Market Relations Research Articles

TRANSITION FROM SOCIALISM TO A MARKET ECONOMY: ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

The main geopolitical and regional phenomenon of the early 90s of the 20th century and the first two decades of the 21st century was the transition from the socialist system (socialism) to free market relations. The transition from socialism to free market relations (capitalism) in about 30 countries of the world was carried out in conditions of greater uncertainty, as a result of which several countries made this transition quite quickly and with small socio-economic costs, and some countries went through a rather difficult path, paying for it high economic and social cost. In these countries, the situation in the labor market was especially difficult, which was accompanied by a high degree of social vulnerability and poverty of the population. The article examines the experience of the Republic of Armenia in the transition from socialist to free market relations, the authors compare the growth rates of the two most important macroeconomic indicators of the long socialist period with the corresponding macroeconomic indicators of the period of independence of the republic.

Development and Democracy: Society, State, and Market in the Development Process

This article tries to analyze the relationship between development and democracy from the vantage point of prior well-informed and substantive participation of stakeholders in development processes. It focuses on the processes of prior well-informed and substantive participation of stakeholders that are followed (or not followed) in the land development projects. Land development projects focus on accumulating stakeholders’ odd- or irregular-sized non-serviced parcels of land, and re-arrange them in smaller plots with road, drainage, open space, and other necessary infrastructure facilities. The issue of ‘development and democracy’ has been assessed from the dimensions of society, state, and market relations. Moreover, how the market is capitalizing on the situation created by the inadequate national policy as well as the ineffective roles of development agents have also been assessed.

The concept of legal actions and their place in the system of legal facts

The development of the market relations in Ukraine had caused radical changes in socio­economic life, which led to the introduction of new categories in business turnover. The main foundations of the legal solution of these issues have been reflected in the Civil code of Ukraine, which, however, is currently in the stage of permanent renewal. The practice of law enforcement confirms that, in connection with the significant renewal of the system of private legislation, there is an objective need for theoretical analysis and scientific generalization of the existing realities. In the context of the above, it is worth emphasizing the great importance that the legal actions play at the present time, in connection with which it is advisable to also take into account their place in the system of legal facts.
 A legal action is an action of a person aimed at acquiring, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations. They are divided into unilateral, bilateral and multilateral. A unilateral legal action is the deed of one party, which may be represented by one or more persons. A bilateral or multilateral legal action is an agreed deed of two or more parties. The general provisions on obligations and contracts shall apply to legal relations arising from unilateral legal actions, if this does not contradict the acts of civil legislation or the essence of the unilateral legal acton. At the same time, in judicial practice, sometimes there are difficulties associated with the qualification of certain deeds as legal actions.
 Legal actions, of course, will continue to be one of the most common grounds for the emergence, change and termination of civil legal relations, and the correct definition of the legal nature of a person's deeds as a legal action is extremely important for the correct resolution of disputes between participants in civil transactions, compliance with the principles of legality, reasonableness, good faith and justice. In the conditions of the development of economic processes and modern technologies, the methods of performing legal actions, the requirements for their form, will be improved, and therefore it seems important in the future to update the approaches to the methods of protecting the rights and interests of their participants.

Exploring the imprint of the institutional context on the urban network in China: Comparative analyses between corporate‐based networks with different ownership structures

AbstractWhile the link between the urban network and institutional context has been well established, there has been less work on the effect of shifting political economy on the mechanism of its intercity flows. In this paper, the investment dataset of Chinese publicly listed firms is used to construct corporate‐based urban networks with different ownership structures. Two straightforward but effective comparative analyses are conducted. The first distinguishes between networks formed by state‐controlled and nonstate‐controlled firms, and the second distinguishes between subnetworks formed by central‐ and local‐state power. By surveying the distinctions from the perspectives of state–market relations and central‐local government relations, we argue that the urban network in China is shaped by the varied forms in which the central government, local governments, and the private sector interact. To gain a more proper knowledge of the geographical patterns, this research recommends further field research into enterprise‐based linkages of multiple ownership.

Evaluation of reliability indicators of shock absorbers struts of M1 category cars in conditions of violation of established market relations between end users of spare parts and suppliers

Introduction. Over the past two years, there has been a violation of established market relations between end users of spare parts and suppliers. This led, on the one hand, to a significant increase in the cost of automotive components, and, on the other, to a reorientation of the market to new alternative manufacturers and suppliers. The main purpose of the work was a statistical assessment of the reliability indicators of the most expensive suspension element – the McPherson suspension strut, in the conditions of replacing the original struts with analogues available on the market.Methods. The study of the operational reliability of systems, components and assemblies of M1 cars was conducted in a dealership during 2022-2023. The study mainly involved cars with a sedan body and a McPherson front suspension. At the same time, the reason for contacting the service, the mileage of the car, as well as the types of work performed were recorded in each work order. The experimental data were processed using MSExcel and MatLab software from MathWorks.Resultsand conclusions. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the appeals on the suspension of the car are almost twice as high as other appeals. The most expensive elements – the front shock struts, account for up to a third of all suspension failures. To assess the reliability indicators of alternative racks, the failure distribution law (normal), the probability of failure and uptime are determined, and the parameters of the distribution law are determined: mathematical expectation, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. It was found that the resource of the rear shock absorbers is at least 30% more, and there are significantly fewer calls at the service station. Thus, the operation of a car with racks from alternative manufacturers is quite reasonable, despite the fact that the resource of racks from alternative manufacturers is usually lower than that of the original brands.

Структурная нота в российском и зарубежном праве: проблемы и перспективы развития законодательства и теории

The securities market and modern settlements are unthinkable without transactions with derivative financial instruments and settlements based on the difference in prices for underlying assets. The effectiveness of legal regulation is determined by the adequacy of the legal instruments to developing market relations, the interests and needs of its participants. Both Russian and foreign legislation leave many pressing issues without detailed regulation. One of the controversial issues is the legal regime of a structured note in relation to the legislation on objects of civil rights and securities. The authors of the article focused on the analysis of the legal nature of the structured note in order to correctly qualify the legal relations arising in connection with its use in circulation.

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DECLINING FISHERIES IN PAKISTAN

The entry of fishing vessels to the coastal waters of Pakistan stands out extra vividly in relation to the ascending number of declining catches of fish in the country. Unlike other reports, which depend only on media, this study which is qualitative employs local stakeholder insights to bring up this issue in its full context in the Pakistani coastal artisanal fisheries sector. Developing it further brings out the complexity of the study and deconstructs the simplistic narratives, showing the multifaceted difficulties the area is going through. The analysis finds that the interaction of poverty and the degradation of resources is complex in its complexity and dynamic nature of the poverty–credit market relationship. This issue could not only resolve the existing inefficiencies in credit and product markets but also pave the way for more effective interactions between the banks and the public. Besides, fishery degradation is not only a single factor of poverty that necessitates comprehensive actions to improve the overall capability of the communities and to treat the root causes.

О некоторых аспектах применения статьи 428 ГК РФ для регулирования договорных отношений

The article analyzes some problems of using accession agreements (Article 428 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) to regulate relations in the field of entrepreneurship and the features of its application in protecting the interests of business entities. The conclusion is substantiated that in the current realities of market relations, the most effective way to protect the rights of the weak side of a civil law contract is the use of legal mechanisms of competition law, based on Article 10 of the Federal Law No. 135-FZ dated July 26, 2006 “On Protection of Competition”.

Exploring the importance of building strong customer relationships

The object of the research is the role of creating customer satisfaction in retaining them and establishing long-term relationships with customers. Establishing market relations is accompanied by many challenges. Among them is increasing the competitiveness of companies to gain more success in the market. Without it, local business development is impossible. In this case, companies are greatly helped by realizing the role and importance of relationship marketing and using its approaches in practical activities. This has become one of the most relevant topics. Marketing is important for organizations to continue operating in business. Earnings are necessary to ensure the processes of production of goods. In the company, it is mainly marketing that is of decisive importance in generating revenues. It is important to know the key determinants that influence customer acquisition and subsequent retention. The work aimed to find out and determine the importance and role of creating customer satisfaction in retaining them and establishing long-term relationships with customers. Various indicators are used to determine this. There are different views and opinions regarding the named issues. Secondary data from the websites of various organizations and companies are used in this study. Taking into account the results of this work, companies will be able to make a critical analysis of their work with customers in the market, identify their weaknesses in this regard, and then take real steps to improve the situation. The paper discusses some approaches to the calculation of customer satisfaction indices, some different views and approaches expressed in this direction. A clear picture of the current situation in Georgia in the mentioned direction is created based on various reliable information sources. It is found that companies use only accumulation of points systems. In this article, the author discusses the conceptual aspects of relationship marketing, the opinions of various scientists and specialists are analyzed in this direction. The article presents a number of conclusions and recommendations of the author in the direction of increasing the effectiveness of the use of relationship marketing.

Державне регулювання регіонального розвитку

The authors examine the issues of public regulation of regional development in this article. The reasons for regulation are mentioned – a balanced distribution of resources, economic development, the need for local fiscal and investment policies, as well as the regulation of trade and market relations. Measures of public regulation are being considered. Among them, for example, investment in infrastructure to stimulate a region’s development, as well as specialization. Such measures of state regulation contribute to ensuring social justice. For example, creating economic zones or zones of priority development in underdeveloped regions will attract investment and create jobs. That will reduce the level of inequality between different regions of the country. The conclusion is as follows: the regulation of state development is important for the growth of the region’s economic development and correcting the imbalance in development between regions.

Social assistance or agency? Attachment Styles Moderate the Impact of Control Threat on Social Relationship Preferences

Building upon Gasiorowska and Zaleskiewicz's (2021, 2023), we explored how a control threat and attachment style influence social relationship preferences. This experiment aimed to investigate how experiencing a control threat affects individuals with secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment patterns when they can choose between seeking assistance from the market, asking a close person for help, or coping with the situation alone. Participants with different attachment styles were randomly assigned to either the lack of control condition ( n = 290) or the having control condition ( n = 277). Individuals with an anxious attachment were more inclined to choose the market-exchange option and less likely to select the agentic and communal options when faced with a control threat. Meanwhile, those with an avoidant attachment exhibited a higher tendency to choose the agentic option, while their preference for noncontingent help decreased after exposure to the control threat. Surprisingly, secure attachment individuals showed an increased preference for noncontingent help and decreased preferences for market exchange and self-reliance when exposed to the control threat compared to when they had control. These findings suggest that participation in market relationships may meet vital psychological needs and serve as a safeguard against attachment insecurities.

The influence of monetary policy on capital market in Georgia

Monetary policy tools and financial markets are closely interrelated. The bond between monetary policy changes and capital market fluctuations is more visible in more developed countries. Sometimes, the connection between central banks’ interest rates and private sector securities. such as corporate bonds and shares, can be considered weak. In the frame of this article, we analysed monetary policy and capital market relations in the Republic of Georgia to have an idea how different segments of capital market react to changes of National Bank of Georgia.

On debt obligations as market relations: the entanglement of debtors in market organization

ABSTRACT Over the past decade, debt-based solutions have been implemented as part of austerity policies to distribute public goods by the use of market forces, resulting in an increase in public and private indebtedness. This paper considers the terms of such solutions by developing the conceptual lens of market studies to rethink ‘debt’ and ‘the market’ as analytical categories that often reproduce the conditions of their conceptual boundaries. In so doing, it demonstrates how paying attention to particularities reveals the normative, economic and political circumstances that determine debt-based solutions. These do not simply sit peripheral to the market, but come to define debt obligations as part of market relations. In this respect, the paper takes an approach that accounts for obligation as an entanglement of debtors in market relations. The study builds on Michel Callon’s rendition of ‘problematization’ to explore the implementation of the 2010 higher education fee loan regime in England, a result of austerity governance. A novel application of ‘markets for collective concern’ and ‘accountability devices’ is thus used to argue that understanding the ways debt-based solutions entangle market participants in the obligation to repay that reproduces the conditions of the intervention’s conceptual boundaries, requires a market studies approach.

Family farming and markets: a brief discussion of the respective concepts

With the problem of food insecurity, distribution and inadequate use of natural resources, we increasingly need to think about sustainable forms of production that reach people equally. Family farming has an important role to play in solving this problem, because unlike the purely mercantile mode of production, family farming has a production logic that is closer to sustainability. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to review the main works that discuss the diversification of family farming based on market relations. To do this, we carried out a bibliographical survey that brought together concepts of family farming, markets and the circular economy. We came to the conclusion that there is a diversity of characteristics present in family farming and the cultural values or identities of the producers is what really characterizes them as family producers.

Дифузія інновацій в е-торгівлі

In terms of market relations, the effectiveness of marketing systems is a decisive factor in the competitiveness of the enterprise. In today’s world, enterprises cannot exist without the introduction of innovative processes into production or to existing goods or services. The application of innovations in marketing, which increases profitability by 10%, is extremely relevant today, so there is an urgent need to study the spread of innovations in e-trade, taking into account marketing management. The aim of the article is to determine the impact of marketing management on the spread of inno­vations in e-trade. The research was conducted using methods of theoretical generalization and grouping; formalization and synthesis; principles of scientific content analysis. In order to assess the significance of the influence of the components of the marketing complex on the spread of innovations in e-trade, for the reliability of the research results and the justified choice of strategies, the model of F. Bass was chosen, which is characterized by the universality of application and the classification of e-consumers into social groups: innovators, early followers, early majority, late majority and outsiders. Price and promotion (advertising) are found to affect the size of the e-trade market, taking into account the elasticity of demand and the growth dynamics of the e-trade market size. Innovations ensure the further development of successful business and maintaining competitive positions on the market, therefore demand forecasting is a priority area. Marketing mix management affects all key elements of the Bass model, including innovativeness and imitation rates, total e-trade market size, and diffusion rates. It was found that the price is the dominant factor in the diffusion of innovations, and the effect of advertising is cumulative during the life cycle of the innovative product, which positively affects both the size of the market and the speed of diffusion of innovations.

Economic principles of small and medium-sized enterprise development in Ukraine in times of war

The article examines the definition of the concepts of "small and medium-sized enterprises," the essence, significance, reasons for the economic downturn, and the insignificant improvement in the indicators of economic development of these entities in the country. Attention is drawn to the fact that these economic entities are important components of the country's economic potential in market relations. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of business development in the conditions of a pandemic and wartime in Ukraine. The method of distinguishing small and medium-sized enterprises among micro and large enterprises in the economic system of Ukraine is investigated. A comparative analysis of the indicators of economic activity of active small and medium-sized enterprises in recent years is conducted. Some perennial problems of the economic development of SMEs are outlined, and new main challenges and problems of SME development associated with Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine are identified. Some positive shifts in the economic activities of small and medium-sized enterprises during the war in Ukraine and prospects for the post-war period are revealed. The authors formulate proposals for stabilizing and gradually increasing the potential of enterprises and the development of SMEs in the economy of the country, which is at war with the russian aggressor on the territory of Ukraine.

COVID and structural cartelisation: market-state-society ties and the political economy of Pharma

ABSTRACT The big profits and influence of pharmaceutical firms that again rose to prominence during the COVID pandemic illustrate far more than just the global reach and market power of Big Pharma. Here we instead explain the power of these firms as a consequence of structural cartelisation that is networked and nested across hybrid state and market relations. Global inequalities in access to COVID vaccines exposed the inequity outcomes of the cartelisation of the pharmaceutical sector in dramatic new ways. To come to critical terms with this cartelisation, we describe how it is comprised of three kinds of nested and networked layers of structural collusion: namely, (i) firm-firm collusion, (ii) firm-state collusion; and (iii) firm-state-philanthropy collusion. By suggesting that these kinds of collusional relations are nested, overlapping and deeply networked, we explain how they have come to work together structurally. And, in doing so, we argue, they serve to capture value from biomedical innovation in ways that limit global access to medicines while simultaneously entrenching the dominance of high-income countries, lead firms and the interests of investors.

Деятельность таможенной службы России по пресечению и профилактике таможенных преступлений: текущее состояние и пути совершенствования

National security, the development of national economy sectors and the effectiveness of international foreign trade relations of the Russian Federation (RF) largely depends on the quality of functioning of the institutional system of customs authorities. The Customs Service of the Russian Federation performs a number of functions: fiscal, regulatory, control, law enforcement, etc. Today, due to the development of global market relations and the expansion of Russia's international economic ties, the risk of customs offenses related to non-payment of customs duties and taxes to the state budget of the Russian Federation, crossing the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union of goods restricted and (or) prohibited for import (export), etc. increases. In the article, the authors present the main provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in terms of customs crimes, analyze the statistics of criminal offenses in the field of customs affairs and consider tools for detection and further suppression and prevention.

THE STRENGTHENING OF FAMILY FARMING THROUGH COOPERATIVISM

This study focuses on family farming, with the cooperative model as a strengthening factor for this agricultural approach. The problem lies in the lack of information that educates small-scale farmers for planned production, enabling them to market their products within existing programs and integrating family farming into this specific issue. To foster the production and profits of small-scale farmers, cooperatives act as mechanisms to encourage production, distribution, and marketing of their products. They also play a role in development, implementing innovative mechanisms for quality production and offering training courses that motivate this class to adopt existing public policies for this issue. The research assumes that public policies for family rural producers are insufficient yet necessary, as the deficiency affects the entire production chain. The deductive method is employed, exploring legal texts, legislation, and existing government plans. Through the development of a horizontal research approach encompassing cooperatives in the sector, it is possible to identify gaps that can be addressed to positively impact the market relationship of family producers.

When connecting ventures to international markets falls short: examining the root mechanisms of perceived inefficacy in market-driven poverty alleviation efforts

PropósitoEl objetivo de nosso estudo é integrar as percepções de três atores: os organismos internacionais, os empreendimentos em comunidades pobres e as próprias comunidades pobres, com o objetivo de mudar a discussão sobre a redução da pobreza para as percepções dos diferentes atores envolvidos nas relações de mercado, particularmente as das comunidades pobres. A redução da pobreza é um compromisso chave das nações unidas, e atualmente abordagens de mercado são promovidas como um meio para reduzir a pobreza, especialmente entre os organismos internacionais. Uma estratégia consiste em conectar empreendimentos em comunidades pobres com mercados internacionais. No entanto, pesquisas anteriores mostram que essas abordagens de mercado têm sucesso variado em algumas ocasiões e em outras não.MetodologiaRealizamos um estudo de casos comparativo de três empreendimentos em comunidades pobres urbanas e rurais que recebem apoio de um organismo internacional. Em seguida, analisamos nossos dados para determinar quais mecanismos levaram a discrepâncias nas percepções de cada ator envolvido em relação à redução da pobreza.ResultadosNosso estudo identifica três mecanismos que explicam as discrepâncias nas percepções dos atores envolvidos em relação às abordagens de mercado para a redução da pobreza: ‘desvinculação dos mercados da pobreza’, onde o apoio aos empreendimentos pode paradoxalmente separá-los das comunidades pobres; ‘estresse de sobrecarga’ que captura situações em que os empreendimentos não podem cumprir sua função de redução da pobreza por meio de suas atividades no mercado devido à expectativa de fazê-lo, mesmo que implicitamente, sobrecarregando o empreendimento; e ‘divergência de valores’ que mostra que os atores envolvidos frequentemente avaliam de maneira diferente o impacto das abordagens de mercado na pobreza.OriginalidadePropomos que um aspecto-chave da redução efetiva da pobreza por meio de abordagens de mercado que façam contribuições substanciais e a longo prazo é monitorar as relações e a eficácia percebida entre todos os atores envolvidos nessas abordagens, incluindo as próprias comunidades pobres.