Market Vendors Research Articles

O MERCADO MUNICIPAL DE ARAGUAÍNA/TO COMO PROPULSOR DE ALIMENTOS DO CERRADO

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a importância do Mercado Municipal de Araguaína/TO como propulsor de alimentos do cerrado, gerando segurança alimentar e nutricional aos feirantes e aos consumidores, visto que acontece primeiramente o autoconsumo e posteriormente a comercialização, garantindo renda e sustento às famílias. O delineamento utilizado foi o estudo de caso. Foram aplicados questionários semiestruturados junto aos feirantes do Mercado Municipal, no período de setembro à novembro de 2019, além de levantamento de material bibliográfico e registro fotográfico. Os resultados mostram que houveram diversos conflitos entre feirantes e comerciantes para posterior implementação pelo poder público do Mercado Municipal de Araguaína, o que aconteceu em 1978, garantindo assim, inclusão social e renda, fortalecimento da cadeia produtiva dos frutos do cerrado, além da promoção da segurança alimentar entre feirantes e consumidores locais. Porém, esses alimentos estão ameaçados com o avanço da soja e pecuária sobre o bioma cerrado, comprometendo a diversidade de produtos ofertados pelos feirantes do Mercado Municipal em Araguaína.
 Palavras-chave: Espaço público. Mercado municipal. Araguaína.
 
 THE MUNICIPAL MARKET OF ARAGUAÍNA/TO AS A FOOD DRIVER IN THE CERRADO 
 ABSTRACT
 This study aimed to understand the importance of the Municipal Market of Araguaína/TO as a propellant of food in the cerrado, generating food and nutritional security for marketers and consumers, since self-consumption and then commercialization take place, guaranteeing income and sustenance for the families. The design used was the case study. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to market vendors in the Municipal Market, from September to November 2019, in addition to a survey of bibliographic material and photographic record. The results show that there were several conflicts between marketers and traders for subsequent implementation by the public authorities of the Araguaína Municipal Market, which happened in 1978, thus guaranteeing social inclusion and income, strengthening the productive chain of cerrado fruits, in addition to promoting food security between marketers and local consumers. However, these foods are threatened by the advance of soy and livestock over the cerrado biome, compromising the diversity of products offered by market vendors in the Municipal Market in Araguaína.
 Keywords: Public place. Municipal market. Araguaína. 
 
 EL MERCADO MUNICIPAL DE ARAGUAÍNA/TO COMO CONDUCTOR DE ALIMENTOS EN EL CERRADO 
 RESUMEN
 Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender la importancia del Mercado Municipal de Araguaína/TO como propulsor de alimentos en el cerrado, generando seguridad alimentaria y nutricional para comercializadores y consumidores, ya que se produce el autoconsumo y luego la comercialización, garantizando ingresos y sustento para las familias de la familia. El diseño utilizado fue el estudio de caso. Se aplicaron cuestionarios semiestructurados a vendedores de mercado en el Mercado Municipal, de septiembre a noviembre de 2019, además de una encuesta de material bibliográfico y registro fotográfico. Los resultados muestran que hubo varios conflictos entre comercializadores y comerciantes para la posterior implementación por parte de las autoridades públicas del Mercado Municipal de Araguaína, que ocurrió en 1978, garantizando así la inclusión social y los ingresos, fortaleciendo la cadena productiva de frutos cerrados, además de promover seguridad alimentaria entre comercializadores y consumidores locales. Sin embargo, estos alimentos están amenazados por el avance de la soya y el ganado sobre el bioma cerrado, lo que compromete la diversidad de productos ofrecidos por los vendedores en el Mercado Municipal de Araguaína.
 Palabras-clave: Espacio público. Mercado municipal. Araguaína.

Prevalence and Antibiogram Profiling of Rotten Fruits from Different Areas of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Fruits are highly nutritious, sources of vitamins, minerals, fibers etc. and these are part of our daily diet. However, during cultivation, harvesting, transportation, handling fruits get contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms which leads to severe problems to community. Owning to this point, in current research, bacteriological analysis was performed on Sofeda, Pineapple, Grape, Banana, Apple, Orange, Guava, papaya, Jujube and Starfruit. Total 50 samples were randomly collected from market and street vendors of Dhaka city. Higher numbers of rotten fruits were present in wholesale markets. 35 strains were isolated which included Salmonella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylocoous aureus and E. coli. They were identified using biochemical test and antibiogram for selective isolates. In case of drug resistance of isolates, majority exhibited resistance against Erythromycin, Vancomycin and Amoxycillin and showing sensitivity against Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone. It was observed in the current study that 100% isolates were resistant against Erythromycin, followed by Amoxycillin 90.63% and vancomycin 86.25%, where only 35.27% isolates were resistant against Ciprofloxacin. In case of sensitivity 64.73% isolates were sensitive against Ciprofloxacin followed by Ceftriaxone 66.25%.

Markets at sacred sites: the globalized mobility and informality of the Armenian religious fairs

ABSTRACTAlong with other globalizing forces such as migration and proselytism, religious markets have played a key role in the transformation of religious practices in Armenia. This article focuses on the intersection of mobility and markets through mobile fairs, which are temporarily organized at shrines on pilgrimage days. Market vendors tend to travel from shrine to shrine across Armenia throughout the year, each following his or her own trajectory. In this article I examine how such markets are organized, how and by whom they are run and controlled, how small-scale mono-confessional markets become part of transnational globalization processes, and how the marketplace is embedded in the pilgrimage ritual, changing and modernizing its traditional meanings and structure.

Madan Sara dir. by Etant Dupain

Reviewed by: Madan Sara dir. by Etant Dupain Ella Turenne Madan Sara. Documentary film directed by Etant Dupain. Konbit Productions, 2020. 50 minutes. As the music of rasin group RAM opens the film with rhythmic drums and a chorus of voices singing, we are brought into the world of madan sara. Alongside the opening credits is a breathtaking visual compilation of women in the Haitian marketplace. Here, as masters of their domain, they represent the potomitan of the nation's economy. The documentary Madan Sara is a portrait of resilience and an act of resistance. Resilience in the face of neoliberalism and climate change. Resilience in the face of violence and a failing government. The director, Etant Dupain, takes care to present a holistic picture of the women who labor as madan sara day in and day out in Haiti. The everyday is made up of constant acts of resistance countering the negative stereotypes about the country. Dupain intentionally centers Black women's voices by elevating the narratives of two individual women as his key interlocutors: Clotilde Achille and Monique Metellus. They serve as storytellers, griots, and political analysts, illuminating an array of issues facing the nation. Dupain's cinematic approach is worth noting. Interviews with Achille and Metellus are woven alongside perspectives from a few experts, scenes from the markets, and other Haitian voices. Achille's and Metellus's personal narratives and insights depict what it is to be madan sara, and to live in Haiti, facing the challenges and triumphs imposed by both contexts. In this film, challenges and triumphs are equally important, especially in building a narrative that stands in opposition to the many negative representations of Haiti and its people. Dupain opens the film with a reading by Edwidge Danticat, who also appears several times throughout the documentary. She recites a quotation from her first book, Breath, Eyes, Memory, in Kreyòl: There is a place where women live near trees that, blowing in the wind, sound like music. . . . These women, they are fluttering lanterns on the hills, the fireflies in the night. . . . There is always a place where women like cardinal birds return to look at their own faces in stagnant bodies of water. . . . Where women return to their children as butterflies. . . . My mother was as brave as stars at dawn.1 Her soothing voice foregrounds the film's feminist perspective. Danticat's initial questions set the tone: "You start to wonder: Do we even see these [End Page 161] people? Did they become visible to us?" The entire film is a response. While the work of madan sara is commonplace in Haiti and they are a critical element of the nation's economy, their situation is tenuous at best. Caroline Shenaz Hossein describes madan sara as "intermediaries who buy and collect goods, usually foodstuff, from farmers, and then sell the merchandise to détaillants (wholesalers) or ti machann (market vendors) or to large supermarkets."2 She describes how working in the marketplace is a viable way to make a living and support their families. Most madan sara learn the profession from their mothers, grandmothers, or other elders in the community. Such generational transference is confirmed by Achille, who summarizes her life story early in the film, sharing with the audience that she learned the profession at a young age after her parents tried to send her to school. Once she left school, she began selling vegetables in the market. She proudly states that she has supported five children just from being a madan sara. She then chronicles her day (which begins at 3 a.m. and continues into the night). The film reveals the intricate network of arteries that are trading, bartering, acquisition, and vending, a network that is required to maintain such a self-sustaining ecosystem. When one stands back and multiplies these actions by thousands of madan sara, it is clear why these women are the backbone of the economy. Camille Chalmers, an economist featured in the film, does an excellent job of historicizing their work: placing the evolution of madan sara temporally within a colonial context, Chalmers describes how an abundance of crop production by enslaved Africans led to capitalist impulses...

Factors Affecting Consumer Satisfaction to Online Shopping

Most companies are expanding their network through an online platform. Under various scenarios (e.g. pandemic situations), market vendors should be versatile and adaptable to different types of distribution channels. This paper described the factors affecting consumer satisfaction to online shopping such as reliability and responsiveness, assurance and empathy, and tangibility. This paper determined the significant difference between the sex of respondents and the factors affecting consumer satisfaction to online shopping. This paper used a descriptive method, a total of 487 online consumers (219 Male and 268 Female) within Cabanatuan City were involved in this study using adopted questionnaire with adopted likert-scale responses. Based on the gathered data, the researchers drew four conclusions. First, the respondents have a strong degree of confidence in their respective website/application for online shopping. Hence, it is recommended that owners of online shopping website/application should work on improving their order cancelation and returns. Second, the respondents trusted online shopping websites/applications because of their marketing tactics, such as word of mouth, to boost their credibility. Hence, it is highly suggested that the owners of online shopping website/application should track the problems involving product delivery. Third, respondents have been literate in using and searching online shopping websites/applications. Hence, it is recommended that the owners of the online shopping website/application continuously improve their system to keep their consumers satisfied. Finally, the null hypothesis is retained. It implies that sex does not affect the consumer satisfaction to online shopping factors. Thus, it is suggested to look for other variables that may affect consumer satisfaction.

Community engagement in COVID-19 prevention: experiences from Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania

Prevention of exposure to the COVID-19 virus in the general population is an essential strategy to slow community transmission. This paper shares the experiences and challenges of community engagement in COVID-19 prevention in the Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania implemented by our team from the Institute of Public Health (IPH), Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo) in collaboration with the COVID-19 response team in the Moshi Municipality. We conducted an education session with the COVID-19 response team and together brainstormed transmission hotspots and which interventions would be most feasible in their settings. The first hotspot identified was crowded local market spaces. Suggested interventions included targeted and mass public health education through the engagement of market opinion leaders, public announcements, and radio shows. We conducted participatory rural appraisal techniques to enable market vendors and clients to visualize two-meter distances and provided a prototype hand-washing facility that was foot operated. We found mass public health educational campaigns essential to inform and update the public about COVID-19 pandemic and to address rumors and misinformation, which hampers compliance with public health interventions. Coordinated efforts among stakeholders in the country are necessary to develop context-specific prevention and case management strategies following the national and international guidelines. Local ownership of recommended interventions is necessary to ensure compliance.

Resíduos de peixe do Mercado de Ferro, Complexo do Ver-o-Peso, Belém, Pará

O Complexo do Ver-o-Peso localiza-se na cidade de Belém, Pará, considerado a maior feira livre da América Latina, nele está incluso o Mercado de Ferro, responsável por comercialização de pescados, realizando filetagem e outros tipos de cortes que geram resíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento da geração e destinação dos resíduos de peixes gerados no Mercado de Ferro cidade de Belém, Pará. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos anos de 2015 e 2018, com informações referentes aos resíduos de peixes por meio de formulários aos vendedores do interior do mercado; além de separação e pesagens dos resíduos de peixe em tipo 1 a pele; tipo 2 a carcaça e tipo 3, outros, que engloba nadadeiras, escamas, brânquias, e grude. No ano de 2018 obteve-se 1.845,65 kg de resíduos de peixes em um único dia, sedo a carcaça de peixe, a categoria de resíduo mais recorrente. As demais categorias apresentaram-se baixas e não foram encontrados intestinos, pois os peixes costumam ser eviscerados ainda na embarcação. A maioria dos comerciantes produzem 50 kg ou mais de resíduos diariamente por boxe, sendo a maior parte desses resíduos com destino ao aterro sanitário. A maioria dos comerciantes apresentaram conhecimentos referentes ao uso de resíduos de peixes para a produção de adubo, ração e para a alimentação humana. No Mercado de Ferro do Complexo do Ver-o-Peso, os resíduos mais frequentes são a carcaça, e a quantificação desses resíduos atinge um total superior a uma tonelada e meia por dia.

Food Safety and the Adoption of Traceability: Evidence from a Wholesale Market Field Survey in China

Food safety is a global problem with a large impact on human health and a high level of priority for governments. Supply chain traceability is key to enable food safety, since it allows problems to be traced to their source. Moreover, it allows regulatory agencies to understand where risk enters into the supply chain, and offers a major disincentive for upstream agricultural businesses engaging in economically motivated adulteration. Despite its importance, there has been little empirical research on what factors are associated with the adoption of traceability. This paper focuses on the aquatic supply chain in China, and seeks to understand the adoption of supply chain traceability empirically, through the most extensive field survey ever conducted at Chinese wholesale markets. The survey includes 76 managers and 753 vendors, covering all aquatic wholesale markets in Zhejiang and Hunan provinces. The results suggest that adoption of traceability among aquatic wholesale market vendors is significantly associated with inspection intensity, their individual history of food safety problems, and their risk awareness (specifically exposure to quality and safety issues as measured by their involvement in aquatic products associations and social media groups). In addition, a theoretical model of vendor behavior is proposed to explain these observations. The goal is that this paper will offer insights into the current state of traceability in China, as well as hypotheses for how the adoption of traceability can be improved.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to self-medication with antimicrobials in Lilongwe, Malawi.

The use of antimicrobials is associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and self-medication increases the risk of the inappropriate use of antimicrobials. This study aims to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding self-medication with antimicrobials among residents in Lilongwe, Malawi. This study has a cross-sectional, mixed-methods design. We conducted two focus group discussions (n=15) to describe community attitudes towards self-medication with antimicrobials and used a structured questionnaire to collect data on individual KAP regarding self-medication from 105 respondents. Self-medication was common, and the sources of these medicines were market vendors, pharmacies, drugs shared with friends and family and those leftover from previous treatments. The lack of medical supplies, long distances to health facilities, poor attitudes of medical professionals towards patients, and past experience with the disease and treatment are the main factors that influence self-medication. KAP respondents had little knowledge of antimicrobials, their use, or any awareness of AMR. Seventy-four per cent (n=78) were unable to differentiate antimicrobials from other categories of medicines, and 92.4% wrongly responded that antimicrobials could be used to stop a fever. Concerning attitudes towards self-medication, over 54% wrongly believe that antimicrobials are effective in treating common colds. In regard to practice, 53% reported that they would use antimicrobials to treat upper respiratory infections, and 41% agreed that they must complete antibiotic therapy even if they are improving. Logistic regression analysis found that stocking antimicrobials at home for future use significantly promotes self-medication whereas an awareness of AMR would reduce self-medication. Self-medication is a public health risk that needs to be addressed urgently. Findings from this study point to the need for multifaceted interventions.

How Do You Solve a Problem Like Saint Orsola?: Urban Space and Neighborhood Renewal in Florence's Historic Center

Drawing upon results of fieldwork conducted from 2005 to 2018 in Florence, Italy, the article discusses renovation of a medieval convent and other urban renewal activities in the city center. It examines how the projects intersect with broader concerns regarding identity, change, and workways in the San Lorenzo neighborhood. San Lorenzo has deep associations with trade, including outdoor vending. Hundreds of men and women work in its homonymous open-air market. Notwithstanding vending's historical prominence, questions have arisen regarding whether the outdoor market today is an environment congruent with local values and traditions. Some “requalification” proposals call for drastic reductions in vendors' numbers, their transfer to a repurposed convent, or new restrictions. Others presuppose the right of market vendors to remain in place. To address this disjuncture and its implications, the article compares the mission statements and activities of two non-profit associations. The first is composed largely of residents and shop owners, the second of long-time Florentine street vendors. Findings reveal that tourism figures importantly but differently in their experiences and that urban renewal has created opportunities to exercise new forms of social control over micro-business operators who depend on tourism.

Spatial determinants of urban wet market vendor profit in Nanjing, China

Wet markets play an important role in urban food security in many Asian countries. Although the American Planning Association (APA) proposed in 2007 that food planning should focus on the business status and potential of food retailing, existing research pays more attention to the food accessibility of urban residents and limited research has been conducted on the profit of wet market vendors and factors determining its spatial variations. Therefore, a three-agent analytical framework for determinants of urban wet market vendor profit was developed. Based on the survey data of 1,119 small food enterprises in Nanjing, this study employs the spatial analytical method Geodetector to explore the spatial differentiation of the vendor's profits and its determinants. The study shows obvious spatial differentiation in the profits of wet market vendors across the city and draws several conclusions. Profitability is mainly related to the demographic features of vendors, their business expenses, and payment schemes. It is also related to broader socioeconomic factors at the district level, including local GDP, average income, urban infrastructure, and number of residential neighborhoods. The characteristics of vendors and their businesses have a more significant relationship with business profit than district socio-economic factors. There is also a strong mutual enhancement effect among these factors. Almost all identified determinants of profitability are stronger in peri-urban than urban areas. Therefore, there is greater potential for increasing peri-urban vendors' profits by changing these variables.

Constructing freshness: the vitality of wet markets in urban China

Wet markets, a ‘traditional’ form of food retail, have maintained their popularity in urban China despite the rapid expansion of ‘modern’ supermarket chains. Their continued popularity rests in the freshness of their food. Chinese consumers regard freshness as the most important aspect of food they buy, but what constitutes ‘freshness’ in produce is not simply a given. Freshness is actively produced by a range of actors including wholesalers, vendors as well as consumers. The paper examines what fresh food means to consumers in the Chinese market. It argues that wet markets create a sense of freshness that resonates with this culinary culture through their sensoria, atmosphere, and trust between food vendors and consumers. Together these respond to desires for and reproduce criteria used to evaluate freshness. Within a fragmented food trade system, wet market vendors have an advantage in offering ‘freshness’ through their ability to connect various wholesalers, agencies, and middlemen, and shorten supply chains. The paper is based on participatory observation, a consumer survey and in-depth interviews of various stakeholders in southern China, especially Sanya in Hainan and Guangzhou in Guangdong. This study suggests that this cultural construction of freshness creates a niche for small-scale players and ‘traditional’ markets in an increasingly concentrated global food system.

Religion and HIV Risk Among Male Market Vendors in Kazakhstan.

This study examines associations between religion and sexual HIV risk among 1342 male migrant and non-migrant market vendors in Kazakhstan. In the multivariate analysis, religious influence was associated with a lower likelihood of having multiple partners. Regular attendance was associated with a lower likelihood of having anal sex with a male partner, but with increased likelihood of having multiple partners. Spending time socially with friends at a mosque or church was associated with lower risk of anal sex with a male partner and lower risk of unprotected sex.

Campaigning for the rights of women workers in South Africa: Michelle Hatch speaks to Pat Horn

abstractPat Horn is the founding International Coordinator and current Senior Advisor at StreetNet, an International Alliance of Street Vendors. Her career has centered on organising disempowered individuals into unions and alliances where collectively they have a more powerful voice. As a student activist, adult literacy advocate and trade unionist in the 1970s and 1980s she fought for the rights of South Africans discriminated against under the apartheid regime. During her time in the trade unions she actively worked towards female economic empowerment and became increasingly aware of the plight of the vast number of women working in the informal economy. By forging links with SEWA (the Self-Employed Women’s Association) in India, she established the first trade union for self-employed women (SEWU) in South Africa in 1993. Her association with SEWA lead to her becoming the first International Coordinator for StreetNet, an international alliance formed to improve the lives of street vendors, market vendors and hawkers (the majority of whom are women), around the world. She is in conversation with Michelle Hatch, an academic economist and single mother, whose doctoral thesis explored how motherhood and childcare responsibilities affect the socioeconomic and subjective well-being of women in South Africa.

Observational assessment of food safety behaviours at farmers’ markets in Ontario, Canada: A cross-sectional study

Farmers' markets are increasingly popular food venues in Canada. However, they have unique food safety challenges due to their operational characteristics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food safety behaviours of farmers' market vendors in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada, to identify possible food safety risks and areas for future education and training. The food safety behaviours of vendors selling time-temperature control for safety (TCS) foods were observed throughout 2018 at 60 markets. Observations were conducted discretely and recorded on a standardized form via a smartphone. Data were descriptively analysed, and two selected outcomes were evaluated in multivariable logistic regression models. Prepared foods (50%) were the most commonly sold type of TCS food product among all observed vendors (n = 454). While general cleanliness and sanitation was very high, 27% of vendors did not provide cross-contamination protection methods for at least some of their TCS foods. Similarly, 66% and 48% of vendors who sold foods requiring cold and hot holding (n = 410 and 162, respectively) did not provide temperature control for at least some of their foods. Cold-holding temperature control was more commonly observed among vendors selling raw meat, poultry, and fish, and less commonly observed among those selling ready-to-eat meats; fresh-cut leafy green vegetables, tomatoes, and melons; and cheese and dairy products. A mean of 4.55 (SD = 2.62) behaviours requiring handwashing was observed per vendor across 1356 customer transactions, but only 2.9% of vendors attempted handwashing. Most vendors handled food with their bare hands on at least one occasion (79%); this behaviour was more commonly observed at weekend markets and among vendors engaged in multiple roles, and less commonly observed among vendors selling prepared foods. The study results have identified targeted areas for future food safety education and training with farmers’ markets vendors in Ontario.

Survey of Quality Attributes of Beef from Farmers Market Vendors

Farmers Market steaks (n = 39 ribeyes, n = 39 top loins, and n = 38 top sirloins) were procured to establish a baseline for palatability characteristics and to compare consumer acceptance of retail steaks (n = 20 ribeyes, n = 20 top loins, and n = 20 top sirloins) to beef sold in niche markets. Palatability was evaluated using Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBS) and consumer sensory panels. No differences (P>0.05) were identified among Farmers Market steaks for WBS values nor between cuts for sensory panel ratings for Farmers Market or retail products. Overall liking and tenderness liking sensory panel ratings were lower (P=0.0493 and P=0.0058, respectively) for steaks from Farmers Markets when compared to retail. Farmers Market ribeyes and top loins were thicker (P=0.0107) than top sirloins. These results will help niche producers understand how their products compare to beef from traditional supermarkets and allow them to identify areas for improvement.

Detecting Promotion Attacks in the App Market Using Neural Networks

App markets play an important role in distributing various apps to mobile users. The app market vendors provide reputation systems to assist users in finding useful and reputable apps by ranking them. Unfortunately, there are signs that an app's ranking can be easily manipulated, which causes unfair competition for those highly ranked ones. Here we propose a novel approach based on deep learning to detect such malicious ranking manipulations. The proposed neural network has a novel architecture that is able to incorporate a variety of features designed from the publicly available application information in the app market. We have conducted extensive experiments as well as individual case analysis and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

Morality and the Concept of the Market Seller among Gehamo

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the negative moral evaluations of people who buy and resell fresh food by Gahuku and Gehamo people in and around Goroka, the capital of Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. During my fieldwork from 2010 to 2015, vendors in the Goroka fresh food market argued that the value of fresh food should be based on the work that people did to produce it rather than on price competition, or on supply and demand. An examination of market vendors’ practice of ‘giving extra’ to customers, and the responses of vendors who resold food to negative moral evaluations of their activities, led me to an examination of the morality of production in relation to land, ancestors, and social relations; the morality of the marketplace; as well as ideas about what makes someone a good social person. Drawing on Erik Schwimmer's (1979) discussion of the concept of work in Melanesian societies, I argue that vendors in the Goroka market continue to emphasize use value and their own identification with the food that they are selling rather than the exchange value of alienated produce. While marketplaces are the apparent locus par excellence of capitalist economic activity, a consideration of the morality of Goroka market vendors leads to the caution that just because one sees something that looks like a marketplace in which people are engaging in commodity transactions does not necessarily mean that it is a marketplace in which people are engaging in commodity transactions. Similarly, just because something looks like a price does not necessarily mean that it is a price. Those considerations, in turn, lead to a re‐examination of Kenneth Read's (1955) characterization of morality and personhood among Gahuku in light of contemporary market exchange.

Shame and Care: Masculinities in the Goroka Marketplace

ABSTRACTFor those women living in villages within accessible range of Goroka town, it is the norm to sell fresh produce in the Goroka market. Fresh produce trading, or maket in Tok Pisin, is common for women throughout the country. To see men selling food in the Goroka market is significantly less common, and those who do, usually sell foods brought from outside of Goroka. The gender divisions that exist in and around the marketplace today in Goroka are maintained through discourses of emotions and practice, specifically the notion of sem (Tok Pisin: shame, embarrassment). As part of a 12‐month ethnographic research project on gender relations in and around the Goroka market, I spoke with market vendors, amongst others living in and around Goroka, about why men do not market. I also interviewed some of the few men who do sell fresh produce in the market. Based on these men's explanations and those of others with whom I spoke, I suggest that these sellers exhibit aspects of masculinity that are caring for their families, putting shame second, and justifying this by their aspirations to transform their and their loved ones’ lives through education and business. These men demonstrate an emergent form of masculinity that both includes and contests aspects of hegemonic masculinity in the Highlands. Whilst selling fresh produce in the marketplace is deemed embarrassing and shameful for the majority of men, those who sell regardless justify doing so by pointing to the importance of providing for their families and loved ones.

Debt Traps? Market Vendors and Moneylender Debt in India and the Philippines

A debt trap occurs when someone takes on a high-interest-rate loan and is barely able to pay back the interest, and thus perpetually finds themselves in debt (often by refinancing). Studying such practices is important for understanding financial decision-making of households in dire circumstances, and also for setting appropriate consumer protection policies. We conduct a simple experiment in three sites in which we paid off high-interest moneylender debt of individuals. Most borrowers returned to debt within six weeks. One to two years after intervention, treatment individuals were borrowing at the same rate as control households. (JEL D14, D18, D91)