Market Work Research Articles

Can Pollution Markets Work in Developing Countries? Experimental Evidence from India

Abstract Market-based environmental regulations are seldom used in low-income countries, where pollution is highest but state capacity is often low. We collaborated with the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) to design and experimentally evaluate the world’s first particulate matter emissions market, which covered industrial plants in a large Indian city. There are three main findings. First, the market functioned well. Treatment plants, randomly assigned to the emissions market, traded permits to become significant net sellers or buyers. After trading, treatment plants held enough permits to cover their emissions 99% of the time, compared to just 66% compliance with standards under the command-and-control status quo. Second, treatment plants reduced pollution emissions, relative to control plants, by 20% to 30%. Third, the market reduced abatement costs by an estimated 11%, holding constant emissions. This cost-savings estimate is based on plant-specific marginal cost curves that we estimate from the universe of bids to buy and sell permits in the market. The combination of pollution reductions and low costs imply that the emissions market has mortality benefits that exceed its costs by at least twenty-five times.

The Gift of Time, How Do I Want to Spend It? Exploring Preferences for Time Allocation Among Women with and without a Breast Cancer Diagnosis.

Women's preferences for time allocation reveal how they would like to prioritise market work, family life, and other competing activities. Whilst preferences may not always directly translate to behaviour, they are an important determinant of intention to act. We present the first study to apply a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to investigate time allocation preferences among women diagnosed with breast cancer and women without a cancer diagnosis. Time attributes were paid work, household work, caregiving, passive leisure and physical leisure. An income attribute was included to estimate the monetary value of time. The study took place in the UK and the DCE was completed by 191 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 347 women without a cancer diagnosis. Responses were analysed using a mixed logit model. Women diagnosed with breast cancer have stronger positive preferences for daily activities compared to women without a cancer diagnosis. They require less compensation (not significant) for an additional hour of paid work (£5.58), household work (£7.92), and caregiving (£8.53). They are willing to pay more for an additional hour of passive leisure (£1.70, not significant) and physical leisure (£13.66, significant). The heterogeneous preferences for time allocation among women have policy implications and are significant for welfare analysis.

Cooking and Crafting in a Digital Economy: The Effects of Online Commodification on Leisure Activities

Growing numbers of people are commodifying their leisure activities on the internet. This article’s mixed-method study of French food bloggers and Etsy handicrafters focuses on the overflow of digital market work into amateurs’ domestic lives. Building on the sociology of ‘serious leisure’, the study examines the novelty of such social phenomena. We show that traditional serious leisure activities have already revealed comparable forms of overflow and similar motives for consent to such spillover effects. However, the study also brings to light three specific effects of online commodification on leisure activities: the new forms of extra work in which amateurs are involved, the transformation of the leisure activity, and the shortening of amateurs’ careers.

Business-to-Investor Marketing: The Interplay of Costly and Costless Signals

Marketing to investors—especially when seeking funding for startups—is unique, with investors facing extreme uncertainty. This study uses foundational work in marketing, economics, management, finance, and psychology, as well as theories-in-use development with angel and venture capital investors, to build a business-to-investor marketing theory. The theory proposes that investors rely on marketing signals from startups, whether they are costly (financial, social, human, and intellectual resource endowments) or costless (verbal passion and concreteness). Results of a large quantitative field study of 5,334 written proposals from startups show that costly and costless signals have interactive effects on investor acceptance. The natural entrepreneurial tendency to compensate for a lack of costly signals with the use of passionate language backfires, reducing investor acceptance. Only when costly signals are communicated does a greater use of passion increase investor acceptance. Further, written proposals should be moderately concrete when they lack costly signals and should be formulated abstractly when plenty of costly signals can be offered. These contingencies provide insights into costly–costless signal interdependence in business-to-investor marketing and suggest how startups can optimize their written proposals for investor acceptance.

ANALISIS TENAGA KERJA PENJUAL MELALUI PEMBAGIAN AREA KERJA PEMASARAN PADA PT. LANGGENG JAYA PLASTINDO

The important role of the plastic recycling industry which continues to grow requires an optimal marketing strategy so that it remains in demand by customers and is not less competitive with other similar companies. In an effort to increase sales efficiency and effectiveness, division of work areas was implemented and the company realized the need for an in-depth analysis of its sales workforce. The aim of this research was to determine the impact of division of marketing work areas on the workforce. This research approach uses descriptive qualitative research with the research object being PT employees. Langgeng Jaya Plastindo. The results of this research show that dividing marketing work areas is one of the main strategies for maximizing the potential of each sales team member to be more focused on achieving the set targets. The cause of the problem here is that there is no clear structure regarding the division of marketing areas, so that some areas have the potential to be unreachable or neglected. This is also caused by the unequal distribution of work areas and workforce.

Integrating ICT for Enhanced Maize Market Access: A Business Model for Storage and e-Marketing in Char Land

Aims: This paper puts forth the idea of MaizeConnect—a business model centred on information and communication technology (ICT) to improve a lot of rural maize farmers in Bangladesh when it comes to accessing markets. Methodology: The research was conducted in the char areas of Jamalpur District, where the Making Markets Work for the Chars (M4C) project is being implemented. The research undertakes a mixed-methods approach of desk reviews, stakeholder consultations, and SWOT analysis to understand the model's viability and impact. A situation analysis was conducted in the selected research sites to understand the current marketing practices, identify gaps, and determine the specific needs of marginal farmers. Results: An innovative e-marketing model has been developed for ensuring better access to smallholders in Bangladesh. This model not only seeks to give farmers direct access to buyers but also aims to tackle the problem of postharvest maize losses. The rural farmers are mostly poor, producing maize on a small scale. They don't have much power to negotiate, which makes their situation look pretty grim. MaizeConnect focuses on transforming the maize sector by providing easy-to-use technology, with three main benefits: price stabilization, market connectivity, and payment system inclusion. The model relies on collaboration between government, NGOs, and the private sector, with continuous support essential for sustained impact. Conclusion: There is a unique opportunity to transform the rural agricultural landscape in Bangladesh through ICT integration in the maize value chain—specifically in improving market access and storage solutions. The MaizeConnect model can overcome key challenges including post-harvest losses, market inefficiencies, and the integration of smallholder farmers into a more profitable value chain.

Analysis of migration to Turkey through macroeconomic indicators: Evidence from the period 2004-2024

This study investigates the effects of migration to Turkey between 2004 and 2024 on macroeconomic indicators such as growth, unemployment, and inflation. Turkey, which has experienced significant migration waves throughout history due to its geopolitical location, has hosted millions of migrants, especially since the Syrian civil war began in 2011. The data used in this research were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), the World Bank, the Presidency of Migration Management, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The findings of the analysis show that there is a bidirectional causality between migration and economic growth and that there is a bidirectional effect based on low wages and informal work in the employment market. The research findings also show that migrant labor suppresses wages and increases unemployment, and the informal economy expands, thus limiting growth in the long term. Although the inflation effect has increased demand pressure through migrants' basic needs, it is understood that this situation is mainly due to market imbalances. The research findings also found that migration significantly impacts Turkey's macroeconomic indicators.

How to fund unemployment insurance with informality and false claims: Evidence from Senegal

This paper studies the welfare effects from the provision of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits in a context where formal workers represent only a small proportion of the labor market and informal workers can submit fraudulent claims for UI benefits. We model these features and allow for varying degrees of enforcement and different funding sources. We then estimate the model’s key parameters by conducting a custom labor force survey in Senegal. Our findings show that the liquidity gains are large and the moral hazard response to the UI benefits among workers is relatively small: an extra dollar of UI benefits yields a consumption-equivalent gain of 60–90 cents, which exceeds comparable estimates from U.S. calibrations by a factor of three to sixteen. We then show that the welfare gains depend on the program design: UI funded through payroll taxes delivers the greatest welfare gains but becomes infeasible when there are few formal workers and high rates of fraudulent claims. On the other hand, UI funded through consumption taxes delivers lower welfare gains but remains feasible with high informality and false claims.

A Comprehensive Review of Evolving Brand Image Strategies: From Universal Appeal to Targeted Resonance in Modern Marketing

In today’s fierce market competition, brand image building has become the object of attention of major corporations, more and more enterprises take brand image building as the key work of marketing, such as Amazon, and Disney. Therefore being fully aware of the model and internal mechanism of brand image sharping in enhancing brand market competitiveness, it can provide an effective reference for enterprises to improve the efficiency of brand image building. This paper is devoted to reviewing the history route of brand image building, and summarizing the typical cases, then summarize the business strategies of several different brands. Finally, we summarize the effective business strategy for brand image building, the first is high-quality products, good quality and cheap products always can attract more customers; the second is precise brand positioning, targeting customers to gain competitive advantages; the third is high-quality corporate culture, good cultural atmosphere can enrich the connotation of enterprises and the external competitiveness, to stand out from the homogenized products; the forth is great ethical image, enterprises though attend public welfare activities and other ways to create a positive brand image, then enhance customer’s loyalty.

Women’s Economic Participation, Time Use, and Access to Childcare in Urban Bangladesh

This study documents the labor market outcomes and time-use patterns of women in urban Bangladesh. Using survey data collected in 2018 in low-income neighborhoods of Dhaka, the paper finds that women with children aged 0–5 years have lower likelihood of labor market participation, lower likelihood of being employed, and lower likelihood of being an earner, compared to women with no children and women with children aged 6 years or older. While all mothers of young children face a labor market penalty, those who have young children but have no access to childcare support face the largest penalty. Time-use patterns indicate that mothers of young children generally spend less time on market work and more time on unpaid work, compared to those without children or with older children. When mothers have access to childcare support, they tend to spend more time on market work than those without childcare support, yet still devote the same amount of time to unpaid work as mothers without childcare support. They are also equally likely to perform childcare as a secondary activity, which could impact both their productivity and the quality of care they provide.

Interactions among gender norms: Evidence from US couples

AbstractA considerable body of work has shown that motherhood is accompanied by a reduction in labor market participation and hours of market work, while more recent findings indicate that women who earn more than their husbands tend to subsequently take actions that reduce their market income. Both patterns of behavior have been interpreted as women trying to conform to child‐rearing norms and to the prescription that the husband should be the main breadwinner. In this paper, we use panel data for US couples to re‐examine women's behavior when they become mothers and when they are the main breadwinner. We start by asking whether the arrival of a child affects women who are the main breadwinner and those who are not in the same way, and then turn to how mothers and childless women react when they are the main breadwinner. Our results are consistent with the breadwinner norm only affecting mothers, suggesting that the salience of gender norms may depend on the household's context, notably on whether or not children are present. Concerning the arrival of a child, we find that although the labor supply of women who earn more than their husbands initially responds to motherhood less than that of secondary earners, the two groups converge after 10 years. Moreover, women in the former category exhibit a disproportionately large increase in the share of housework they perform after becoming mothers. The latter results suggest that the presence of children pushes women to seek to compensate breaking a norm by adhering to another one.

Home production and time use in an epidemic

AbstractThis paper examines the role of home production in gender‐based responses of time use to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We develop a tractable model featuring time allocation choices and susceptible‐infected‐susceptible epidemiological dynamics. The model economy has two steady states, and an outbreak can trigger a transition from a disease‐free steady state to an epidemic steady state, accompanied by a shift in economic activity toward the home. Our parameterized model well reproduces pandemic‐driven variations in time allocation in the US. This stems largely from the combination of three key features of home production: the high substitutability between market goods and home goods, the asymmetric immunity of home production to the epidemic and the comparative advantage of women in household work. Our decomposition analysis finds that elevated home production accounts for a sizable share of changes in market work and its gender gap during the pandemic. Remote work limits fluctuations in time use but worsens gender inequality in market work.

Chinese Accounting Standards Convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards

As the global economy becomes more integrated, Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) are gradually moving towards convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). So far, CAS and IFRS do still have a number of variations including content, format and setup mechanisms. This paper analyzes three main differences in the content between CAS and IFRS regarding the financial instrument, biological asset, and lease measurement. These differences may cause problems for international practitioners and investors. In addition, the paper discusses the influences of the global convergence of CAS and the challenges faced by the technology industry, listed companies, and government. It is recommended that China need to consider the domestic economic situation and policies when adopting IFRS, and properly adjust the content of the standard accordingly, so as to better meet the domestic needs and development prospects. And industries should balance convergence and market challenges and work together to shape a practical and comprehensive China accounting system to enable China to develop globally further.

“Leave me out of it and raise my salary”: Invisible work in the labor market and the gender wage gap

While the literature shows that “invisible work” – work that is neither defined nor recognized as labor – persists in the workplace, its relation to labor market outcomes, especially wages, remains relatively underexplored. This study examines the connection between invisible work and wages through a gendered perspective. Utilizing mixed-methods sequential analysis, we conducted 12 group interviews with employed women and men in Israel, uncovering four types of invisible work: physical care work, emotion labor, administrative work, and teamwork. Subsequently, we surveyed a representative sample of the Israeli labor force (n = 964). Regression analyses revealed significant relations between three types of invisible work and wages: doing physical care work correlated negatively with wages for all, while performing emotion labor and administrative work rewarded men more than women. Insights from the interviews elucidated gendered mechanisms linking wages to each invisible work type. The study emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive measures to address labor market inequality.

Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing: A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Research Directions

Digital marketing has changed the way companies do business due to the widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI). AI has changed the way businesses talk to their customers by making it easier to create personalised content. Due to the industry’s growing research and development, it can be hard to keep up with the latest trends and technologies. A detailed literature review on AI in digital marketing looks at the research that has been done in this area. Additionally, the study stresses how important it is to investigate the moral effects of using AI in marketing. The focus of the study is on how AI affects privacy, fairness and accountability. The study says that marketers should focus on encouraging openness and giving users control over how AI technology is used. The study suggests that more research be done on how AI affects job loss and the job market. Bibliometric analysis for the last 10 years is done using the global research database. This research makes the case for doing research that uses ideas from different fields, such as marketing, computer science and social science. Researchers and industry practitioners who are interested in how AI and digital marketing work together can learn from this study.

Part-Time Paradox: The Rise of Female Part-Time Employment and Its Impacts on Germany's Labor Market

Despite an employment rate of 76.6% for women in Germany, significant issues persist with regard to the labour market situation of women in the country. These include the prevalence of part-time work, the under-representation of women in senior management positions and the existence of pay gaps. This article employs data from the German Statistical Office spanning the period from 2000 to 2022 to examine the growth in part-time employment among women and its ramifications. The paper demonstrates that part-time work is a prevalent phenomenon in female-dominated sectors such as health and education. This is driven by a combination of economic conditions, the necessity to reconcile work and family life, and legal regulations. This situation consequently results in women facing lower remuneration and constrained career prospects. The necessity to balance work and family responsibilities represents a significant challenge for women, impeding their career development and negatively impacting their job performance and workplace commitment. These dynamics serve to perpetuate gender inequalities in the labour market, thereby preventing women from realising their full potential at work. This article makes a significant contribution to the existing literature on the relationship between part-time work and gender inequalities in the German labour market by providing a detailed analysis of this complex relationship. The article offers valuable insights into the potential of legal regulations, such as the Temporary Part-Time Work Act enacted in 2019, to alleviate the adverse effects of part-time work on women. The research is distinctive in its comprehensive examination of the socio-economic dynamics of part-time work, its legal framework, and its impact on gender equality, based on an extensive data analysis conducted over an extended period. By offering a detailed and nuanced understanding of these issues, the study draws attention to the ongoing challenges women face in the labour market and suggests potential policy interventions to promote gender equality. This article emphasises the necessity for targeted measures to facilitate women's career progression and offset the adverse consequences of part-time employment, thereby contributing to a more equitable labour market.

Значение социальных сетей для маркетинга в современных условиях

The use of social networks used in marketing is considered. The ways of marketing development in social networks are presented. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that commercial organizations are constantly looking for effective ways to interact with customers to increase their profits through meeting their needs. Promotion of products and services in social networks is one of the main ways to achieve this goal in modern conditions. The results of research in the field of preferences of Kazakhstanis in choosing social networks, the number of social network users among residents of Kazakhstan, the time spent in social networks by residents of Kazakhstan are presented. As a result of the study, specific steps are recommended for the work of marketing in social networks.

Requirements for the modern urban environment: the case of Munich’s Viktualienmarkt food market

ABSTRACT This study considers and analyzes the challenges spurred by the COVID-19 spread in an urban environment under the example of Munich’s Viktualienmarkt food market operation. Its ultimate goal is to propose a comprehensive social distancing model for the German population in terms of food and economic activities under pandemic and post-pandemic conditions. As a result, the paper presented two dedicated models developed under current COVID-related safety measures. The first model was designed for food markets and involved the placement of a distancing grid with portable benches. The second model was designed for public eating facilities and involved the usage of isolated dining booths. The predicted effectiveness of the work of the food market and neighbouring eating facilities under the suggested solutions was investigated using the surveys addressed to the visitors of the studied area. The surveying process reaffirmed the necessity for advancing the development of innovative architectural concepts.

«ГДЕ ЗАПИСЫВАЮТ В КОШАЧЬИ ИМПЕРАТОРЫ?»: ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ОБРАЗОВ ЖИВОТНЫХ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ БРЕНДИРОВАНИИ МУЗЕЕВ И ДОСУГОВЫХ ПРОСТРАНСТВ

The article describes the ways the image of cats is used to make museums attractive to visitors. The author has studied how this practice is applied in such museums as the Hermitage Museum, house museum of Anna Akhmatova on the Fontanka River, the State Museum of Vyborg Castle, and archaeological reserve «Tauric Chersonese». Moreover, some social networking pages on Vkontakte and «Classmates» have been analysed, including those of the cat Bridgelet, the cats from Chersonese, and the cat Philimon from Vyborg Castle. The article proves that the images of the cats from these and other museums have become popular means to attract prospective visitors. The following examples of conducting such a marketing work can prove it: social networking pages run in the name of cats, various contests and events connected with cats. The author has come to the conclusion that the usage of feline images is brought about by multifaceted transformations in society. In particular, nowadays museums and libraries function not merely as places to store data and historically valuable artefacts, but also as leisure facilities. In addition, the attitude to domestic animals plays a huge role here, as now they are kept at home for pleasure, rather than for work. We can’t but mention the changes in the system of social values: domestic asceticism has been replaced by a convenient and cosy way of life, thus popularizing the images of animals that are associated with it.

Market power and wages: evidence from Brazil

PurposeThe paper examines the impact of market power on wages within the context of a developing country, focusing on Brazil.Design/methodology/approachWith access to matched employer–employee data from Brazil, we first characterized the evolution of the local labor market concentration (Municipality Herfindahl–Hirschman Index [HHI]). Then, we built a fixed-effect model with instrumental variables to verify the association between the local labor market concentration and wages. Finally, a difference-in-difference (DiD) was implemented to verify whether a merger transaction impacted the workers’ earnings in the Brazilian banking sector.FindingsThe paper’s findings suggest that there may be a negative relationship between market power and workers’ earnings.Originality/valueThis research conducted an in-depth investigation of the labor market power in a developing country. As far as we know, our work is the first to evaluate the extension of local concentration in Brazilian formal labor markets and to illustrate its evolution over the last decades. Additionally, when going through the effects of market concentration on wages, we use a new identification strategy that explores changes in the HHI that are caused by national trends in an industry as a source of exogenous variation. Finally, the last part of the paper assesses the effects of antitrust policy on the labor market, a kind of investigation that is still scarce.