. Post slaughtering data collected were dressing percentage, weight of head(kg),neck(kg), shanks(kg), forearm(kg), thigh(kg),skin(kg),liver(kg),heart(kg), intestine(kg)and kidney(g).The study revealed that heart girth measurement had high correlation coefficient with live weight (r=0.99, p<0.001). This implies that the use of heart girth tape in weight prediction is accurate and reliable. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the dressing percentage among the breeds (43.55-46.52) %. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in the cut yield percentage between Red Bororo (33.16 4.12) and other breeds but none between White Fulani (37.14 4.50)% and Sokoto Gudali (34.53 5.26)%.There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the head (13.52-13.42)kg, Neck (14.70-18.07)kg, left thigh (27.92-29.41)kg, right forearm (22.91-27.24)kg, left forearm (24.84-27.57)kg, liver (3.60 – 3.84)kg, skin (15.03 -15.39), shank (2.20-2.41)kg, tail (5.23-5.92)kg but none for right thigh, kidney and lungs among the breeds. The variations in the yield may be as a result of genetic, management, weight and age of the animals. It can be concluded that heart girth tape may be used where weighing crush is not available because of its accuracy and reliability. The study also revealed that White Fulani has higher meat yield than Sokoto Gudali and Red Bororo and will therefore be more profitable to cattle sellers, abattoir centers, slaughter houses andmeat shops.

Arthrogryposis with attendant features of achondroplasia in Gudali calf of Nigerian cattle breed at Akinyele International Cattle Market, Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria: an epizootiologic investigation

This investigation describes a rarely reported occurrence of arthrogryposis in trade cattle calf of Gudali breed in Ibadan, Oyo State, South west, Nigeria. The animal was gaunt, with severely compromised gait and notable contracture of the radio carpal and tibio tarsal joints. There were varying degrees of abduction of the limbs. The animal was purchased at the age of six months in Akinyele International Cattle Market (AICM) at Akinyele Village, Akinyele Local Government area of Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria for subsequent fattening operation. The condition was characterized by poor feeding performance and general unthriftiness. The defects were characterized for quality control points in good calf-selection for fattening and rearing from AICM, Ibadan. The haematology showed lower than normal blood parameters except for the Red Blood Cell (RBC) counts and the Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), which may be the reason for lethargy and poor growth observed. The calf was recommended for culling due to subsequent pedal paralysis ensued. Thus, age of acquisition of calves for fattening or rearing at AICM is crucial to avoid such congenital abnormality. Acquisition of yearling calf or above age when the abnormality was obvious is recommended with enhanced veterinary support service at AICM.

Fatal post-parturient diarrhoea in a nursing cow transported to Akinyele International Cattle Market, Ibadan, Nigeria: A case report

A pregnant cow of Kuri breed, estimated age of six years old with second calving was transported on land from Maiduguri, Borno state Nigeria. The journey took four days to the Akinyele International Cattle Market. The pregnant cow calved immediately on arrival at the market. A week after calving, the nursing cow was offered for sale and slaughter. The nursing cow and the calf were purchased and put under intensive medical and management care of an experienced cattle stockman in the market. The nursing cow became diarrheic on the second week of arrival at the market. Clinical examination by visual observation revealed projectile watery faeces, stained hindquarter and the pair rectal sterile swab samples were collected. Though the temperature and pulse rate were within the normal range. Standard bacteriological faecal culture of the rectal swab incubated overnight at 370C in selenith F- broth, Nutrient and blood agars at 370C for 24 hours were done, revealing heavy mixed growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Bacillus species. Identification of colonies were based on morphology, gram staining, cultural and biochemical characteristics. In-vitro Antibiotic sensitivity testing on discrete colonies of bacteria faeces were done, using agar- Disk diffusion method. The E. coli, Klebsiella and Bacillus species were sensitive to ciprofloxacin® (10μg) and pefloxacin® (30μg). Sulfanol® (sulphadimidin) a broad spectrum antibiotic was administered immediately intramuscularly at 333mg in 3ml per 10kg for four days. Defaecation of the nursing cow stopped for two days after treatment. On the third day of the treatment, the faeces became pasty but the cow died overnight despite the good response to therapy.

STRUKTUR DAN PERAN ANEKA LEMBAGA DALAM RANTAI PASOK TERNAK DAN DAGING SAPI POTONG DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR (Structure and role of of various institutions in supply chain of cattle and beef comodities in East Nusa Tenggara Province)

The structure and role of each specific institution in the supply chain management of local cattle marketing need to be known in detail and comprehensively. The objectives were: 1) to describe the various institutional roles in the supply chain management of livestock and beef in Kupang District and Kupang City, NTT; and 2) to formulate efforts to improve the institutional performance of the livestock and beef supply chain in Kupang District, NTT. Surveys of institutions related to supply chain management of beef cattle in a comprehensive manner, covering all stakeholders (farmers, livestock traders, butchers, meat traders, animal markets, slaughterhouses, animal quarantine, sea freight expeditions, etc.). Data were analyzed descriptively- qualitatively and quantitatively, analysis of costs , benefits and margin of each marketing actor. As conclusions were: 1) The role of institutions in the supply chain management of cattle / beef in Kupang Regency is slowly starting to form a solid network according to the roles of the parties. However, they still have problems in terms of smooth communication and interaction in transactions at each point of the supply chain, especially the point between farmers and village traders regarding price determination; and 2) the institutional performance of cattle/ beef supply chain as a whole to ensure the interests of all stakeholders not optimal yet, in particular related to improve the group transaction methods, benchmark prices, controlling the sale of young females, preventing the slaughter of productive females, strict quarantine, and the availability of large capacity livestock vessels.

Cheap Qurban Syariah Investment (CQSI) Program, Empowerment and Price Stabilization

The research objective to develop a model of ummah fund utilization in the form of Cheap Qurban Syariah Investment (CQSI) with the synergy between the purpose of worship and the value of social benefits for the ummah empowerment. The study method used in the model design analyzes the beef cattle market's behavior, and a cost-benefit analysis of sharia investment in the pattern of profit sharing, the added value of beef cattle fattening efforts. Using the cost-benefit analysis of the profit-sharing partnership scheme, it was found that investment in cheap Qurban programs reduced the cost of Qurban borne by participants by 19.79% without lowering the Share of income received by beef cattle breeder partners and management fees for managing institutions. The more extended flexibility of procurement of feeder cattle when the conditions of low market demand and the reduced pressure on demand for ready-to-cut cattle at the time of Qurban worship will indirectly reduce the excessive fluctuations in commodity market prices. Based on the model developed, it can be concluded that cheap Qurban programs can encourage the utilization of the potential of ummah funds for farmers' economic empowerment, business opportunities for entrepreneurs, and Islamic institutions and indirectly help stabilize commodity prices for beef cattle without reducing the actual value of worship.

A Tournament Approach to Price Discovery in the U.S. Cattle Market

AbstractThe dominant market where information is discovered plays the role of price leader providing substantial market information to other markets. This study investigates the dynamic relationships of 30 cattle markets across regions, cattle types, and cash/futures markets. The comparison of many markets, using an error correction model, is accomplished with the introduction of a tournament with a hierarchical cluster analysis, which allows us to conclude that the leading price for the U.S. cattle markets is discovered in the futures markets for both feeder and fed cattle.

Аналіз цінової ситуації на ринку м’яса великої рогатої худоби

The purpose of the article is to investigate the current price situation in the cattle meat market, taking into account the peculiarities of the beef price chain “production – processing –trade – consumer”. Research methods. The following methods have been used in the research process: abstract and logical, system analysis – for generalize theoretical positions, formulating conclusions; comparative analysis – for compare indicators and identify trends in their change over time; statistical – for assessing the cattle meat market; tabular – for visual representation of the research results; monographic – for detailing the price situation in the beef market; graphic – for identify and illustrate the trends of the research economic phenomena. Research results. An analysis of the price situation in the cattle meat market with details of individual species priced in dif-ferent areas of the country. Trends and regularities of dynamics of prices for cattle and products of processing in wholesale and retail trade are estimated. There is a clear tendency of annual increase in prices for cattle meat market in Ukraine during 2017-2020. It was found that the increase in purchase prices for young cattle causes an increase in wholesale and retail prices for various types of meat. It is justified that the price is important to all cattle meat market participants. The level of prices affects the efficiency of both individual producers and the development of the economy of any country. Prices clearly reflect the processes of production, exchange, distribution and consumption. Scientific novelty. It is specified that under the conditions of low purchasing power of most of the population of Ukraine, the actual retail prices for beef and veal within the trade network are quite high and do not contribute to the growth of demand for this type of meat. Practical significance. The research results can be useful for all participants in the food chain “production – processing – distribution – consumption” of the cattle market. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 23.

Characteristics of the meat stockbreeding market performance

Ukraine has gone through a difficult and over time long period of recognition of market relations, which was accompanied by the emergence of imbalances. This is also the independence of enterprises with administrative influence on their work; liberalization of prices; low purchasing power of the population, which leads to a decrease in demand; rise in energy prices, as well as unequal exchange between industry and agriculture. As a consequence of the influence of these factors, there are changes in the structure of the cattle herd, the interest of producers in increasing the volume of livestock products is lost, incl. and meat, even at the level of personal peasant farms. Assessment of the state of the beef cattle breeding industry indicates a reduction in the number of fattening cattle in all categories of farms. The main reason for this unsatisfactory trend is the loss of profitability of beef cattle breeding. Studies of its causes have confirmed the influence of indicators of the number of livestock, animal productivity, as well as the cost of production. In 2009-2019 alone, the number of cattle decreased by almost 30 percent. And the available livestock of productive livestock in the households of the population does not provide guarantees and rhythmic supplies of raw materials to processing enterprises. Intermediaries create their problematic influence on the formation of the market for beef cattle breeding. However, even under such conditions, the beef cattle industry confirms its self-sufficiency in the turnover of products. The experience of the developed countries of Europe and the world confirms that the functioning of economic systems, which are based on market conditions, confirms their feasibility, efficiency and viability. The preconditions for the approval of the Ukrainian beef cattle market were the privatization of land and property, restructuring, and in some places the cancellation of debts, the introduction of a fixed tax, and some additional payment for the sold cattle. Therefore, market relations already, and in the future, affect the development of agriculture and beef cattle breeding, which is a multifaceted system with a large number of subjects of production, processing and sale of the industry's products. This is confirmed by weighty factors of the objective need to form a commodity market for beef cattle breeding to meet the demand for food products through the formation of the necessary volumes of their supply. It is also important that the formation of a market for beef cattle breeding, the supply of products should be expressed through the exchange infrastructure: stock exchanges, wholesale markets, auctions, trading houses, company stores, retail trade, city markets. The foregoing confirms the objective need to form a market for beef cattle breeding, while adhering to the principle of competition, which can objectively reproduce the essence of market relations in determining prices, the volume of supply of products supplied to the market and their quality. The market must operate on the basis of the requirements of the laws of value, equilibrium of supply and demand, and fulfill its regulatory function. The advantages of the market system have been convincingly brought to light by many years of practical efficiency and it is recognized as the highest and perfect form of management. In the system of market relations, agriculture is an integral part of the national economic complex, the entire system of economic development. The article proposed by the author provides information on the situation on the market for beef cattle breeding, factors that affect its functioning, as well as the reasons that shape supply and demand. Separate inconsistencies in the activities of the subjects of the market of beef cattle breeding have been established, the elimination of which will provide an improvement in the actual state and improve its functioning. The author of the article guides the participants in the market of beef cattle breeding to take into account the peculiarities of its functioning in their activities, which will contribute to the formation of the necessary volumes of products to meet the existing demand on the market. Key words: market, meat cattle breeding, criteria, competitiveness, marketing, demand, supply, infrastructure.

Measuring price discovery between nearby and deferred contracts in storable and nonstorable commodity futures markets

AbstractUsing price discovery measures, including Putniņš’ (2013) information leadership share and intraday data, we quantify the proportional contribution of nearby and deferred contracts in price discovery in the corn and live cattle futures markets. On average, nearby contracts reflect information more quickly than deferred contracts in the corn market, but have a relatively less dominant role in the live cattle market. In both markets, the nearby contract loses dominance when its relative volume share dips below 50%, which typically occurs when the nearby is close to maturity. Regression results indicate that the share of price discovery is mainly related to trading volume and time to expiration in both markets. In the corn market, price discovery share between nearby and deferred contracts is also related to inverse carrying charges, crop year differences, USDA announcements, market crashes, and commodity index position rolls. Differences between corn and live cattle markets are consistent with differences in the contracts’ liquidity and commodity storability.

SOURCES OF SUPPLY AND CATCHMENT AREAS OF WUDIL CATTLE MARKET, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

The study analyzed the supply sources and catchment areas of Wudil cattle market in Kano State. The objectives focused on types of cattle traded, supply source locations of cattle and catchment areas of buyers. Data were collected on types of cattle, sources of their supply and catchment areas of buyers using records of cattle observation and Focus Group Discussion with nine participants including the market leaders and other traders. Types of cattle were presented in table. Sources of supply of cattle and catchment areas for the market were depicted on maps using ARCGIS software. Based on colour of skin and castration, the major types of cattle supplied into the market are Baki (Ambala), Fari (Bunaji or White Fulani), Ja (Rahaji or Red Bororo), Galare (White-horned), Shodare (breed of white and red species), Nordi (breed of white and black species) and Bartandi (castrated). Cattle are supplied from three main sources: other countries (Niger Republic and Cameroun), other states in Nigeria (Taraba, Adamawa, Jigawa and Yobe) and within Kano State. The catchment areas are three: primary catchment area consisting of buyers within Kano State and neighbouring states, secondary catchment area including buyers largely from northeast (Gombe and Yobe States) and middle belt of Nigeria and tertiary catchment area consisting of all the states in the southern parts of the country. Recommendations given included development of market and transport infrastructure and further study on cattle transport and buyer characteristics

Beef Cattle Markets and COVID‐19

AbstractCattle producers and markets faced massive disruptions due to COVID‐19 in both supply and demand for cattle and beef. Restaurant and food service shutdowns affected beef demand. Closures and slowdowns of beef processors caused a logjam of live cattle in the supply chain. The resulting effects on cattle producers at all levels were lower prices and abnormal cattle flows, but the magnitudes of those effects were not homogenous across size and type of cattle. In this article, we detail how the COVID‐19 pandemic has affected cattle markets and cattle producers across the different sectors. We also discuss policy responses and considerations.

Geen slachthuizen, wel vleeshuizen in onze oude steden: casus Gent (1251-1857)

In dit artikel wordt getracht een antwoord te formuleren op de vraag waar volwassen runderen geslacht werden in onze steden voordat de openbare slachthuizen vanaf halverwege de jaren 1800 in gebruik kwamen. Daarover zijn opvallend weinig archiefgegevens voorhanden en in de literatuur wordt in alle talen over dit onderwerp gezwegen. De hypothese wordt naar voor gebracht en verdedigd dat het niet gebeurde op of bij de hier kort beschreven veemarkten of ‘vleeshuizen’ en evenmin op andere daarvoor bestemde slachtplaatsen op openbaar domein, al of niet in open lucht. Alles wijst erop dat de vleeshouwers hun aangekochte runderen slachtten en versneden op privéterrein: op hun eigen erven of in eigen gebouwtjes. Dit onderzoek is beperkt tot Gent, maar kan wellicht geëxtrapoleerd worden naar andere oude steden in Vlaanderen en misschien zelfs daarbuiten.

An analysis of Brazilian agricultural commodities using permutation – information theory quantifiers: The influence of food crisis

Abstract We analyze predictability of selected Brazilian agricultural commodity prices (cotton, sugar, coffee, soybean and cattle) during the period 1997–2018 which encompasses the periods of agricultural commodities prices spikes between 2007 and 2011. We use information theory based methods entropy-complexity plane (HC) and entropy –Fisher information plane (HF), where Shannon entropy, statistical complexity and Fisher information measure are calculated for empirical Brandt-Pompe probability distribution of ordinal patterns. We find that coffee market shows lowest predictability (highest efficiency), while pork market shows highest predictability (lowest efficiency). By analyzing temporal evolution of efficiency index derived from Shannon entropy and Fisher information measure we observe that coffee and soybeans price series exhibit high and stable informational efficiency for all analyzed period, the efficiency of sugar market shows steady increase, while the efficiency of cattle and cotton market first decreases (until the crisis) and then increases in the post crisis period.

South Dakota State University Beef 2020 increases participant knowledge of the beef industry.

South Dakota State University has developed a hands-on program that addresses the preharvest management factors that influence beef carcass value to aid producers in their management and marketing decisions. The 3-d program includes live cattle and carcass evaluation, beef carcass fabrication, a harvest demonstration, sensory panel, and presentations on topics including live market cattle evaluation, health, and disposition in relation to carcass quality, feeding and management, and value-added beef cuts. To evaluate program effectiveness, data were collected from all programs held between 2013 and 2019. Participants were asked to evaluate their perceived value for each program component, as well as their knowledge of the industry prior to and after completing the program. Upon completion of the 2018 Beef 2020, a focus group of program alumni was assembled to better understand participant experiences, application of the material, and guide future programming. The recommendations of the focus group were implemented during the 2019 program. Component value scores are reported in a box and whisker plot and participant knowledge was evaluated using a paired t-test with significance determined at P < 0.05. Special attention was given to the results of 2019 compared to previous years to determine the efficacy of the program changes. Overall, the average value scores for the sessions all ranked above 8 on a scale of 1–10, indicating a relatively large value to participants. Knowledge of carcass traits, carcass value, and management factors that influence those traits increased after participation in the Beef 2020 program (5.18 vs. 7.67 ± 0.16; P < 0.0001). The use of a focus group was concluded to be an effective means of assessing program value, strengths, and weaknesses. The Beef 2020 program can be used as a model for other Extension professionals to create programs intended to link livestock producers to their end products.

Immune Responses and Performance Are Influenced by Respiratory Vaccine Antigen Type and Stress in Beef Calves.

Simple SummaryDetermining effects of physiological stress and vaccination type on performance and immune responses in cattle can be a difficult task due to the many factors that contribute to the stress response. Nonetheless, defining alterations caused by the stress response after vaccination upon feedlot arrival is vital in improving vaccination practices in the feedlot industry. Utilizing a stress model with stressors induced by current industry practices to mimic a “high-risk” cattle situation, we found that vaccination with a killed or modified-live virus vaccine induces altered immune responses in cattle that underwent industry stressors when compared to a control group. In addition, performance variables were altered in stressed cattle and those that received modified-live vaccination. We propose the feedlot industry consider these results when implementing a vaccine protocol in “high risk”, or chronically stressed, cattle during arrival processing.The study objective was to determine if a combined weaning and transportation stress model affected performance, antibody, endocrine, or hematological responses to modified-live virus (MLV) or killed virus (KV) respiratory vaccination in beef steers. In total, 48 calves (Day 0 BW = 226 ± 6.2 kg) from a single origin were used in a 2 × 2 factorial to evaluate main effects of stress model, vaccine type, and their interaction, resulting in four treatments (n = 12/treatment) including non-stress control (C) with KV (CKV), C with MLV (CMLV), stress model implementation (S) with KV (SKV), and S with MLV (SMLV). The C calves were weaned at the origin ranch on Day −37 and transported 472 km to the study site on Day −21 to allow acclimation. The S calves were weaned on Day −3, transported 460 km to a research facility on Day −2, held overnight, and transported 164 km to the study site on Day −1 to mimic the beef cattle marketing process. Vaccines were administered on Day 0 and KV was revaccinated on Day 14. The animal was the experimental unit and dependent variables were analyzed using PROC MIXED with repeated measures (day). A stress model effect (p = 0.01) existed for DMI from Day 0 to Day 7 with greater DMI for C (6.19 vs. 4.64 kg/day) when compared to S. The MLV groups had reduced (p = 0.05) ADG from Day 0 to Day 56, compared to KV. There was a vaccine type × day (p < 0.01) interaction with increased (p ≤ 0.01) PI3V- and IBRV-specific antibody titers for KV on Day 21; conversely, MLV had increased (p ≤ 0.01) BVDV titers on Days 14, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56. Increased (p ≤ 0.05) BRSV titers were observed in a stress model × day (p < 0.01) interaction for S on Days 21, 28, 36, and 42; however, C exceeded S in BVDV-specific antibody concentration on Days 21, 28, and 49. A day effect (p < 0.01) was observed for serum haptoglobin with the greatest (p < 0.01) concentration on Day 3. Serum cortisol concentration was greater (p ≤ 0.04) for C vs. S on Days −2, 0, 1, 3, and 5. Total leukocytes were decreased for C vs. S on Days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 (p ≤ 0.02). A reduction (p ≤ 0.04) in total leukocytes was observed for MLV on Days 5, 7, and 14 vs. KV. Neutrophils and neutrophil:lymphocyte were markedly increased (p ≤ 0.01) for S on Day −2, whereas neutrophils were decreased (p ≤ 0.01) on Days 1 and 21 for S. Monocytes were decreased on Days 1, 5 and 7 for MLV (p ≤ 0.04) and Days −2 to 14 for S (p ≤ 0.03). Eosinophils were reduced (p = 0.007) for S vs. C on Day −2, yet a distinct rebound response (p = 0.03) was noted for S on Day 0. The results indicate that S and MLV vaccination more profoundly induced immunomodulation in beef calves.

An Analysis of the Effect of Changes in the Imported Beef Tariff Rate due to the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on the Farm Labor Demand for Korean Beef Cattle

Recently, the Korean government seeks to expand trade with the countries of the Southeast Asian Nations in addition to the existing major export markets such as the United States and China. The direction of the government s new trade policy is expected to be further refined through the RCEP. This study examines the potential impact of changes in imported beef tariff rates due to the RCEP on the Korean beef cattle market and farm labor demand for Korean beef cattle using a dynamic partial equilibrium model. According to the scenario analysis, when the Australian and New Zealand beef tariff rates fell 100% over the 2021-2029 period, the agricultural production value and labor demand for Korean beef fell by up to 3.9% and 1.5%, respectively, compared to baseline which assumes current tariff schedule. This study further analyzed the impact of the overall abolition of the imported beef tariff rates including U.S. beef in addition to changes in the Australian and New Zealand beef tariff rates. Empirical results showed that agricultural output value and total labor demand decreased by up to 7.0% and 2.5%, respectively, compared to baseline as the overall tariff rates are abolished over the 2021-2029 period.

ANALISIS PEMASARAN SAPI POTONG

The purpose of this study was to determine the marketing analysis of beef cattle in Taluditi Regency, Pohuwato Regency. Gorontalo. The research method uses the survey method. The data used in this study are primary data with data collection techniques conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation. Sampling is determined through stratification of Random Sampling, where the sample is based on the largest population. The number of samples produced was 72 respondents. Data were analyzed descriptively. The observed variables are marketing channels, marketing margins and marketing efficiency. The findings of this study are two beef cattle marketing channels in Taluditi District, Pohuwato Regency, namely: Channel I (Farmers - Collector Traders - Consumers), and Channel II are (Breeders - Collector Traders - Retailers Traders - Consumers). The average marketing margin in each marketing institution is Rp. 100,000 - Rp. 500,000. The level of marketing efficiency in each marketing institution is 0.26-3.1

A Survey of Ticks Infestation on Some Domestic Animals in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Infestation of domestic animals with ticks constitutes both a major health and economic problem in livestock production. The study was conducted to identify the species of ticks infesting domestic animals such as cattle, sheep and goats in Mubi cattle market, Adamawa State. Ten (10) each of cattle, sheep and goat were randomly selected at Mubi Cattle Market at every collection date, and were examined for tick infestation. Ticks were collected from different predilection sites. Ticks collected were transferred to Safe-Lock Eppendorf tubes containing 70% ethanol. The specimens were identified to species level using hand lens and dissecting microscope. A total of 232 adult ticks (17 male, 215 females) were collected. 8 species of ticks were identified across three genera namely Ripicephalus microplus (79.74%) was the most prevalent, followed by Ripicephalus decoloratus (9.05%), Amblyomma variegatum (4.31%), Rhipicephalus simus (3.02%), Hyalomma dromedarii (2.16%), Amblyomma habraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (0.86%), respectively, and the least was Hyalomma truncatum (0.43%). Cattle were the most heavily infested (44.8%), followed by sheep (33.6%) and goat (21.6%). The study revealed that livestock in Mubi were infested by varieties of ticks especially Ripicephalus microplus which was the highest and found on all the animals examined.