Marketing Of Agricultural Products Research Articles

Agro Analysis System for Precision Agriculture

Abstract: Huge amount of data is collected by the sensors from the end. Subsequently, this considerably big amount of data must be processed, analyzed and stored in a cost effective way. In this manner, an enormous pool of computing resources and storage must be provided to compute this vast amount of data. We focused on introducing the latest technologies such as sensors, WSN to radically revise approaches to agriculture by collecting the data about the various parameters of soil, analyzing the data and performing the computations, giving the best optimal solutions for the farming. The application of computing in the agricultural economy will open up a vast range of prospects, such as the vast storage of agriculture information, the cloud management of agricultural production process, the storage of agricultural economy information, early-warning and policymaking based on the agricultural products market, the tracing management of agricultural products quality.

Review of Plant Respiration Management and Tracking

The creation of a self-configuring network has been revolutionized by Internet of Things (IoT) technology. In addition to improving agriculture production, the development of intelligent smart farming IoT-based equipment is also lowering waste and increasing cost-effectiveness. The majority of jobs in our country have historically been in agriculture. Currently, the movement of people from rural to urban areas is hindering agriculture. So, to solve this issue, we turn to IoT-based smart agriculture solutions. It is essential to intelligent agriculture. IoT sensors can provide information about agricultural fields and then act on it based on user input, making smart agriculture an emerging concept. To compute this massive amount of data, a sizable pool of processing power and storage must be made available. We concentrated on bringing the most recent technology, such as sensors and IoT, to fundamentally alter agricultural ways by gathering information about numerous soil factors, analyzing the information, and running computations to provide the finest farming solutions. A wide range of opportunities will be made possible by the use of computing in the agricultural economy, including the massive storage of agricultural data, Management of agricultural production processes in the cloud, information storage about the agricultural economy, early warning and policy creation based on the market for agricultural products, and management of the traceability of agricultural product quality. The project aim is to develop such a monitoring and controlling system to collect data from the field and store it on an IoT platform for accessing it by the user from any point of the world. That not only monitors the field but also operates automatically by turning ON the water pump if the moisture level of the soil goes lower. Thus, develop automatic monitoring and operating system for Smart agriculture using IoT.

Agricultural products price prediction based on improved RBF neural network model

ABSTRACT The agricultural products price has been affecting people’s livelihood issues and economic and social security and stability. The cyclical fluctuation of the price of agricultural products often indirectly affects the inner psychological demand of agricultural consumers. If the prices of production and processing industries, which rely on cheap raw materials as basic raw materials, are subject to frequent and abnormal fluctuations, it is likely to cause further widespread concerns about people’s lives, and ultimately lead to a vicious cycle of falling commodity prices. In recent years, as a result of lack of timely authoritative information all the time, the market price of agricultural products appeared a lot of varieties before short-term rise and fall repeatedly phenomenon. This paper attempts to take the quantity of garlic produced and sold by pork in China as the key object of analysis and research, and analyzes the level of market price index and the main factors influencing the price of pork sales and edible garlic demand in China in recent ten years. In information economics, financial market theory, statistical methods and other relevant mathematical model as the main guidance, combined with China’s agricultural prices during the period of policy, select the RBF neural network theory and the analysis methods for technical improvements, in a variety of market factors affecting economic operation under the mixed operation China period in our country agricultural prices technology wave prediction rule, broken Based on the traditional artificial statistics and forecasting model method of agricultural product price, the short-term forecasting model of Chinese agricultural product market price theory based on information technology innovation method was established.

A study on the influence of product environmental information transparency on online consumers' purchasing behavior of green agricultural products.

In 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 has forced consumers to shift their consumption patterns online. However, the problem of online fraud in green agricultural products seriously undermines consumer trust and is detrimental to the sustainable consumption of green agricultural products. Therefore, it is particularly important to enhance consumers' trust in online sellers. This study aims to investigate how the product environmental information transparency(soil information transparency and water information transparency) affects online consumers' purchasing behavior of green agricultural products. This study constructs a theoretical framework of "product environmental information transparency - online consumer trust - online purchase behavior".We conducted an online randomized questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 512 consumers who had experience buying green agricultural products online fitted a structural equation model (SEM). The results show that (1) the two dimensions of product environmental information transparency have different effects on different dimensions of online consumer trust. Among them, soil information transparency has a significant positive effect on competence trust, while it does not have a significant positive effect on benevolence trust. Water information transparency has a significant positive effect on both dimensions of online consumer trust, (2) online consumer trust has a significant positive effect on online consumer purchase behavior, and (3) competence trust has a significant positive effect on benevolence trust. Our study shows that consumer trust in merchants is significantly enhanced by increasing the transparency of environmental information about green agricultural products. different dimensions of environmental information transparency have different effects on different dimensions of online consumer trust. Product information transparency is proposed as a tool for producers to use in the online marketing of green agricultural products. Consumers' access to information can be improved through online public disclosure of environmental quality indicators in the production process of green agricultural products, and ultimately enhance online consumption of green agricultural products.

The role of institutions in controlling compliance with the obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products

Motivation: In order to protect the interests of farmers (agricultural producers) in 2015 an obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products was introduced, and since 2017 has been in force to impose fines on buyers of agricultural products if they purchase without a contract or if the contract is defective. The National Center for Agricultural Support (KOWR) is an institution whose tasks include control of compliance with this law. Observation of transactions in agriculture allows us to believe that the established legal regulations do not solve the problem of abuse of market power by recipients and the institutional solution does not shape economic processes.Aim: The aim of this article is to present the activity of the KOWR as an institution controlling the observance of the obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products and its evaluation.Results: Analysis of the KOWR’s reports showed that between February 2017 and March 2022, a total of 465 controls were carried out, resulting in fines of PLN 6 670 428,19 for purchases of agricultural products without a contract or due to a defective contract (about 93% of this amount was imposed on purchasers in 2021). The relatively small number of checks carried out is due to the lack of complete information on the actual purchaser of agricultural products who is obliged to purchase agricultural products under contract. In the analyzed period, inspections were carried out based on notifications of suspected breach of contractual obligations and at market entities designated for inspection (mainly milk purchasers). In conclusion information asymmetries on the market for agricultural products do not only occur in “classical” forms. Incomplete information may be available to both parties, but also from the body responsible for monitoring compliance with the rules governing the conclusion of such transactions.

How do local government information sources affect the purchase willingness of low-carbon agricultural products? The example of regional brand agricultural products.

In order to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the agricultural sector has been given high priority to reduce carbon emissions. Since consumption is the ultimate goal of production, the consumption of low-carbon agricultural products is of great significance to promote the reduction of agricultural carbon emissions. Regional brand agricultural product is an important tool to promote the development of regional economy to "green, low-carbon, branded and high-quality", and has the technical and institutional conditions to develop into low-carbon agricultural product, so this study takes regional brand agricultural products as the representative of low-carbon agricultural products. As a information source to guide the public to consume in the green and low-carbon way, local government can effectively develop the market for low-carbon agricultural products and drive the development of low-carbon agriculture from the demand side. Based on structural equation model with bootstrap method, this paper focuses on the mechanism of the influence of local government information source characteristics (credibility, professionalism, and attractiveness) on consumers' willingness to purchase low-carbon agricultural products, and explores the mediating role of perceived benefits and perceived risks. The following findings are established: first, the credibility and professionalism of local governments play a positive role in influencing the purchase willingness of low-carbon agricultural products through perceived benefits, with credibility having the greatest degree of influence. Second, the attractiveness of local governments positively influences consumers' willingness to purchase low-carbon agricultural products through perceived risk. Third, perceived benefits play a fully mediating role between credibility and purchase intention, play a partially mediating role between professionalism and purchase willingness, perceived risks play a partially mediating role between attractiveness and purchase willingness. This study provides new ideas for the construction of low-carbon agricultural products and low-carbon development in the agricultural sector from the perspective of local government information sources.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE NECESSITY OF CREATING AN ADAPTIVE MECHANISM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY

The article is devoted to the development of a modern model of the adaptive mechanism of management by branches of the national economy, on the basis of which a systematic analysis was carried out on the example of the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine in the field of economic security (food security) management, which should give hope for the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of business entities, using a systematic approach in the implementation of innovative solutions in the social and organizational and economic policy of the development of the industry, as the foundation of the economy of Ukraine. It has been proven that the functioning of an agrarian entity of entrepreneurial activity in a dynamic, constantly transforming environment requires not only economic transformations, but also partnership, managerial, competitive and other communicative transformations, in order to obtain undeniable advantages in the market of agricultural products, to build a promising and effective bridgehead for expansion into global food markets and maximum prevention of possible risks that regularly arise in the external and internal environment. Therefore, it becomes obvious that the speed of these changes requires anticipatory action. It is necessary to realize that the slightest delay can throw any successful agricultural enterprise into the category of outsiders. And therefore, for the effective functioning of an agricultural enterprise, it is necessary to have its own and timely adequate policy, with the possibility of adaptation to the environment. That is why it is advisable to build the activities of agricultural enterprises on the basis of rational adaptive development, which will take into account modern trends and the most promising directions, as well as trends of European and global development of the agricultural sector.

Research on the Influencing Factors of Agricultural Exhibition Development Based on Regression Analysis

The exhibition industry plays a strong role in promoting economic development. Agricultural exhibitions have the functions of promoting the production and marketing of agricultural products, displaying agricultural products, cultivating brands, and insight into agricultural development trend. Agricultural exhibitions play an important role in improving the scientific and technological level of agriculture and extending the agricultural industry chain. In the context of China's implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, local governments actively promote rural economic development and achieve rural revitalization by holding agricultural exhibitions. This paper conducts empirical analysis on the data of China Agricultural Exhibition held in the 10 years from 2012 to 2021, and conducts multiple regression analysis on the panel data of agricultural exhibitions held in various provinces of China in the 10 years by using Stata17 software to find out the factors that affect the development of agricultural exhibitions, so as to promote the high-quality and rapid development of agricultural exhibitions, thus promoting rural development and realizing rural revitalization.

Climate policy uncertainty, oil price and agricultural commodity: From quantile and time perspective

Climate policy uncertainty needs to be considered urgently in view of the fact that climate policy is affecting energy and agricultural markets. This paper uses quantile connectedness to examine the dynamic spillover among climate policy uncertainty (CPU), crude oil prices (COP) and agricultural product prices (APP), further revealing the impact of climate policy on markets in both normal and extreme markets. The results show that there is a higher connectedness level at extreme quantile. Uncertain climate policy activities and major events affect system connectedness. Further analysis shows that, compared with the isolated role in the normal market (median quantile), CPUs in the extreme market (lower and upper quantile) become continuous shock receivers in the system. The risk spillover mainly focused on soybeans and corn, and COP increased the risk of spillover especially after the epidemic. By revealing the transmission mechanism of the price correlation between oil and agricultural products under the CPU framework, this can fully explain the linkage between them. In general, the stability of the oil market and agricultural product market is crucial to the formulation of climate policy. These conclusions provide significant enlightenment for policy-makers and investors coping with the high level of CPU.

Current issues of antimonopoly policy in the market of agricultural products of Ukraine

This study investigated the prospects for the development of antimonopoly policy concerning the regulation of the market of agricultural products. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to update the legal framework of Ukraine on antimonopoly regulation of agricultural product markets, considering the current challenges and international standards. The purpose of this study was to analyse the features of antimonopoly policy as a leading area of the economic policy of Ukraine, to analyse the features of antimonopoly policy in the field of agricultural product markets and to identify the prospects for their development. To fulfil the purpose, the following scientific methods were used: dialectic, analysis, formal-legal, comparative-legal. The result of the conducted study was the determination of the following measures to improve the antimonopoly regulation of agricultural product markets in Ukraine: to adopt the Draft Law of Ukraine “On the Association of Agricultural Producers” No. 8149, after finalizing it; to supplement the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of antimonopoly policy concerning the regulation of the market of agricultural products with a norm according to which the most vulnerable category of agricultural producers (small producers) will be able to unite to solve problems related to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine and response to wartime challenges; in the development of the project of such changes regarding the regulation of the relevant monopoly exceptions, to consider the available international practices. The practical significance of the present study is that the results can be used to develop draft laws on the antimonopoly regulation of agricultural product markets in Ukraine, as well as to prepare studies on the legal regulation of the antimonopoly policy of Ukraine.

BIMBINGAN TEKNIS PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS USAHA DAN PENDAPATAN PETANI MELALUI PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS DI DESA ALEBO, KECAMATAN KONDA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The ability of agricultural business human resources in rural areas in business management is still lacking because most of them have low education, only based on experience and training or counseling from related agencies. Most of the business capital comes from their own capital and partly is a capital strengthening fund from the government for the community through the Department of Agriculture. Production management is still simple and the marketing of agricultural business products is mainly marketed in the form of logs and is still on a local scale. Therefore, efforts to develop community businesses in rural areas are needed, one of which is through business management technical guidance. Business Management technical assistance is part of Partnership Technical Guidance Activities. To Improve the Quality of Human Resources in Southeast Sulawesi which was carried out by the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Agriculture Service on 19 - 20 September 2022 which was attended by 20 participants. The results of the technical assistance showed that the majority (70%) of the training participants knew and were able to explain the importance of recording business transactions, while 10 people (50%) were able to record business transactions and 5 people (25%) had continued with the preparation of financial reports. (income statement and balance sheet). In addition, participants have also tried to utilize the information from the financial statements to make future business projections.

Research on Transformation and Upgrading Strategy of Agricultural Products Logistics and Marketing Mode based on "Internet Plus"

The advent of the Internet era, traditional forms of logistics and sales can no longer meet current needs, the network continues to penetrate the real economy, and changes in the market environment are forcing companies to reconfigure their Internet marketing. The "Internet plus" provides new opportunities for the development of agriculture and represents a new direction and trend of modern agricultural development. In the initial stage of China's special agricultural products logistics and marketing model, there are still some problems that need to be improved and solved. This paper discusses the current situation and problems of China's agricultural logistics and marketing development, researches on how to promote the transformation and upgrading of agricultural logistics and marketing mode and optimization strategies under the background of "Internet plus", and proposes some targeted development measures to promote China's rural economic development.

Penerapan Asas Kepastian Hukum dalam Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 01/PERMENTAN/KB/120/1/2018 Tentang Pedoman Penetapan Harga Pembelian Tandan Buah Segar Kelapa Sawit Produksi Pekebun

Smallholder oil palm plantations have made a major contribution to the development of the national palm oil industry. However, the policy of developing oil palm plantations continues to be unfavorable to smallholder oil palm farmers, with one example being the right of farmers to earn income and profits as an illustration of guarantees for agricultural product marketing. To realize these farmers' rights, the government established Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 01/PERMENTAN/KB.120/1/2018 concerning Guidelines for Setting the Purchase Price of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches Produced by Farmers in lieu of Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 14/Permentan/OT.140/2/2013 concerning Guidelines for Determining the Purchase Price of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches Produced by Planters, which is considered unable to provide legal certainty because the content material is incomplete and has multiple interpretations. The purpose of writing this law is to analyze the application of the principle of legal certainty in the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture, Number 01/PERMENTAN/KB.120/1/2018, concerning Guidelines for Determining the Purchase Price of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches Produced by Planters. The writing of this law uses a normative-juridical method, namely, by examining and understanding the positivization of the principle of legal certainty in statutory regulations. The application of the principle of legal certainty in the substance of the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 01/PERMENTAN/KB.120/1/2018 concerning Guidelines for Determining the Purchase Price of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches Produced by Planters has fulfilled the principle of legal certainty, namely protection for both smallholders and smallholders with plasma patterns as well as self-help patterns through partnerships with plantation institutions. In the cooperation agreement between the company and the planters, through the planters' institution, the regional government is authorized as a supervisor, and the government has also regulated the minimum elements for the parties in the cooperation agreement. The regulation regarding supervision and sanctions in this regulation has also clearly stipulated time limits for the implementation of obligations, so that it will be easier for the Governor to supervise and provide sanctions in the event of a violation. Keywords: Legal Certainty, Smallholders, Oil Palm Plantations.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЦИФРОВОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ ТА ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ НА РИНКУ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

The article examines the peculiarities of using digital marketing and artificial intelligence in the market of agricultural products. The cost of food products has increased significantly as a result of the destructive factors that have taken place in recent years. This led to a negative impact on the purchasing power of the population in many countries of the world. The influence of globalization and digitalization on the market of agricultural products is studied. The feasibility of developing modern marketing strategies for agricultural companies has been proven, which will allow identifying the target audience and building effective communications in the long term. The need to use digital marketing tools in connection with the reorientation of a significant number of the population to the digital environment is substantiated. For a successful marketing strategy, it is necessary to highlight the special characteristics of agricultural products that make a certain brand distinct for the target audience and encourage them to prefer these products. The peculiarities of artificial intelligence integration into the marketing strategies of agricultural companies in order to achieve optimal results are revealed. The necessity of using large amounts of information in the implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms, which allows to increase the level of conversion, has been established. In today's conditions of active development of artificial intelligence, farmers, agribusinesses and agricultural companies have new opportunities to make effective decisions regarding the promotion of their products, and at the same time they can do this with relatively little expenditure of monetary resources. The main ways of applying artificial intelligence in the digital environment for the implementation of agricultural companies marketing strategies are considered. The implementation of artificial intelligence in chatbots allows to increase the accuracy of answers to user requests and gives the impression of communication with real people. Artificial intelligence provides agricultural companies with the opportunity to analyze the development of relevant markets, predict changes in customer behavior and forecast future demand for products and services of the agro-industrial sector.

Introduction of advanced information technologies in agriculture

The digital transformation of Russian agriculture is considered as one of the most promising areas for the development of domestic and global agricultural sector. The implementation of it will allow to overcome the existing global challenges arising from the growth of population and improvement of the quality of life, including: an increase in food demand (by 60% compared to 2050), increasing anthropogenic pressure on the environment (70% of water consumption and 30% of carbon dioxide emissions currently come from global agriculture), reduction of agricultural land and soil depletion. Also, the digitalization of agricultural enterprises will stabilize the situation in agricultural markets through the production and marketing of agricultural products that meet consumer preferences, formed in the process of development of a model of conscious and environmentally friendly consumption.

Business marketing analysis of agricultural products on online platforms based on big data

In recent years, online platform shopping has gradually become a mainstream shopping method for the public. And with the continuous development of China’s poverty alleviation cause in rural areas, marketing of agricultural products has al-so been added to online marketing, but in the process of development, various unsuitable situations have emerged, and data cannot be combined with products, resulting in the further development of agricultural products in this marketing mode has been restricted. Nowadays has entered the big data era and the market-ing of big data has appeared in many industries. This paper, through a systematic review of domestic and foreign literature, uncovers a basic framework of big data for agricultural products in online platform marketing, explaining the basic defini-tion and characteristics of big data, and elaborating the application. Although there is logistic regression model to truly realize big data in agricultural products online platform. The application of big data in agricultural products online plat-form marketing is explained.

The support and contribution of mobile technologies and applications to agriculture

Agricultural management is based on information, so information about seeds, water and soil moisture, nutrients, plant protection, market of agricultural products, etc., is critical success factor for agriculture. This information must reach the end users or farmers, in order to use the potential for improving agricultural production and business. In this context, information-intensive and precision agriculture techniques based on knowledge and information and communication technologies (ICTs) are essence of contemporary agriculture. Accordingly, farmers could achieve the benefits of the Internet, mobile technologies and other ICTs that provide information services relevant to the management of agricultural production and business. This paper is a contribution to the research of the use of mobile technologies in agriculture with special reference to mobile applications in agriculture and intelligent agricultural system based on mobile and wireless technologies.

Формування компонентів маркетингової інформаційної системи для сільськогосподарської продукції за допомогою методів Big Data

Big data is a source of innovation. Big data helps companies in various fields move towards digital transformation. The purpose of the article is to reveal the possibilities of using big data methods in marketing agricultural products to increase production efficiency, support the agricultural economy, and develop information marketing systems. The research identifies the possibilities of creating intelligent marketing systems based on big data; evaluates the technological challenges associated with collecting, storing and analysing large volumes of data in real-time; studies the localisation of data and the possibilities of their use to support the agricultural sector in the regions. Intelligent marketing creates both great opportunities and challenges for data analysis. Significant challenges include extensive samples and high dimensionality of the data, missing data and noise, and low data reliability. In addition, with the complex internal structure of the information system, the analysis of collected data becomes more time-consuming, requiring innovative data processing methods. At the same time, thanks to the intelligent marketing data processing centre, it is possible to control the regional circulation of agricultural products, their quality and safety, and prices, and react to sudden changes in the market in real-time. The article presents the idea of a big data centre for intelligent marketing of agricultural products. The components of the block of service provision using big data methods were described. The study results indicate that for the further development of the marketing of agricultural products using big data methods, it is crucial to develop the components of the marketing information system, ensure the accuracy and timeliness of marketing information, integrate data from various sources, and also support constant analysis and correction of strategies based on the collected data.

ВОПРОСЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА И ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ В АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОМ СЕКТОРЕ И СФЕРЕ ЭКОЛОГИИ

Rapid technological progress and a wide range of applications of artificial intelligence are rapidly becoming the basis for its widespread use, including in solving problems arising in agriculture. In this regard, various methods of solving the existing problems in agriculture have been proposed. However, of these solutions related to artificial intelligence applications, only a part of them were recognized as the most effective and efficient in terms of accuracy and reliability. This was made possible thanks, among other things, to the introduction of robots for agricultural use in everyday agricultural operations. With the help of artificial intelligence technologies, farmers were able to get more crops by determining crop production estimates, choosing the highestyielding varieties of crops themselves, solved the issues of soil management and nutrient products in it, pest control and plant diseases, weed management, forecasting commodity prices in the future and began to provide information in real time about marketing of agricultural products.

ФОРМУВАННЯ МАРКЕТИНГОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЗБУТУ ПРОДУКЦІЇ АГРАРНОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article examines the essence, functions and components of the marketing system, provides its scientific justification, presents measures that ensure the marketing of agricultural enterprise products. A marketing promotion system is a process of facilitating stakeholders that include suppliers, farmers, market agents, processors, retailers and consumers. It was established that the purpose of an agro-industrial enterprise should correspond to the implementation of a set of marketing functions, the essence of which is as follows: firstly, market orientation, which involves the study of its objects and subjects, i.e. consumers, competitors, information about market conditions and products; secondly, influence on the market through its study and analysis, adaptation to market conditions; thirdly, the organization of the sales system of competitive products, the collection and processing of information; fourthly, orientation towards achieving long-term commercial success, which involves the subordination of short-term interests to the goals of long-term, stable market advantages. Distinctive features of the marketing system of agricultural production are determined by the specifics of markets in the agribusiness system, features of supply and demand, as well as prices for agricultural products. It is the marketing system that allows you to partially or fully solve the problems of promoting agricultural products, to form appropriate strategies that will contribute to increasing the efficiency of the enterprise and give a positive result. Step-by-step formation of the marketing system involves: carrying out analytical diagnostics of the agricultural enterprise and strategic forecasting (forecasting) of its development; development of a marketing complex; ensuring effective organization and effective marketing management. The components of the marketing system are established according to the differences in agricultural products: perishability, seasonal production, communication routes, storage conditions. The authors came to the conclusion that it is the distribution channels that are the key module of the functioning of the product promotion system of agrarian business enterprises, and the wholesale sales channel is separately highlighted.