Market Institutions Research Articles

Dinamika Lembaga Dan Aset Lembaga Perbankan Syariah Di Indonesia (Total Lembaga Dan Aset 2019 – Mei 2023)

This research utilizes a literature review method to investigate the dynamics of Islamic banking institutions and their assets in Indonesia from 2019 to May 2023. The 2022 Islamic Financial Development Report of Indonesia reveals a significant growth of 15.87% in the assets of the Islamic financial industry. The Financial Services Authority (OJK) emphasizes the resilience of the Islamic economic and financial sector, including Islamic banking, in facing the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the assets of the Islamic financial industry reached IDR 2,375.84 trillion, with growth primarily occurring in the Islamic capital market (15.51%) and Islamic Non-Bank Financial Institutions (20.88%). Indonesia remains a key player in the Islamic Finance Development Indicator 2022. This research describes the development of Islamic banking institutions from 2019 to May 2023, highlighting fluctuations in the number of branches and Islamic banks. Consolidation, Islamic financial literacy, and digital technology are key factors shaping the dynamics of this sector. Despite a decrease in the number of Islamic banks, total assets increased from IDR 624.564 trillion in December 2019 to IDR 785.646 trillion in May 2023. These factors support the growth and resilience of the Islamic banking sector in Indonesia.

SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS OF RICE MARKETING ACTORS IN DUMAI CITY IN SUPPORTING URBAN FOOD SECURITY

Dumai City is a significant economic hub in Riau Province and a vital location for food distribution. Although it's an urban area, there is still a small amount of rice produced in Dumai City. However, most of the rice supply comes from various suppliers outside the region to meet the high demand. Due to this diverse supply chain, this study aims to analyze the structure, mechanisms, and performance of the marketing in the premium rice supply chain at each level of the marketing institution. This research was conducted using a survey method among marketing actors at each level of marketing institutions selected purposively. To analyze the structure and mechanism of the rice supply chain, qualitative analysis is used. Quantitative analysis is used to analyze marketing performance in the rice supply chain. The research method used was a survey of rice marketing institutions in Dumai City, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The results show that three marketing institutions are involved in marketing rice in Dumai City, each with a unique supply chain. Upon analyzing the marketing performance of the premium rice supply chain, it was found that all marketing channels utilized by wholesalers and retailers are efficient. Among these channels, channel 3, supplier-wholesaler-end consumer, has the smallest margin value, while channel 2, out-of-town distributor-traditional retailer-end consumer, has the highest profit-cost ratio value of 125.67. This marketing channel offers the lowest price for premium rice at the end consumer level, thereby ensuring greater access to food for the community and promoting urban food resilience. Among these channels, channel 2 of retailers that were out-of-town distributor-traditional retailer-end consumers had the best marketing efficiency value (0,09%) and the highest profit-cost ratio value of 125.67. Based on the results of this research, it is a challenge for the development of local rice agro-industry in creating efficient marketing performance to strengthen regional food security.

COLLABORATION AMONG FARMER’S AND INTERMEDIARY TRADERS IN MARKETING OF GREENHOUSE HYDROPONIC PRODUCTS IN GREATER MALANG

The emergence of negative effects associated with conventional agriculture encourages a transition from conventional to modern agriculture. Hydroponic farming, which utilizes water as a growing medium, is one form of modern agriculture. This research aimed to find out the management of farming business governance of hydroponic greenhouse products in Greater Malang, which includes commodities marketed, marketing institutions involved, the form of marketing channels that occur, and marketing functions used by analyzing marketing margins and farmer's share and knowing the corporate system between traders of hydroponic greenhouse products in Greater Malang. This study analyzed the data using qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. Moreover, this study utilized ten samples determined by purposive sampling with consideration the aim of this research is clear, namely to find out the marketing of hydroponics greenhouse products in Greater Malang. In addition, the sample for this study was selected using the snowball sampling method, which sampled the marketing channels of the previous ten samples. The results of this study indicate that the management of hydroponic greenhouse vegetables in Greater Malang begins with the most frequently traded product, in this case, lettuce. Participating marketing institutions included farmers, collecting traders, retailers, restaurant consumers, and end consumers. Level 1 marketing channel is the channel with the most consumers. The marketing functions used are the exchange function, the procurement function, and the facilitating function. Level 0 marketing channels have no marketing margin value because the price farmers receive is identical to that of consumers. Marketing channel level 0 for all commodities and marketing channel level 1 for all commodities are deemed efficient for the farmer's share. The cooperative system among hydroponic greenhouse vegetable sellers in Greater Malang is harmonious, contributing to a healthy market atmosphere.

COCOA MARKETING CHANNEL ANALYSIS IN MARGOLEMBO VILLAGE, MANGKUTANA DISTRICT, EAST LUWU REGENCY

The cocoa marketing problem faced is the lack of information on marketing channels for farmers whereas from the farmer's point of view as producers, information regarding effective and efficient marketing channels is one of the things that can encourage increased cocoa production. The importance of access to marketing information for farmers so that farmers can find out directly the selling price of cocoa from each marketing agency. The purpose of this research is to analyze the size of the margin in each cocoa bean marketing channel that has been formed. The analysis in this study includes channel analysis and marketing functions, marketing margins and efficiency. The results showed that there were 2 marketing channels in Margolembo Village, where channel I: farmers --- wholesalers --- cocoa management companies and channel II: farmers --- collecting traders --- wholesalers --- cocoa management companies. Marketing functions carried out by cocoa bean marketing institutions include exchange functions, physical functions and facility functions. The biggest margin, cost and profit value is in channel II, which is Rp 4,000. Based on the marketing efficiency analysis obtained, the two marketing channels in Margolembo Village are efficient and channel I is the most efficient marketing channel with a value of 4.4% and marketing channel II with an efficiency value of 6.9%. The conclusion of this research is that marketing channel I's marketing margin is Rp 1,000/kg and in marketing channel II is Rp 4,000/kg.

Experimental competence formation in chemistry teacher training

Relevance. The research relevance is determined by the need to adapt the educational system to the rapidly changing requirements of the labour market and technological progress. Purpose. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of analytical chemistry training programmes in leading universities of Kazakhstan from the point of view of developing the scientific competence of students necessary for employment. Methodology. The study employs comparative, qualitative, and statistical analyses, questionnaires, surveys and observation. Results. The study examines the role of universities in training analytical specialists. The requirements of the labour market and academic institutions for candidates for positions in analytical chemistry, as well as the current state of research and development in training, were considered. The findings showed that many university graduates trained in analytical chemistry prefer not to go to work in industry or factory laboratories, but plan to stay in academia and continue their research. This indicates the need to revise curricula to better meet the requirements of the labour market and academic institutions. Problems and gaps in current programmes and methods of teaching analytical chemistry at universities in Kazakhstan have been identified. Approaches to strengthening the practical component of courses have been critically analysed, considering the current requirements and assessments of industry specialists. Conclusions. The study highlighted the high demand for qualified specialists, emphasizing that the issue lies not in the shortage of vacancies but in the level of training. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used to modernise the system of education in the field of analytical chemistry and improve curricula and teaching methods. This, in turn, will help to improve the quality of training of analytical chemists who will be able to meet the needs of the labour market and scientific institutions. Keywords: active learning; analysis methodology; students; specialist qualifications; researchers

Wage Controversies: Real Wage Stagnation, Inequality and Labour Market Institutions

Wage Controversies: Real Wage Stagnation, Inequality and Labour Market Institutions

Экономика Китая: тридцать лет обгоняющего развития

China has eradicated absolute poverty and has reached the middle level of development. On its way, it crossed the borders of several clusters and surpassed South Africa and Brazil. Its achievements were based on the development of market institutions, world market opportunities, and the maintenance of an exceptionally high capital formation rate. The rapid pace of changes, demographic policy, and the solution of infrastructure problems have created certain issues – we note social inequality, environmental problems, the growth of household debts, and financial problems in the real estate sector, which are largely the consequences of huge social programmes. The transition to a “new normal” with lower (but still high) growth rates in many ways resembles the known effect of a “middle income trap.” The country has been developing along well-known lines but faster and by its own manner. By the horizon of 2035, China is expected to reach the current level of development of South and East Europe

Effects of COVID-19 on Tea Plantation Workers in India: Issues of Labour Market Institutions

Effects of COVID-19 on Tea Plantation Workers in India: Issues of Labour Market Institutions

American versus East Asian norms and labor market institutions affecting socioeconomic inequality

We review research on social stratification and labor market institutions with a focus on typical East Asian practices versus common American perspectives about income inequalities. In contrast to American concerns about discrimination, equality of opportunity and individualism, the understanding of inequalities in East Asian societies is more influenced by a Confucian cultural tradition. East Asian norms and labor market institutions play an important role in reducing their level of household income inequality relative to the U.S. where the Gini coefficient has been increasing for decades and shows no signs of decreasing despite declining levels of discrimination.

Implementation Of Central Aceh Regency Government Policy In Ecotourism Development

The Aceh Tengah Regency ecotourism development policy is based on the Qanun RIPPARDA since 2018-2025. On its way, the development of ecotourism over the past five years has not had a significant impact. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the implementation of the Aceh Tengah regency government policy in the development of ecotourism and what are the obstacles faced by the Aceh Tengah regency government in implementing the policy. The aim in this this research are to find out and explain the implementation of the policy of the Central Aceh district government in the development of ecotourism and provide an overview of the obstacles experienced by the Central Aceh district government in implementing policies on ecotourism development. This research is a qualitative research by applying descriptive analysis method and empirical juridical approach. The results showed that the ecotourism development policy in Central Aceh Regency has not been supported by separate implementing regulations such as regulations within the scope of tourism destinations, tourism industry, marketing and tourism institutions based on the provisions of tourism legislation. Constraints faced in policy implementation include, among others, a regulatory vacuum that has an impact on the emergence of illegal businesses, the non-absorption of local revenue in the field of tourism to the maximum, and the emergence of ecotourism businesses that do not rely on environmental protection, the high cost of licensing administration in the field of environmental impact control and the behaviour of people who are not friendly to tourists

Challenges and Implications of Implementing and Enforcing Minimum Wage Orders in Malaysia and Impacts towards Employee Motivation

With an emphasis on the context of human resource management and employee motivation, this article examines the implementation and effects of minimum wage policies in Malaysia. This review of the literature looks at several research that look into the connections between minimum wage laws, employment, income disparity, and worker motivation. The results imply that, depending on variables including labor market conditions and sector-specific dynamics, minimum wage rules may have both favorable and unfavorable effects on employment. Furthermore, the impact on employee motivation is managed and the function of human resource management in guaranteeing adherence to minimum wage laws is examined. In order to motivate workers and improve organizational performance, the article emphasizes the significance of fair and competitive salaries. In order to fully comprehend the effects of minimum wage laws, it also highlights the necessity of efficient enforcement techniques as well as the inclusion of other elements like labor market institutions and collective bargaining. The study ends by urging more investigation to properly understand the intricate connection, specific to Malaysia, between minimum salaries, employee motivation, and organizational outcomes. Overall, this article sheds light on the significance of sustainable salaries and efficient HRM techniques in fostering employee engagement and business success within the framework of Malaysia's minimum wage laws.Keywords: human resource management, wage, motivation, employee, salary, incentive 1. IntroductionThere has been interest in the state of affairs regarding the enforcement and implementation of minimum wage orders in Malaysia. The Minimum Pay Order 2012 was gazette on July 16, 2012, and it imposed minimum wage rates on firms with more than five workers as of January 1, 2013, and on employers with five or less workers as of July 1, 2013. (Ibrahim and Said, 2015). It is noteworthy, therefore, that companies offering professional services that fall under the Malaysian Standard Classification of Occupation (MASCO) were left out of this arrangement. In order to guarantee that minimum wage rules are followed, enforcement tactics are essential. The task of selecting an effective enforcement strategy to establish and enforce the minimum wage is one that the government must tackle. Importantly, though, this directive did not apply to businesses that provided professional services as defined by the MASCO. The use of enforcement tactics is essential to guaranteeing that minimum wage regulations are followed. In order to successfully implement and enforce minimum wage legislation, the government must decide on an appropriate enforcement strategy (Basu et al., 2009). The success of minimum wage laws as a whole may depend on how well they are enforced. Research has indicated that minimum wages have the ability to reduce measured pay inequality by compressing salaries among high and low-paid workers (Bell, 1997). Further investigation is necessary to determine the precise effect of minimum wage regulations on wage inequality in Malaysia. It is important to remember that minimum wage laws may have different economic effects in underdeveloped nations than in industrialized ones. Because more workers are impacted by minimum wage in developing nations like Malaysia, it can have a more widespread effect (Lemos, 2009). More research would be necessary to fully comprehend the implications of minimum wage laws in the context of Malaysia's economy. As a result, Malaysia has continued to enact and enforce minimum wage orders. Minimum pay rates were established for several categories of employers by the Minimum Wage Order of 2012. When assessing the current state of affairs, it is crucial to take into account the efficiency of enforcement tactics as well as the influence minimum wage regulations have on income inequality. To completely comprehend the particular consequences of minimum wage laws in Malaysia, more research is required.

Labour Market in Peril: Interference of Influential Individuals in the Integration of Congolese Workers into the Labour Market

The encroachment of certain influential individuals who employ cronyism, patronage, and networking into the recruitment and hiring processes of employees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a widely discussed issue in media and public discourse. However, it remains an underexplored subject within scholarly research. This paper seeks to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of this phenomenon over time. Drawing upon Jamie Peck’s concepts of labour incorporation and labour allocation, while also examining the prevalence of illegality and informality, this study argues that these ‘influential individuals’ or ‘well-connected actors’ have assumed the roles and responsibilities traditionally held by labour market actors and institutions. Consequently, this has exacerbated long-standing malpractices within the Congolese labour market. The interference of these ‘influential individuals’ disrupts the normal functioning of the Congolese labour market, even as proponents of these practices offer justifications for their actions. Employing qualitative interviews and documentary research, this study traces the historical origins of such interference, dating back to the colonial era.

Marketing Analysis of Big Chilli in Sembalun District, East Lombok District<b></b>

The aim of this research is to analyze the structure, behavior and performance of the large chili market in Sembalun District, East Lombok Regency. With 80 farmer respondents and 37 marketing institutions consisting of 17 collectors, 8 wholesalers and 12 retailers. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. The method used in this research is snowball sampling. The research results show that the large chili market structure in Sembalun District is classified as a monopolistic competition market structure. The market behavior of the large chili buying and selling process in Sembalun sub-district forms six types of marketing channels involving five marketing institutions. The longest channel is the first channel, namely from Farmers - Village Level Collectors - District Level Collectors - Retailers and then Consumers. Prices for large chili commodities tend to be determined by traders. The most efficient performance of the large chili market in Sembalun District, seen from the indicators of marketing margin, farmer share and profit to cost ratio, is the VI marketing channel, namely farmers directly to consumers.

Certifiably employable? Occupational regulation and unemployment duration

AbstractOccupational regulation is a labor market institution that has received a growing amount of attention. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the relationship between occupational credentials and unemployment duration in the United States. Thus, we propose a random search model to explain differences in unemployment duration resulting from heterogeneous effects from licenses and certification. Our model predicts that an occupational credential with a stronger signaling/human capital effect results in a shorter individual unemployment duration. To estimate the relationship between occupational credentials and spells of unemployment, we perform a survival analysis using panel data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) for the years 2013–2019. We find that both licensing and certification are associated with reductions in unemployment spells for Black males that are similar in magnitude. Our results provide some suggestive guidance to policymakers since certification is less costly and not mandatory like occupational licensing.

Proprietary Information Cost of Contracting with the Government

ABSTRACT We argue that contracting with the federal government involves significant proprietary information cost due to regulations requiring contractors to provide proprietary information, which may become available to outsiders via Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. We provide evidence by showing that firms become more willing to bid for government contracts after a recent Supreme Court ruling on FOIA (Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media) that improved information protection for contractors and that this effect strengthens when the contracts entail higher proprietary information cost for contractors. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: K4; M4.

Labor Market Institutions and Employment

The role of labor market institutions and policies has received great attention throughout the history of labor economics. Labor market institutions are responsible for a wide range of policies, regulations, and organizations that affect the labor market, though their impact on employment can vary depending on the specific institutions and the economic context across countries. This entry attempts to provide an overview of five main labor market institutions and policies, i.e., the minimum wage, employment protection, the power of unions, active labor market policies, and unemployment insurance/unemployment benefits. It also presents theoretical expectations of their effects on employment outcomes and collates relevant results from the related literature, focusing mainly on the most recent empirical evidence. Finally, this entry provides insights regarding labor market institutions and offers proposals for shaping the labor market landscape.

The Russian-Ukrainian War as an Impetus to the Destabilization of World Business: Reactions of Stock Markets

The conducted analysis identified Ukraine as a significant element of the modern world economic order. Being a part of the world digital economy even without a developed industrial sector and advanced market institutions, Ukraine has been accepted as an integral part of the world economic space. The war unleashed by Russia significantly disrupted its functioning. Under the influence of war, the market's interests have been turned toward the least risky products and significantly higher diversification. The markets have interpreted the Russian-Ukrainian war as real news that has been immediately displayed by stock markets optimal portfolios. The simultaneously provided analysis revealed the separation of social and corporative visions of world order on some even developed markets. Analysing the behavior of Chinese companies on the Russian and other markets revealed that, in modern conditions, the R&D sector could become a real mirror of potential war influence analysis.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Over the course of the last several years, there has been a significant amount of attention paid to the grave issue of women in India misusing the judicial system. The fact that women in India are often subjected to discrimination and do not have equal rights and opportunities contributes to the existence of gender bias in many aspects of Indian society. However, the fact that women often take advantage of the judicial system just helps to exacerbate the gender bias that already exists. Throughout the history of the legal system, there have been several instances of women attaining their objectives, sometimes at the expense of men. This behaviour is not only inappropriate from a moral standpoint, but it also goes against the Constitution. In the Indian Constitution, there is no section that specifically addresses the issue of gender equality. Over the course of its history, the Constitution has been subjected to several amendments in order to ensure that women are afforded equal legal protection. It is a fundamental human right to ensure that women are protected from any kind of discrimination, regardless of circumstances. Despite this, prejudice against women continues to exist in many aspects of society, such as the marriage market, the job, and educational institutions. In India, the most prevalent instances of women misusing the judicial system are those that include domestic violence and offences involving dowries. According to Indian law, crimes that include dowries are considered to be of a criminal character and entail criminal consequences. Instead, women often create charges of dowry harassment against their husbands or in-laws in order to achieve what they want in a divorce or property dispute. This is done in order to get what they want. Because of this misuse, men are deprived of the rights that are rightfully theirs, in addition to eroding the value of the law. To add insult to injury, when confronted with charges of domestic violence, law enforcement officers often do nothing, so allowing the perpetrators of the abuse to take the blame. This violates not just the rights of the victims but also sends the message that violence against women is acceptable. One of the most significant issues that has to be addressed is the fact that women in India are misusing the judicial system. In accordance with the provisions of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees gender equality, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that women are afforded equal rights and opportunities. It is imperative that we take precautions to prevent women from exploiting the legal system and to ensure that they are afforded enough protection against discrimination on the basis of their gender. Furthermore, individuals who are culpable for this crime should be subjected to the full force of the law, and victims of gender-based violence should get proper assistance and protection while they are victims.

Unionization, licensure and workplace variation in pay inequality between immigrants and natives

Abstract Organizational research has revealed considerable variation in immigrant–native pay inequalities across workplace contexts. However, less is known about how broader labor market institutions intersect in the local dynamics of wage setting between employees of immigrant and native backgrounds. We argue that union density and higher shares of employees in licensed occupations in workplaces constrain organizational opportunity structures for unequal pay according to immigrant backgrounds. Our analysis of longitudinal linked employer–employee administrative data for the Norwegian labor market shows that the wage gap between immigrants and natives decreases with increasing workplace unionization, but almost exclusively for immigrants who are union members. Next, licensure raises pay at the individual and workplace levels, although any reduction in immigrant–native pay gaps is contingent on immigrants’ access to licensed jobs. Our findings support the claim that institutional regulation in the workplace reduces the organizational scope of unequal pay based on immigrant status.

Skill Specificity on High-Skill Online Gig Platforms: Same as in Traditional Labour Markets?

Abstract Political economists and labour sociologists alike have studied how the skill specificity of workers can be explained, as it significantly affects workers’ performance. However, the emergence of the gig economy may substantially change skill hiring and specificity in online labour markets because gig workers do not need formal educational credentials to offer their services. Instead, skills are “unbundled” from occupations, and platforms provide alternative ways to signal competencies, for example, via their rating and review systems. To shed light on the applicability of existing theories to explain the skill profiles of gig workers, we examine what predicts the skills hired in the online gig economy. Based on multilevel ordinal logistic regression analyses of 2336 gig worker profiles, we show that—as in traditional labour markets—gig workers with a vocational degree and longer online work experience are hired for more specific skills. However, national labour market institutions and educational systems affect the gig workers’ skill specificity in the opposite direction than in traditional labour markets. Our findings thus suggest that online gig platforms allow workers to overcome restrictions imposed by national institutions as they are hired for those skills in the online gig economy that are institutionally less facilitated in their home labour markets.