Market-oriented Model Research Articles

Digital Sovereignty: A Descriptive Analysis and a Critical Evaluation of Existing Models

Digital sovereignty is a popular yet still emerging concept. It is claimed by and related to various global actors, whose narratives are often competing and mutually inconsistent. This article offers a mapping of the types of national digital sovereignty that are emerging, while testing their effectiveness in response to radical changes and challenges. To do this, we systematically analyse a corpus of 271 peer-reviewed articles to identify descriptive features (how digital sovereignty is pursued) and value features (why digital sovereignty is pursued), which we use to produce four models: the rights-based model, market-oriented model, centralisation model, and state-based model. We evaluate their effectiveness within a framework of robust governance that accounts for the models’ ability to absorb the disruptions caused by technological advancements, geopolitical changes, and evolving societal norms. We find that none of the models fully combine comprehensive regulation of digital technologies with a sufficient degree of responsiveness to fast-paced technological innovation and social and economic shifts. This paper’s analysis offers valuable lessons to policymakers who wish to implement an effective and robust form of digital sovereignty.

The Role and Dynamics of Actor Relations in Implementing Defense Industry-Based Policies: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Brazil

This study explores the role and dynamics of actor relations in implementing defense industry-based policies through a comparative analysis of Indonesia and Brazil. The aim is to understand how key actors—government bodies, military institutions, state-owned enterprises, private companies, and international partners—affect policy execution and defense industry outcomes in both countries. Employing qualitative research methods with secondary data sources, the study examines the contributions and interactions of these actors as detailed in the provided table. The findings reveal that Indonesia relies heavily on state control and international partnerships for technology transfer, while Brazil integrates private sector innovation and diverse international collaborations. Key differences include Indonesia’s centralized approach versus Brazil’s market-oriented model, with implications for policy alignment and capability development. The conclusions emphasize the importance of effective communication and stakeholder alignment to address challenges such as misalignment between military needs and industrial capabilities. Recommendations for both countries include enhancing collaboration and technology transfer, managing internal conflicts, and optimizing resource allocation.

Profit compression, time compression, and emotional exhaustion: the platformization of Taobao and its constraining effects on Chinese ‘original design’ women’s e-shops

ABSTRACT This study examines how Taobao, the dominant Chinese e-business platform, regulates the production, operation, and sales models of its e-shops, and the response to this regulation in the women’s original-design apparel industry. Drawing on ethnographic research with Shanghai-based Taobao original-design e-shops, this study shows that Taobao has normalized the ‘wanghong model’. This business model, which prioritizes internet celebrity and traffic generation through frequent online shopping festival promotions, tends to enhance the platform’s traffic rather than the e-shops’ sales or interests. Moreover, Taobao’s ‘consumer-first’ philosophy, responding to the socialist state’s left-leaning calls and competition from other platforms, places significant demands on practitioners’ time, making it challenging for the e-shops to manage the increase in returns along with sales. Taobao also requires practitioners to perform a large amount of emotional labor to provide customer service. Overall, a detailed analysis of Taobao’s platformization process complicates the simplistic understanding of China’s apparel industry transitioning from state-driven to market-oriented models. Instead, it reveals how the platform-mediated ‘market’ has become more diversified and stratified by various sub-platforms, affordances and business norms. Furthermore, it empirically shows how the axis of state-platform power has encroached upon the time, emotions, and energy of small businesses without enhancing their profitability.

Feasibility analysis of the market-oriented construction management model of drainage project based on evolutionary game.

The construction and operational costs of drainage projects are high. Traditional construction management models impose significant financial pressure on the government and reduce stakeholder motivation. Within the market-oriented development context, reforming the construction management model is crucial for breaking the current predicament. This research establishes a framework for the market-oriented construction management model for drainage projects and constructs a behavioral strategy evolutionary game model involving government, drainage management companies, and pollution discharge subjects. Through theoretical analyses and simulations, this research presents recommendations for the implementation of the market-oriented model. The research findings indicate that: (1) the market-oriented model is feasible both theoretically and practically. Pollution rights trading aids pollution discharge subjects in adapting to the market-oriented model. (2) Ensuring sewage charges remain within the interval [P1, P1 + L2 - L1] is crucial for trilateral cooperation. (3) Simulation analysis shows that intensifying policy support, reducing the cost of technological equipment upgrades, enhancing comprehensive income, lowering the pricing of sewage charges, and raising initial selection probability all promote a tendency towards ESS.

Content Generation in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

Abstract: This article reconsiders the role of compiling in the modern history of authorship. Nineteenth-century readers viewed compiling as the purest form of "book-making," a mechanistic, market-oriented model of authorship that stood in opposition to authorial genius. The article examines these authorial models' intertwined origins in emergent industrial capitalism, and argues that book-making retained currency as a model into the early twentieth century partly because unattributed text reuse remained common. It also argues that in the aggregate, unattributed text reuse had epistemic and informational effects that anticipated challenges we are grappling with following the development of large language models.

Historical evolution of accounting in China (novissima sinica): effects of culture (2nd part)

Este artículo intenta explicar los criterios que sustentan la idea de que la contabilidad china ha sido conformada durante el pasado siglo con arreglo a factores culturales, económicos y políticos. Asimismo se propone estudiar los fenómenos históricos experimentados por la contabilidad china en el transcurso de los años, y evaluar comparativa y críticamente los efectos culturales de los mismos con las transformaciones políticas y económicas que han tenido influencia en el desarrollo de la contabilidad china.
 La sociología de la ciencia es el elemento determinante para analizar las transformaciones experimentadas por la contabilidad. Los factores políticos están referidos a factores culturales. En una primera época vinieron determinados bajo la presión del régimen comunista y de un gobierno de dirección central; en una segunda época se configuraron siguiendo el modelo de liberalización y de economía de mercado. El gobierno llamó a este modelo: “Política de puertas abiertas”.
 En los últimos años y en época reciente esta política ha conservado su influencia y ha forzado al gobierno chino a promulgar una nueva normativa contable en armonía con los principios contables internacionales. El sistema contable chino está ahora mucho más cerca de los “International Accounting Standards” de lo que estaban las prácticas del pasado; pero, a pesar de ello, conserva sus características y sus rasgos colectivistas y conservadores tradicionales. Los fundamentos culturales son los que sostienen e informan todavía el sector de la contabilidad china.

Factors and Directions of Transformations of the Integration Financial and Economic Cooperation of the EAEU Countries in Modern Conditions

The article defines and analyzes the features, factors, and directions of transformation of the model of regional monetary and financial integration of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The aim of the study is to develop and systematize a set of measures to develop the investment direction of integration cooperation between the EAEU countries, reduce their dependence on the highly volatile international economic and financial environment and neutralize the negative impacts of Western sanctions for national economies. The objectives of the study are as follows: analysis of trends and problems of the investment process in the economies of the EAEU countries for 2013–2021, substantiation of proposals and recommendations for optimizing the model of integration financial and economic cooperation of the EAEU countries based on increasing the regulatory role of the state and regional financial institutions in attracting investments. The research methodology includes the analysis of the EAEU legal framework, statistical information, official reports of state bodies of the EAEU countries and the Eurasian Economic Commission, regional development institutions, scientific monographs and publications of Russian and foreign economists, and periodicals. Based on the methods of econometric analysis, the expediency of introducing into circulation a monetary unit of collective use of the EAEU countries independent of the US dollar and euro for mutual settlements is substantiated. The authors conclude that it is necessary to supplement and, in some cases, substitute the predominantly market-oriented model of Eurasian financial and economic integration with a regulatory investment model of regionalization with an increased role of national and regional management institutions in promoting integration processes.

Social Policy of the state in the healthcare system: the revival of the Semashko Model

The relevance of the study is due to the growing positive interest in the Semashko model in modern Russia from the “medical” and “historical” parts of the scientific community, medical specialists, the population of Russia and the state. The article uses general documents, speech by top public officials, official statistics. The overthrow of the Semashko model in early post-Soviet Russia was due to public demand for market-oriented models, epidemiological transit. However, new circumstances (a new public demand for socially oriented models, a new epidemiological wave, as well as a permanent shortage of personnel and underfunding) forced the state to turn again to the experience of the Semashko model. A new epidemiological wave has raised questions: on the return to the centralization of management and financing and on the re-optimization of epidemiological resources. The official authorities proposed to centralize the management of the sanitary and epidemiological service and the means of compulsory health insurance (CHI) in the budget of the Federal Health Insurance Fund. It is also planned to expand the epidemiological base through the construction of new hospitals, increase the staff of epidemiologists and infectious diseases doctors.

Stsenarnoe razvitie planirovochnogo karkasa Yuga Sibiri [Scenario of South Siberia layout development

Based on the expert evaluation, the paper reviews the urban development of vast territories of South Siberia with rich natural resources, favorable conditions for economic activity and residence. The market-oriented model of the urban planning management of today does not consider the all factors in developing the planning structures on vast territories and is not suitable for creating large-scale projects for their development. Therefore, a scenario forecasting method is proposed to substantiate possible directions of the urban development in the South Siberia as well as the identification of the potential urban development centers. Three development scenarios for the planning framework of the South Siberia are suggested and settlement centers are identified. The paper shows the relationship between their typology, significance, and location at the intersection of planning transport and natural axes.

Developing a Green Bonds Market: Lessons from China

Since its launch in 2016, China’s green bonds market has amassed a significant size and is currently ranked as the second largest in the world. This paper takes a pioneering step to analyze how a transitional economy can develop a burgeoning green bonds market within a short period, using China as a case study. It concludes that the Chinese government plays an instrumental but also evolving role in this process. The carefully designed use of government mechanisms in the context of unique government structures can constructively facilitate the growth of a green bonds market. At the emerging stage of this unique market, the government can play an active role in designing a conducive regulatory environment through law and policy, providing the necessary financial infrastructure and appropriate incentives for investors and green bond issuers. Government intervention is warranted at this stage, given the special characteristics of the green market, in particular, the desired positive externalities on environmental protection and climate change. In China, such a regime is implemented with a focus on inter-ministerial, central-local and international collaboration, centralized policy-making, and alignment of green goals with performance assessment of local officials. However, as the green bonds market matures, this paper suggests a transition towards a market-oriented model where the government should assume a limited role, providing funding and monitoring, and letting market forces play a greater role in achieving market efficiency. Unleashing the potential of market forces can mitigate several of the challenges faced by a top–down approach. This paper also examines the challenges that have surfaced in China, including low-quality information disclosure and under-utilization of green bonds financing by private enterprises. In response, several solutions are proposed to address these specific challenges.

Europol and cybercrime: Europol’s sharing decryption platform

ABSTRACT This article examines the resource sharing functionality of the decryption platform of Europol. The platform supports European law enforcement agencies (LEAs) that are having difficulties accessing legally obtained encrypted evidence due to the lack of human and technical resources. The article investigates Europol’s resource transmission role with sharing economy variables such as transaction cost and trust-building. The core argument of the article is that Europol’s sharing platform has a strong potential to reduce the transaction cost of outsourcing the decryption services and diminish trust-related problems for national policing agencies by replacing private sector actors. However, for a more sustainable cybercrime investigation strategy, the decryption platform needs a new market-oriented model supported with robust vetting and evidence security mechanisms to encourage more private company participation.

DIRECTIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The financial and economic system of Ukraine is at the stage of formation and transformation into a relatively effective market-oriented model of economic development. However, given the financial and socio-economic crises of recent years, political instability and military conflicts in the east of the country, the level of financial and economic security of Ukraine is declining. Another factor influencing the level of financial and economic security of Ukraine is the spread of the global pandemic COVID-19. The urgency of the issue confirms the goal set in the article to improve the theoretical, scientific, methodological, and applied provisions for strengthening the financial and economic security of Ukraine in the context of the global pandemic COVID-19. To achieve this goal, the authors of the study considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global financial and economic development, in particular, analyzed key financial and economic indicators in the world, which revealed the volatility of stock indices and interest rates. The main negative changes in the level of unemployment in the world and real GDP under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic was also analyzed and identified. The authors studied the world experience in combating the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and developed a set of measures to improve the financial and economic security of Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The priority is to preserve economic potential, social capital and create on their basis the preconditions for further economic growth. As the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the main problems of financial and economic security management in Ukraine, the authors identify a set of urgent crisis measures that can be implemented in the field of NBU policy, monetary policy, government structural policy, and public fiscal policy to support the economic growth of the country. It is emphasized that public authorities need to implement certain measures to accelerate innovation in the financial sector. Characterizing the prospects of strengthening the financial and economic security of Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the main emphasis is on innovative areas of digitalization of the economy.

Child Support in Shared Care Cases: Do Child Support Policies in Thirteen Countries Reflect Family Policy Models?

Increasingly, parents in separated families equally share care of their children post-separation. In this article we extend a well-known family policy model to generate hypotheses about the level of child support to be paid by separated parents when children live primarily with their mother (‘sole custody’) in contrast to when children spend equal time with both parents (‘shared care’). We test these hypotheses with data collected from thirteen countries. In sole custody cases, countries with an earner-carer policy model do have lower child support expectations than countries with a traditional family policy model or a market-oriented model, as predicted. Countries with a traditional family policy model do have the highest orders in the shared case, as predicted. However, there is as much variation within models as there is between, suggesting new analytic frameworks for considering child support in family policy need to be developed.

Developing a Green Bonds Market: The Case of China

Since its launch in 2016, China’s green bonds market has amassed a significant size and is currently ranked as the second largest in the world. This paper takes a pioneering step to analyze how a transitional economy can develop a burgeoning green bonds market within a short period, using China as a case study. It concludes that the Chinese government plays an instrumental but also evolving role in this process. The carefully designed use of government mechanism in the context of unique government structures can constructively facilitate the growth of a green bonds market. At the emerging stage of this unique market, the government could play an active role in designing a conducive regulatory environment through law and policy, providing necessary financial infrastructure and appropriate incentives for investors and green bonds issuers. Government intervention is warranted at this stage given the special characteristics of the green market, in particular, the desired positive externalities on environmental protection and climate change. In China, such a regime is implemented with a focus on inter-ministerial, central-local and international collaborations, centralized policymaking, and alignment of green goals with performance assessment of local officials. However, as the green bonds market matures, this paper suggests a transition towards a market-oriented model where the government should assume a limited role, providing funding and monitoring, and letting market forces play a greater role in achieving market efficiency. Unleashing the potential of market forces can mitigate several of the challenges faced by a top-down approach. This paper also examines the challenges that have surfaced in China, including low-quality information disclosure and under-utilization of green bonds financing by private enterprises. In response, several solutions are proposed to address these specific challenges.

Development of Non-point Source Air Pollution Standard System in China

Non-point source air pollution refers to the air pollution type that have no obvious source, which is regarded as an important contributor to the atmospheric pollution problem. Comparing to the point-source and linear-source air pollution, the standardization in the relation to non-point air pollution China is relatively sluggish. The present paper collected and analysed the existing air pollution standards in China, and establish the non-point source pollution standard system in the accordance with different sectors such as industry, agriculture, construction, transportation and social life. Due to the overlapped functions and unclear jurisdiction of different administrative departments, as well as the lagging progress of the government-dominated standard, a paradigm shift of non-point source air pollution standardization should be from government-dominated to market-oriented model. The lessons learned for other developing countries includes expanding standardization to multi-aspects to realize full lifecycle control and management, building rapid responding mechanism of standardization to reconcile with industry and social transformation, integrating outdated standards into new versions, and establishing market-based standard system.

Institutional Prospects and Challenges to Transdisciplinary Approach in the Knowledge Production System of Vietnam: Reflections on a North-South Partnership Project

Drawing on neo-institutionalism in policy studies, this paper aims to demonstrate that transdisciplinarity is a new logic that could challenge the existing institutional logic of the knowledge production system in Vietnam. This institutional interplay is examined by analyzing the institutional response, interactions, and choices of stakeholders participating in an EU Erasmus+ Capacity Building Project. The analysis shows that the transdisciplinarity concept can be used as a potential framework for the develop- ment path of the dominant logic characterized by the shift from a traditional statist to a market-oriented model for knowledge production. Nevertheless, there are challenges like power relations in the interplay processes among actors who try to reproduce existing institutional logic and those who support transdisciplinary logic, as well as regarding relevant decision-makers to make institutional choices. The discussion shows that when applying transdisciplinarity, one should consider the motivation and barriers regarding state control, transdisciplinary readiness, hybrid models, funding, and experience.

Time to Stop the Tragedy in Spanish Nursing Homes During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

This letter comments on the article by Joseph Ouslander.

Toward Flood Resilience in Serbia: The Challenges of an (Un)Sustainable Policy

In May 2014, Serbia was hit by a catastrophic flooding event. The Municipality of Obrenovac suffered severe consequences due to a number of reasons, mainly the poor conditions of flood protection infrastructure and outdated land use management. These problems have been triggered and/or affected by the post-socialist transition of Serbia, initiated during the 1990s. The ongoing period of socio-economic turbulences, also detected in other countries with a similar development background, caused a shift in both the planning paradigm and the economy (from a planned/centralized model to a market-oriented model), creating numerous problems related to the synchronization of legislation, governance, implementation and management. Considering the specificities of local context, as well as its similarities to other post-socialist countries, the main aims of the article are to establish a relationship between planning, legislation and flood resilience, identify its (un)sustainable elements and provide an insight into the dynamic of their causal links whose effectiveness could be improved in given conditions. The main findings indicate an absence of a sustainable policy which would guarantee efficient implementation (regarding both planning documents and laws). Simultaneously, there were other challenges—from the lack of risk assessment to outdated regulations and general unpreparedness which led to severe damage of urban systems and local economy, while many lives were lost. Consequently, the article provides guidelines for new planning documents, suggesting measures that would increase the resilience of flood protection (applicable in both local and regional context), as well as the overall sustainability of the analyzed area and its ecosystem.

Biogas standard system in China

Standardization of biogas technology is immensely important for the promotion of the biogas industry worldwide. China has built a complete biogas standard system, which is divided into common, household biogas, biogas engineering, biogas digester for domestic sewage treatment, output utilization, and service system standards. The problems and potential barriers for biogas standardization in China are analyzed and come down to sluggish standard, overlapped standard, government-dominated standard, and lagging international standard. Accordingly, all potential biogas standards should be evaluated and placed under the same department. China Biogas Society and China Association of Rural Energy Industry play leading roles in developing enterprise or group/association biogas standards and ISO biogas standards. The bio-natural gas standard system and experimental standardization should be developed as well to replenish biogas standard system. A paradigm shift in biogas standardization should be from government-dominated to market-oriented model. The lessons learned for other developing countries includes expanding standardization to multi-aspects to realize full lifecycle control and management, building rapid responding mechanism of standardization to adopt industry transformation, integrating outdated standards into new versions, and establishing market-based standard system.

E-Commerce, Taobao Villages and Regional Development in China*

ABSTRACT China’s phenomenal growth and unprecedented urbanization are accompanied by social and environment problems such as rising inequality and rural stagnation. However, a new form of development based on Alibaba Group’s Taobao e-commerce platform, known as Taobao villages, has emerged in rural China to capitalize from e- commerce and sustain rural development. We investigate development trajectories and organizational structure of Taobao villages to better understand e-commerce and regional development in rural China, including the role of entrepreneurs, firms, and local states. We find that Taobao villages are being produced through economic restructuring and institutional change in response to shifting economic contexts. We have identified five development models of Taobao villages: production-oriented Xishan, Qiaoyun and Bainiu models, and market-oriented Beishan and Qingyanliu models. We also find that local states and ICT (information and communication technology) firms have played an important role in facilitating the development of Taobao villages. Taobao villages have to work closely with their local and external networks to upgrade technology, enhance innovation, and increase added value. Local contexts and spatial networking are essential to the development of Taobao villages. As a new form of regional development, Taobao villages may provide a pathway to economic development for rural areas in other developing countries.