Market Outcomes Research Articles

The Impact of Early Fertility Shocks on Women’s Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes

The Impact of Early Fertility Shocks on Women’s Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes

Birth Weight and Labor Market Outcomes: Findings From Tohoku Medical Megabank Data

ABSTRACTBackgroundEpidemiological and economic literature has revealed that low birth weight (LBW) is related to poor health conditions and a broader range of negative socio‐economic outcomes, including academic achievement, income levels, and working status. However, Japanese evidence for labor outcomes is particularly lacking, as is the question of whether the impact of LBW on adulthood worsens when disasters occur. We aimed to reveal the impact on LBW on labor outcomes during the disaster recovery phase.MethodsWe used a cross‐sectional data set of 4156 national health insurance holders, males aged 40–60 years, from the Miyagi and Iwate prefectures during the earthquake recovery phase. Employing a multinomial probit and logistic model, we estimated the impact of LBW on the employment status, changes in income, and the propensity to face a decline in income with a job change.ResultsThe very low birth weights (VLBWs) have a disadvantage in all labor market outcomes. Compared to the non‐LBWs, the VLBWs were 15.2% less likely to be full‐time/self‐employed and 17.1% more likely to be contingent/temporary/part‐time workers. Moreover, 32.9% are more likely to face a decline in income and approximately 3.7 times more likely to change jobs leading to income decline. The LBWs were likely to face a decline in income by 8.6% and 4.6%, respectively, but no other significant effects were found on other outcomes.ConclusionsThe effects were apparent for the VLBW, but not so much for the LBW. The effects became larger during the disaster recovery phase, even though the regional economies were boosted.

Utilitarian and Hedonic Values of Gamification and Their Influence on Brand Engagement, Loyalty, Trust and WoM

This research investigated the impact of gamification’s utilitarian and hedonistic measurements on consumer brand engagement, loyalty, and WoM marketing outcomes. The data collection process was carried out in India using online and offline distribution of questionnaires. 231 forms were received, with 22 being eliminated due to inconsistencies, such as the identical answers to all questions, resulting in 209 responses acceptable for the research. PLS-SEM with using SEMinR, the hypotheses were tested. Results indicate that hedonic values are more successful in changing customer behaviour rather than utilitarian; the findings show that hedonic value exists in components that lead to brand loyalty and word-of-mouth. The study highlights the mediation effect of brand engagement, implying that while brand engagement is a required element for brand loyalty, it may be indifferent to achieving word-of-mouth. Brand engagement is more significant in promoting WoM than brand loyalty.

Moving motivated by work or proximity to family and labour market outcomes in the Netherlands

The classical human-capital model of migration posits that internal migration should lead to improved individual labour market outcomes. However, later empirical and theoretical work has emphasised that the outcomes of migration may be positive for some, but negative for others, depending on, for example, gender and the motive for moving. We investigate the labour market outcomes after moves motivated by work, moves motivated by proximity to family, and moves motivated by both work and family at the same time, compared with not moving. We use data from the Netherlands’ Housing Surveys of 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 matched with register data (N ~ 350,000 person-years). We find that men’s and women’s moves for work, and moves for both family and work, are positively associated with outcomes in terms of individual income, employment, and labour supply (hours worked). We do not find such positive associations for moves motivated by family proximity only, but we hardly find negative associations. We do not replicate the finding of previous research for Sweden that moves for family proximity were associated with an increased likelihood of transitions out of unemployment. However, we find some evidence that women’s moves motivated by both work and family proximity are associated with an increase in labour supply.

Quantum computational finance for martingale asset pricing in incomplete markets

A derivative is a financial asset whose future payoff is a function of underlying assets. Pricing a financial derivative involves setting up a market model, finding a martingale (“fair game”) probability measure for the model from the existing asset prices, and using that probability measure to price the derivative. When the number of underlying assets and/or the number of market outcomes in the model is large, pricing can be computationally demanding. In this work, we first formulate the pricing problem in a linear algebra setting, including the realistic setting of incomplete markets where derivatives do not have a unique price. We show that the problem can be solved with a variety of quantum techniques such as quantum linear programming and the quantum linear systems algorithm. While in previous works the martingale measure is assumed to be given, here it is extracted from market variables akin to bootstrapping, a common practice among financial institutions. We discuss the quantum zero-sum game algorithm and the quantum simplex algorithm as viable subroutines. For quantum linear systems solvers, we formalize a new market assumption milder than market completeness, which allows the potential for large speedups. Towards prototype use cases, we conduct numerical experiments motivated by the Black–Scholes–Merton model.

The financial accelerator, wages, and optimal monetary policy

I study the effects of labor market outcomes on firms' loan demand and credit intermediation. I first show in partial equilibrium that the presence of frictions in the banking sector lowers the capital factor demand elasticity to changes in real wages. This finding helps to connect the substitutability of labor and capital with credit conditions. Second, I use a new Keynesian banking model with an endogenous financial accelerator mechanism to study the role of lower capital factor demand elasticity in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. Stabilizing nominal wages is close to the optimal monetary policy because it coincides with stabilizing the credit spread, the net worth gap, and the output gap. Inflation stabilization, in turn, imposes a policy trade-off with high welfare costs.

Race and Ethnicity in the Sociology of Cultural Production and Consumption

This review examines cultural production and consumption through the lens of race and ethnicity. Although the sociological study of race, ethnicity, and cultural production and consumption (RECPC) is growing, it is scattered across various subfields. This review aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how race and ethnicity intersect with cultural production and consumption by bringing this scholarship together. I discuss five dominant themes in the scholarship: classification, valuation and evaluation, representations, market outcomes, and cultural capital. The article concludes with implications for future sociological research on RECPC.

Flexible contracts and ethnic economic inequalities across gender during the UK’s COVID-19 recession

Abstract Was it their disproportionate presence in flexible employment or in shut-down occupations that made some ethnic minority groups vulnerable to adverse labour market outcomes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recession? Using the COVID-19 recession in the UK as a case study, we employ weighted linear probability models with 2021 data from the Evidence for Equality National Survey to look at changes in economic indicators across ethnic groups and gender. We report heterogeneity in flexible employment rates within the non-White group and between the non-White and the White British group. By using a conditional decomposition method, we conclude that those ethnic minority groups who were disproportionately on flexible contracts experienced worse economic effects than the White British group.

Forecasting Stock Market Performance: An Ensemble Learning-Based Approach

There is tremendous value in the ability to predict stock market trends and outcomes. The public sentiment surrounding a stock is unquestionably a vital factor contributing to the rise or fall of a stock price. This paper aims to detail how data from public sentiment can be integrated into traditional stock analyses and how these analyses can then be used to make predictions of stock price trends. Headlines from seven news publications and conversations from Yahoo! Finance’s conversations forum were processed by the Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner (VADER) natural language processing package to determine numerical polarities that represent a positive, negative, or neutral public sentiment around a stock ticker. The resulting polarities were paired with popular stock-table metrics to create a dataset for a Logistic Regression machine learning model. The model was trained on approximately 4400 major stocks to determine a binary “Buy” (1) or “Not Buy” (0) recommendation for each stock. We present approaches for a variety of machine learning models – Logistic Regression, Random Forest Classifiers, and Extreme Gradient Boosting models and do a statistical comparison on the balanced accuracies of each machine learning model. This paper aims to detail our understanding of how one can leverage the public sentiment of a stock to gauge its future value.

Business Cycle Variations in Manager and Investor Sentiment Indices

I find that the highly regarded investor and manager sentiment indices demonstrate both cyclical and persistent variations. The presence of cyclicality in the orthogonalized indices suggests the existence of feedback loops connecting sentiment with economic or market outcomes. For example, optimistic sentiment can stimulate increased consumer spending and investment, thereby fostering economic growth and further boosting sentiment. These feedback loops have the potential to amplify cyclical sentiment trends and increase the volatility of economic and market cycles, leading to persistent cycles driven by feedback mechanisms. Importantly, my results remain robust against potential mean reversion resulting from heuristic behaviors such as herding and overreaction, as well as against random behavior arising from intermittent bubbles characterized by near-rational learning and potential overextrapolation bias.

Signaling confidence

We study gender differences in confidence in an experimental hiring market, focusing on how signaling confidence affects the likelihood of being hired. We document that moderate (versus low) levels of confidence enhance the probability of being hired, while excessive confidence, characterized by high performance estimates and high certainty, diminishes employment prospects. Men display greater levels of confidence than women, and this gender gap widens in forward-looking scenarios, where performance estimates are provided ex ante rather than ex post. These findings provide a cautionary reminder of the potential negative consequences of signaling excessive confidence. Hence, encouraging both men and women to signal performance predictions that are aligned with reality instead of simply advising women to be more confident may well be a safer way to foster equity in labor market outcomes.

Product Colour Variation Management with Artificial Intelligence

This research focuses on the topic of using AI in color variant management in products to enhance the appeal and performance of the products in the marketplace by incorporating artificial intelligence, deep learning, and neural network systems. Real-time consumer and product information, preferences, buying history, and sales history; I created an AI model to predict and change product colors in real-time. The complete workflow used comprises data gathering, processing, and feature extraction, model training, integration of the color adjustment software tools, and finally, testing and validation. The efficiency of such AI-driven interventions was analyzed through the consumer satisfaction indices, the sales results, and the engagement data based on the consumption of digital platforms. This study demonstrates valuable potential of AI to improve product design application and development while providing valuable suggestions for Businesses adapting and improving market outcomes according to the changing consumer trends. Such an application of AI implements a new best practice in ways of enhancing futuristic consumer-oriented marketing approaches. The paper was first completed in 2021 and later I have modified the paper with latest updates till date 2024.

University Loans and Grants: Effects on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes

University Loans and Grants: Effects on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes

Road to perdition? The effect of illicit drug use on labour market outcomes of prime-age men in Mexico

This research addresses the impact of illicit drug use on labour market outcomes of men in Mexico. We leverage statistical information from three waves of a comparable national survey and make use of the Lewbel’s heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable strategy to deal with the endogeneity of the drug consumption. Our results suggests that drug consumption has fairly negative effects in the Mexican context: it reduces employment, occupational attainment and formality and raises unemployment of local males. These effects seem larger than those estimated for high-income economies.

Labor market outcomes during opposite resource shocks: the 2009 and 2012 earthquakes in Italy

The 2009 and 2012 earthquakes in Italy occurred in a close-knit region and time horizon but differed substantially on both the initial shock to the stock and the subsequent flow of resources. This paper considers the short run impact on the dynamic response of labor market outcomes. Both earthquakes lowered employment and labor force participation by more than 0.5%. With its negative effect on the resources available, the 2009 shock led to a drop in real wages of 1.3% and a sharp—but short-lived—widening of the wage gap generated by the skill premium. The 2012 earthquake, which led firms to upgrade their technology, increased wages by 2.2% and led to a more balanced—but persistent—widening of the wage gap. The predictions of a model developed in this paper are consistent with these results.

Import shock and local labour market outcomes: A Sino-Indian case study

Import shock and local labour market outcomes: A Sino-Indian case study

Are Women’s Labor Market Outcomes Affected by Their Spouse’s Gender Ideology

Are Women’s Labor Market Outcomes Affected by Their Spouse’s Gender Ideology

Curse or blessing? multinational corporations and labor market outcomes in Africa

Curse or blessing? multinational corporations and labor market outcomes in Africa

Liberal Arts Graduates in the Labour Market: A Comparative Study of Dutch University Colleges and Conventional Bachelor’s Programmes

This paper compares the employment outcomes of liberal arts graduates from Dutch university colleges with those of their peers who pursued conventional, subject-specific bachelor’s degrees. Using data from the Dutch National Alumni Survey, the analysis includes 14,933 respondents who completed a master’s programme at a research university, with 210 of them holding a university college degree. Logistic, multinomial, and OLS regression analyses were performed on six labour market outcomes: employment status, time to first paid job, vertical match, horizontal match, vertical and horizontal match combination, and hourly wage from regular work. Propensity score matching was used as a robustness check. The results show that holding a university college degree is not associated with any distinct advantages or disadvantages in the job market. While a liberal arts bachelor’s degree has a negative effect on obtaining employment in STEM professions, no statistically significant differences, neither negative nor positive, were found in other outcomes. This suggests that university colleges do not lack the capacity to prepare students for the labour market.

Education legislations that equalize: a study of compulsory schooling law reforms in post-WWII United States

Compulsory schooling laws are commonly believed to be effective measures in ensuring individuals benefit from education. However, their implications for racial equality are less-apparent. Exploiting timing and geographic variation in legislation reforms among Southern U.S. states, this study evaluates the differential impact of minimum school-leaving age requirements on short- and long-term labor market outcomes between Black and White men. Results show that each additional year of compulsory schooling produces about 7.3–8.2% increase in adulthood weekly income. While there exists a substantial gap in returns to education between Black and White men at early career stages, this gap is reduced by 37 percentage points at mid-late career. Findings imply that mandating compulsory school attendance motivates both Black and White men to stay in school longer, and thus reducing racial gaps in returns to education.