Marketing Margin Research Articles

Analisis Margin Pemasaran Sayuran Selada Hidroponik di Stekaifarm Kelurahan Wailan Kecamatan Tomohon Utara

This study aims to analyze the marketing margin of Stekaifarm hydroponic lettuce vegetables in Tomohon city, Wailan Village, North Tomohon District.This study uses primary data types and secondary data. Primary data obtained by themselves from observations that have been carried out directly at the research location as well as from interviews with respondents. Meanwhile, secondary data is data sourced from data that has been issued by Stekaifarm Sampling is carried out by interviewing farmers to find out other sample sources (Snowball Sampling). The number of research samples was 1 corn farmer and 3 retailers. The results of the study were analyzed using marketing margin analysis. The results of the study were analyzed using marketing margin analysis. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that there are only 2 levels of Stekaifarm lettuce marketing with 1 zero-level marketing pattern and 3 one-level marketing patterns. From the results of the study, the margin obtained by each institution varies in pattern I marketing level one margin obtained IDR30,000 with a profit margin of IDR19,925, pattern channel II level one IDR25,000 with profit margin IDR16,499 and pattern channel III level one IDR25,000 with profit margin of IDR23,525. The largest margin is found in the channel I pattern while the largest profit margin is in the channel III pattern. There is a difference in profit margin in each institution because the costs incurred are also different from the pattern of the first channel which has the largest marketing costs because the marketing channel is the longest.

Margin Pemasaran Komoditi Kentang Di Kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

The objectives of this study were to map market actors, calculate marketing margins for potato crops, and describe the potato marketing channels in Modoinding Sub-district. The research took place in May 2023 and was conducted in Modoinding District, South Minahasa Regency. Data were collected through primary data by conducting interviews with owners or farmers who cultivate potato crops using a list of questions (questionnaires) that have been prepared. Secondary data were obtained through literature searches from literature, articles, journals, previous research and relevant data and reports from relevant agencies such as the Department of Agriculture, BPS and district, sub-district and village governments to support primary data. Samples were taken from 30 people in 10 villages using simple random sampling and for traders using snowball sampling. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively, and using tables, and described in the form of surveys obtained through direct interaction with research subjects or test subjects using questionnaire techniques. The marketing channels obtained can be described as a whole pattern and level of marketing channels. The results of this study show that the potato marketing margin of each institution in Modoinding sub-district is different between Manado, Bitung, and Kotamobagu channels. Farmer's share received by farmers in the Bitung channel is higher than farmer's share in the Manado and Kotamobagu channels, but farmers still get the same purchase price. Channel (farmer - intermediary - retailer - consumer). Farmers still get the same price and the costs of labor and transportation are borne by buyers, namely collectors and retailers.

Analysis of the Dairy Milk Supply Chain at Sapi Juara Farm, Bogor Regency

Pamijahan District in Bogor Regency, West Java, is known as one of the main sources of milk supply for dairy cows in the region. Dairy cow's milk is a product that has high and stable demand and selling value. Supply Chain Management (SCM) at Sapi Juara Farm in Pamijahan District involves the distribution of dairy cow's milk which includes product flow, information and finance. This study aims to understand the SCM of dairy milk at Sapi Juara Farm, including product flow, information and finance, as well as efficiency as measured through marketing margin and farmer's share. This research uses quantitative descriptive methods with primary data obtained from interviews. The results of the analysis show that there is a flow of dairy milk products, a flow of information from farmers to various actors in the supply chain, and a flow of funds that includes costs and profits from nine distribution channels that influence the performance of the supply chain based on the payment system. From the analysis of the profit share value, it can be seen that the SCM for dairy cow milk in Pamijahan District is running efficiently. It is hoped that SCM in Pamijahan District can be more efficient to avoid losses at each stage or link in the chain and stabilize milk prices in the market, while improving the welfare of farmers, especially at Sapi Juara Farm.

The Study Examines the Marketing Strategies of Goat and Sheep Farming Businesses in CV. Fajar Randu

The livestock sector has a very broad and systematic scope. Within the livestock business, the marketing function plays a crucial role. Marketing is based on the basic marketing code and is designed to emulate or function as part of a marketing system. Goat and sheep farming businesses are in great demand, both for daily needs and for religious celebrations. CV Fajar Randu's goat and sheep farming business is a farm that provides goat and sheep buying and selling, aqiqah, and qurban services.The types of goats and sheep raised here are local kacang goats and sheep, with varying prices offered. This research aims to identify the marketing and financial channels of CV Fajar Randu. The research was carried out in August-April 2023. The methods used in collecting data were interviews, observation, and questionnaires, while determining the research sample used a purposive sampling technique. The research results show that there are two marketing channels that occur, namely level I channels and level II channels and the marketing functions carried out by CV Fajar Randu are the exchange function and the physical supply function. Level I marketing channels have the smallest marketing margin, the largest farmer's share, and the most efficient marketing channel. The SWOT analysis results indicate that CV Fajar Randu is in quadrant I. The research results also show that the environmental conditions of CV Fajar Randu are good. According to the research findings, the CV Fajar Randu farm can employ SO as an alternative strategy. In conclusion Level I marketing channels is the most efficient ones

ANALISIS FINANSIAL DAN RANTAI PEMASARAN CABAI RAWIT DI KECAMATAN SUKAMULIA KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

The aims of this research are to: (1) Analyze the costs, income and feasibility of cayenne pepper cultivation in Sukamulia District, East Lombok Regency. (2) Analyze the marketing chain of cayenne pepper in Sukamulia district, East Lombok Regency; (3) Analyze the actors of cayenne pepper marketing in Sukamulia District, East Lombok Regency; and (4) Analyze the marketing margin of cayenne pepper in Sukamulia District, East Lombok Regency. The method used is a descriptive method, while data collection is carried out through survey techniques. The data were analyzed descriptively. The research results show that: The average production cost of cayenne pepper cultivation in Sukamulia District, East Lombok Regency for the dry season in 2023 is IDR 12,648,055/LLG or IDR 50,592,220/ha, while the income earned is IDR 42,756,945/LLG. or IDR 171,027,778/ha. The cultivation of cayenne pepper in this area is worthy of final development as indicated by the ratio R/C = 4.38 (R/C > 1).(2) There are 3 (three) cayenne pepper marketing chains in Sukamulia District, East Lombok Regency, namely; I: Farmers – Village collector traders (PPD) – Inter-island traders (PAP) – Retailers – Final consumers; II: Farmers – Subdistrict collector merchants (PP Kec.) – Anatar Island merchants (PAP) – Retailers – Final consumers; III: Farmers – Village collector traders (PPD) – Retailers – Final consumers; (3) The marketing functions carried out by each actor in the marketing chain are: (a) farmers sell, store, transport, classify and assume risks; b) village collector traders (PPD) carry out purchasing, sales, transportation, storage, sorting, financing, risk-taking and market information; c) subdistrict collector merchants (PPKc) carry out purchases, sales, transportation, storage, classification, financing, risk assumption and information; and d) inter-island traders (PAP) do the same as PPD and PPKc; and (e) retailers do the same as PPD, PPKc, PAP, except financing; (4). The marketing margin in chain I is 12.07%, higher than the marketing margin in chains II and III, that is, 8.62% and 5.95% respectively. The difference in margin between marketing chains is due to the difference in consumer prices and farmer prices, and not. for marketing costs

CHARACTERISTICS AND PROFITABILITY OF DATE PALM MARKETING IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

This study aimed at analyzing Characteristics and profitability of date palm marketing in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was employed for selecting 50 respondents (15 wholesalers and 35 retailers) for the study. The data for the study were collected using structured questionnaires administered to the respondents. Descriptive statistics, Gross marketing margin, Net marketing margin and return per naira invested were used to analyze specific objectives of the study. The findings revealed that wholesalers (35.6 years) and retailers (26.1 years) involved in date palm marketing were primarily within their economically active age range. The marketers had small household sizes of 5 and 6 persons for wholesalers and retailers respectively, and a significant proportion (About 60%) had no formal education. Personal savings were the main source of initial capital for both wholesalers (53.3%) and retailers (54.3%). Co-traders were the primary source of marketing information (53.3%), and Jan Dabino (34%) emerged as the most popular and marketable date palm variety in the study area. The return on investment for the two ventures was estimated at 1.14 and 1.22 for wholesalers and retailers respectively. It was also found that retailers enjoy a higher net marketing margin and gross margin per bag than wholesalers respectively in the study area. Major constraints affecting date palm marketing in the study were inadequate capital (82%) and poor storage facilities (46%). It is recommended that the industry should be rejuvenated in order to meet the demand for domestic consumption and also the creation of job opportunities; and provision of capital through initiatives such as government subsidies

Marketing Efficiency of Shallot Commodity in Malang Raya

Analyzing the marketing efficiency of shallot commodities is the main objective in this research.The research was located in Malang Raya included Malang City, Batu City, and Malang Regency. The method of taking farming respondents with a simple random sample design was taken based on the parallel formula in 37 people. Selected marketer’s respondent using the snowball sampling method, involving 13 individuals in total. The margin analysis is conducted to analyze the components of marketing costs as well as the share received by each market actors involved in shallot marketing. Profit marketing margin analysis, the ratio of profit was taken over the costs incurred by each marketing institution in the four marketing channels could be said to be generally efficient. The price share that was received by farmers in marketing channel IV is the highest sahre among the other channels. This is a result of farmers selling their shallots to intermediary traders directly. In contrast to marketing channel III, which gives farmers the lowest share. This occurs because of the high selling price difference between retailers and farmers and involves three marketing institutions.

DISTRIBUSI DAN MARGIN PEMASARAN PRODUK OLAHAN OPAK SINGKONG DI KOTA KENDARI

Marketing is a crucial aspect of the agribusiness system. One potential agroindustry in Kendari City is cassava chips processing. Sampling was conducted using the snowball sampling method, identifying, selecting, and sampling respondents totaling 30 individuals, with the majority being cassava chip entrepreneurs who are housewives. These retail traders prefer direct marketing channels to reach more consumers and facilitate easier purchase of cassava chip products without having to buy directly from the production site. For marketing efficiency, results found for marketing channel I were 0.15%, while for channel II it was 7.26%. This approach also benefits retailers who obtain cassava chip products without going through wholesalers. In practice, there will be cost and revenue calculations incurred by both producers and marketing institutions involved, resulting in different outcomes and creating marketing margins. The larger the marketing margin, the less efficient the marketing activities become. This research aims to determine the distribution of marketing, the size of marketing margins, and the proportion of the price received by cassava chip producers (producer's share) from the retail price. The findings of this research are expected to provide benefits and increase income for the marketing institutions involved in promoting cassava chip products in Kendari City.

A Study on Supply Chain Analysis and Marketing Margin of Catfish Seed in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

Aims: This study examined the supply chain and marketing margin of catfish seed in selected areas of the Mymensingh district. The objectives include analyzing supply chain management, marketing margins of catfish seed production, and identifying the challenges in production and marketing systems. Study Design: This study used a quantitative approach with a questionnaire data collection method. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were taken from four upazilas of Mymensingh district- Gouripur, Trishal, Mymensingh Sadar, and Muktagacha. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews between mid-September and mid-October in 2019. Methodology: The sample size was 120 including 30 catfish seed farmers, 30 paikers, 30 wholesalers, and 30 retailers. This study employed supply chain analysis, net return and net marketing margin analysis, and descriptive statistics. Results: The study found that retailers had the highest net marketing margin of 1664 Bangladeshi Taka (Tk.) (15.21 US Dollars) for 10 kg spawn, while paikers earned the highest margin of Tk. 11148 (101.93 US Dollars) for 100,000 pieces of fingerling. The annual net return per acre from spawn production in hatcheries was Tk. 9,469,097 (86580.71 US Dollars), and from fingerling production in nurseries was Tk. 455,783 (4167.45 US Dollars). Conclusion: The research indicated that catfish seed farms with hatcheries were more profitable than those with nurseries. Hatchery owners, nursery owners, and traders faced significant problems in their operations, such as a lack of information on quality seed, higher input prices and price fluctuations, non-availability of various inputs, and poor communication systems. Based on the result, recommendations were made to support the development of catfish seed farms and traders as a promising sector in agribusiness.

An analysis of the market efficiency of the Chinese copper futures based on intertemporal and intermarket arbitrages

This paper studies the market efficiency and relevant issues of the copper futures traded on the Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE) in China. Since its listing, the market, grown unceasingly in scale and internationalization level, has become the largest copper futures trading market in the world (the London Metal Exchange (LME) copper futures market is the second largest). Using the data from 2006 to 2022 as a sample, a period covering the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the internationalization of the Chinese copper futures, this paper analyzes the market efficiency of China’s copper futures based on both intertemporal and intermarket strategies (SHFE Copper Futures and LME Copper Futures, with considering time difference factor). To better reflect the actual situation, this paper, when establishing trading strategy models, not only took into account various actual trading factors such as transaction costs, market impact costs, liquidity costs, margin, and capital costs but also combined daily and high-frequency data to present highly practical arbitrage strategies. According to empirical results, overall, it was not found significant arbitrage opportunities to violate the market efficiency rule. Although some arbitrage opportunities indeed emerged, they were infrequent, especially when transaction costs were considered. Specifically, in terms of the intertemporal strategy, despite that infrequent arbitrage opportunities did appear in the SHFE copper futures market, they failed to bring substantial gains, some of which even caused losses in extreme cases. In terms of the intermarket strategy, there is a cointegration relationship between the logarithmic price of LME copper futures and the logarithmic price of SHFE copper futures. The average annualized rates of return in the results of the in-sample empirical analysis were high, but in the out-of-sample empirical analysis of high frequency and daily data were not found significant arbitrage opportunities. The influence between the LME copper futures market and the SHFE copper futures market was bidirectional.

COCOA MARKETING CHANNEL ANALYSIS IN MARGOLEMBO VILLAGE, MANGKUTANA DISTRICT, EAST LUWU REGENCY

The cocoa marketing problem faced is the lack of information on marketing channels for farmers whereas from the farmer's point of view as producers, information regarding effective and efficient marketing channels is one of the things that can encourage increased cocoa production. The importance of access to marketing information for farmers so that farmers can find out directly the selling price of cocoa from each marketing agency. The purpose of this research is to analyze the size of the margin in each cocoa bean marketing channel that has been formed. The analysis in this study includes channel analysis and marketing functions, marketing margins and efficiency. The results showed that there were 2 marketing channels in Margolembo Village, where channel I: farmers --- wholesalers --- cocoa management companies and channel II: farmers --- collecting traders --- wholesalers --- cocoa management companies. Marketing functions carried out by cocoa bean marketing institutions include exchange functions, physical functions and facility functions. The biggest margin, cost and profit value is in channel II, which is Rp 4,000. Based on the marketing efficiency analysis obtained, the two marketing channels in Margolembo Village are efficient and channel I is the most efficient marketing channel with a value of 4.4% and marketing channel II with an efficiency value of 6.9%. The conclusion of this research is that marketing channel I's marketing margin is Rp 1,000/kg and in marketing channel II is Rp 4,000/kg.

COLLABORATION AMONG FARMER’S AND INTERMEDIARY TRADERS IN MARKETING OF GREENHOUSE HYDROPONIC PRODUCTS IN GREATER MALANG

The emergence of negative effects associated with conventional agriculture encourages a transition from conventional to modern agriculture. Hydroponic farming, which utilizes water as a growing medium, is one form of modern agriculture. This research aimed to find out the management of farming business governance of hydroponic greenhouse products in Greater Malang, which includes commodities marketed, marketing institutions involved, the form of marketing channels that occur, and marketing functions used by analyzing marketing margins and farmer's share and knowing the corporate system between traders of hydroponic greenhouse products in Greater Malang. This study analyzed the data using qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. Moreover, this study utilized ten samples determined by purposive sampling with consideration the aim of this research is clear, namely to find out the marketing of hydroponics greenhouse products in Greater Malang. In addition, the sample for this study was selected using the snowball sampling method, which sampled the marketing channels of the previous ten samples. The results of this study indicate that the management of hydroponic greenhouse vegetables in Greater Malang begins with the most frequently traded product, in this case, lettuce. Participating marketing institutions included farmers, collecting traders, retailers, restaurant consumers, and end consumers. Level 1 marketing channel is the channel with the most consumers. The marketing functions used are the exchange function, the procurement function, and the facilitating function. Level 0 marketing channels have no marketing margin value because the price farmers receive is identical to that of consumers. Marketing channel level 0 for all commodities and marketing channel level 1 for all commodities are deemed efficient for the farmer's share. The cooperative system among hydroponic greenhouse vegetable sellers in Greater Malang is harmonious, contributing to a healthy market atmosphere.

Profitability and marketing system of Binachinabadam-8 in some selected northern char areas of Bangladesh

The present study was undertaken to assess the profitability, marketing system, production and marketing problems of a groundnut variety, Binachinabadam-8 in the river bed areas of Rangpur, Gaibandha and Kurigram districts during 2022–23. The study analyzed the efficiency of different marketing chains by ranking performance indicators using a composite index formula. The average per hectare production cost of Binachinabadam-8 was Tk. 90,470 and the net return was Tk. 68,064. The benefit-cost ratio was estimated at 1.75 and 2.89 on a full cost and variable cost basis. The average estimated marketing cost was highest (Tk. 925/quintal) for Stockist and lowest (Tk. 87/quintal) for Arathdar. Net marketing margin was also highest (Tk. 1787/quintal) for Stockist and lowest (Tk. 115/quintal) for Arathdar. Farmer’s share in consumer prices of Binachinabadam-8 in different marketing chains was the highest in Chain-IV (65.46%) and the lowest was in Chain-I (63.98%). The performance indicators revealed that the Chain-IV was the most efficient of the chains. Farmers reported major problems including lack of irrigation facilities, high seed value, flood incidence, high fertilizer prices, lack of capital, lack of training and insect and pest. The farmers faced significant marketing challenges, including unstable prices, high transportation charges, lack of storage facilities and lack of cash capital. Therefore, the study will help to over undertake appropriate measures to overcome the production and marketing problems and thereby will increase the profitability and production of Binachinabadam-8 in the river bed areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 109-120, 2023

Marketing Channel Analysis, Marketing Margins, and Farmer's Share Cinnamon Commodity in Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province, Indonesia

The cinnamon commodity is quite significant in the economy of Sungai Penuh City, but farmers have not felt its role in improving welfare. The fundamental problems faced by cinnamon farmers in Sungai Penuh City are the weak bargaining position of farmers in the pricing process due to lack of access to price information, the attachment of farmers to collecting traders, and the limited ability of farmers to develop processed cinnamon products allegedly resulting in farmers only getting a small profit from sales. Traders, collectors, and exporters process more to meet domestic and foreign market demand. For this reason, an analysis of the existing condition of marketing margins and farmers' share of cinnamon commodities in Sungai Penuh City is needed. The purpose of this study is to analyze cinnamon marketing margins between farmers, collecting traders and exporters in each marketing channel in Sungai Penuh City, analyze the amount of farmers share obtained by farmers in each cinnamon marketing channel in Sungai Penuh City, and analyze cinnamon marketing functions in the form of physical functions, exchange functions and facility functions between farmers, Collecting traders and exporters in Sungai Penuh City. To answer the study's objectives, the author uses marketing margin analysis methods, profit margin analysis, farmer's share analysis, and marketing function approaches in physical, exchange, and facility functions. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach, and the informants in this study are determined by purposive sampling. The results showed that as many as 60 percent of cinnamon farmers in Sungai Penuh City chose and 40 percent chose the two-actor marketing channel. In contrast, the cinnamon marketing channel involving three marketing actors showed that the marketing system was inefficient. In contrast, the cinnamon marketing channel involving two marketing actors showed that the cinnamon marketing system in Sungai Penuh City was efficient.

Empirical Analysis of African Aubergine (Solanum gilo) – Marketing and Income Disparity among Traders in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

African Aubergine is an indigenous tropical crop cultivated in Nigeria. Agricultural marketing creates incentives that accelerate the promotion of further production and consumption of harvested produce. Therefore, this study analysed African Aubergine marketing and income disparity among traders in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Primary data collected via multistage sampling from ninety-five (95) respondents was analysed using descriptive statistics, marketing margin and efficiency analysis, Ordinary Least Square regression and Gini Coefficient index. The results show that the mean age, years spent in school, household size, trading experience and quantity of bags sold were 37 years, 8 years, 7 people, 9 years and 8 bags per month, respectively. The estimated marketing margin and efficiency index were ₦1,250 and 0.36, respectively. The estimated coefficients of Ordinary Least Square regression (R2) were 0.773. Thus, the variables (marketing experience, cost price, quantity sold and marketing cost) in the regression model accounted for 77% of the variation in the marketing margin of African Aubergine traders in the study area. The estimated Gini Coefficient was 0.59, indicating a moderate level of income disparity (inequality) in the sales income of the respondents. Several marketing constraints were observed in the study area. Therefore, this study recommends improved credit access and market information dissemination, commodity cost subsidisation, storage technology adoption, market infrastructure development and interventions, commodity price control and policy modification that regulates market activities.

PRICE BEHAVIOUR ACROSS PLACE AND TIME: A CASE OF COCOYAM WHOLESALE MARKETING IN THE SOUTHEAST, NIGERIA

Market prices across time and region are one of the key determinants of efficient food marketing system.Against this background, the study seeks to investigate the behaviour of market price in a period and as cocoyam moves from one place to the other. Multistage, purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select 216 respondents for the study. A well structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data for six months (time series data). Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Co-integration analysis. The study revealed that inter market and seasonal prices of cocoyam showed a highest marketing margin (7,500) in Anambra State followed by Enugu State (6,100) and least in Imo State (4300) during the peak period. During the lean period, the highest marketing margin of6,200 was recorded in Anambra State, followed by Imo State (5,150) and least (4200) in Enugu State. The Southeast recorded grand mean marketing margins of 21,499.67 and 19,667 during peak and lean respectively. The result of co-integration analysis revealed that wholesale prices of cocoyam in rural and urban markets of Anambra and Enugu State showed evidence of integration while poor price transmission was observed in the rural and urban markets of Imo State.A breakthrough in this study will gear towards improving price transmission which forms thebedrock for marketing efficiency of cocoyam in the area.

Analisis Pemasaran dan Strategi Pemasaran Kompetitif di UMKM Asmaraloka, Surabaya

The main objective of this journal is to gain an understanding of how Asmaraloka MSMEs utilize marketing channels and margins as well as competitive marketing strategies to develop their business. The research method used is primary and secondary research methods. The results ofthe study show that the marketing channel for coffee products is included in the second level marketing channel which includes producers who refer to coffee farmers, suppliers and consumers. Asmaraloka is one of the marketing agencies that acts as a supplier that distributes coffee products from producers to consumers and is a marketing agency that has the largest margin share, amounting to IDR 718,000.00. Asmaraloka's marketing strategy is to build close relationships with large communities in the Surabaya area to expand their market share.

Analisis Daya Saing, Mutu dan Pemasaran Kopi di Desa Karang Lantang Kecamatan Muara Jaya Kabupaten Oku

The competitiveness of coffee makes coffee quality the main requirement in marketing coffee products. This research aims to analyze the competitiveness, quality and marketing of coffee in Karang Lantang Village, Muara Jaya District, OKU Regency. The research method used is a survey method and data collection using simple random sampling. The number of respondents used in this research was 30 samples. Analysis of coffee competitiveness data uses Police Analysis Matrix (PAM) calculations, quality analysis uses perception questionnaires so that the results are in percentage form, and for marketing it is analyzed using marketing margins. The results of this research are that coffee farmers in Karang Lantang Village, Muara Jaya District, OKU Regency have private profits of Rp. 48,378,333 and social benefits of Rp. 39,518,333. Coffee farmers in Karang Lantang Village, Muara Jaya District, OKU Regency have strong competitiveness because they have comparative advantages and competitive advantages with a DRC value of 0.023 and competitive advantages with a PCR value of 0.021. The results of the quality of coffee in Karang Lantang village, Muara Jaya District, OKU Regency, are the picking process, sorting processing, packaging and warehousing with a number of frequently carried out as many as 342.86 percent and very often carried out as much as 57.14 percent. Coffee farmers in Karang Lantang Village, Muara Jaya District, OKU Regency have haphazard marketing of coffee sales by selling to collectors. Coffee marketing in Karang Lantang Village shows results of around 3.03%. The convenience of a cash economy and no special treatment for the coffee being sold are the main reasons why farmers sell coffee to collectors.

Marketing Margin and Value of Farmer's Share on Rendang Product In Payakumbuh City

Rendang products can provide a considerable contribution to each marketing institution involved. The study aims to analyze the value of and marketing margin and farmer's share for producers of the beef-based rendang industry in Payakumbuh City. The research was conducted in 2022 in the central area of the rendang industry in West Sumatra, namely Payakumbuh City. The study involved twelve rendang industries that produce rendang using beef. Data were analyzed using the marketing margin and farmer's share (Fs) formulas to determine the value received by each marketing margin and the share received by rendang producers. The result showed that the average value of marketing margin based on the number of rendang variants produced (one variant, two variants, and three variants) showed that three rendang variants produced were able to provide the highest marketing margin value of 75.21%, compared to marketing margin of two rendang variants (72.85%), and one rendang variant (59.18%). Meanwhile, marketing margins based on the type of rendang variants produced are rendang sliced (74.41%), rendang suir (75.26%), and rendang tumbuak (73.48%) with Fs value by sequentially are 13.76%, 14.28%, and 13.58%.

The market efficiency analysis of China’s copper options based on risk-free arbitrages

ABSTRACT This paper probes into the market efficiency and relevant issues of copper options, the first industrial options product launched in China and currently the only non-ferrous metals option. Since its listing on 21 September 2018, the copper options market, developing on the fast track, has become the largest copper options market in the world, and thus it is of important meaning to study its market efficiency. Taking the data of China’s copper options market from its debut to 30 April 2022 as a sample, this paper studies the efficiency of this market using three typical risk-free arbitrages such as put-call-future parity arbitrage, box spread arbitrage, and boundary arbitrage strategies. To better reflect the actual situation, this paper, when establishing options arbitrage strategy models, not only took into account various actual trading factors such as transaction costs, market impact costs, liquidity costs, margin, and capital opportunity costs but also combined daily and high-frequency data to present highly practical arbitrage strategies. According to empirical results, there are few arbitrage opportunities with a very low proportion when actual trading factors were considered. Overall, no evidence was found to prove that China’s copper options market significantly violates the market efficiency rule.