Appetite Markers Research Articles

Physiologically relevant lactate accumulation from exercise or peripheral injection does not alter central or peripheral appetite signaling in mice

Lactate has been implicated in exercise-induced appetite suppression though little work has explored the mechanisms underpinning its role. Recent work suggests lactate accumulation via exercise and intracerebroventricular injection can alter central appetite regulating pathways, though a supraphysiological dose of lactate was administered centrally and there was no assessment of peripheral appetite markers. Therefore, we examined how physiologically relevant lactate accumulation via exercise or intraperitoneal injection altered central and peripheral appetite signaling pathways and whether the lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor oxamate could blunt any exercise effect. Forty 10-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice (n = 10/group) were assigned to either: 1) sedentary (SED + SAL; saline); 2) exercise (EX+SAL; saline); 3) exercise with oxamate (EX+OX; 750 mg‧kg−1 body mass); or 4) lactate (SED + LAC; 1.0 g‧kg−1 body mass). Blood, stomach, and hypothalamus samples were collected ∼2 h post-exercise/injection. Though oxamate blunted exercise-induced lactate accumulation compared to the EX+SAL condition (P = 0.044, d = 0.73), there were no differences in circulating acylated ghrelin or stomach ghrelin O-acyltransferase content between groups (P > 0.213, ηp2<0.125). There were also no differences in hypothalamic content for neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, agouti-related peptide, and alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (P > 0.150, ηp2<0.170). Exercise did increase phosphorylated-total signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) compared to EX+OX (p = 0.065, d = 1.23) but there were no differences in other markers of lactate signaling: phosphorylated-total adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase, and protein kinase b (P > 0.121, ηp2<0.160). Our results suggest that lactate accumulation due to exercise or peripheral injection does not alter central or peripheral appetite signaling when measured 2 h post-exercise/injection, though pSTAT3 was blunted with oxamate.

235 - What is the effect of non-ketogenic, diet-induced weight loss on appetite markers in adults with overweight and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis

235 - What is the effect of non-ketogenic, diet-induced weight loss on appetite markers in adults with overweight and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Association between Fat-Free Mass Loss, Changes in Appetite, and Weight Regain in Individuals with Obesity

BackgroundThe role of fat-free mass loss (FFML) in modulating weight regain in individuals with obesity, as well as the potential mechanisms involved, remain inconsistent. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine if % FFML following weight loss (WL) is a predictor of weight regain and to investigate the association between %FFML and changes in appetite markers. MethodsSeventy individuals with obesity (BMI: 36 ± 4 kg/m2; age: 44 ± 9 y; 29 males) underwent 8 wk of a very low energy diet (550–660 kcal/d), followed by 4 wk of gradual refeeding and weight stabilization and a 9-mo maintenance program (eucaloric diet). The primary outcomes were body weight and body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass). The secondary outcomes were plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (a marker of ketosis) in fasting and appetite-related hormones (ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin) and subjective appetite feelings during fasting and every 30 min after a fixed breakfast for 2.5 h. All were measured at baseline, week 9, and 1 y [week 13 in 35 subjects (25 males)]. The association between FFML, weight regain, and changes in appetite was assessed by linear regression. ResultsWL at week 9 was 17.5 ± 4.3kg and %FFML 20.4 ± 10.6%. Weight regain at 1 y was 1.7 ± 8.2 kg (8.8 ± 45.0%). After adjusting for WL and fat mass at baseline, %FFML at week 9 was not a significant predictor of weight regain. Similar results were seen at week 13. The greater the %FFML at week 9, but not 13, the smaller the reduction, or greater the increase in basal ghrelin concentration (β: −3.2; 95% CI: −5.0, −1.1; P = 0.003), even after adjusting for WL and β-hydroxybutyrate. Conclusions%FFML was not a significant predictor of weight regain at 1 y in individuals with obesity. However, a greater %FFML was accompanied by a greater increase in ghrelin secretion under ketogenic conditions, suggesting a link between fat-free mass and appetite regulation.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01834859.

The effects of wholegrain processing on appetite: randomised crossover trial in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Aims: Recent observational data indicate higher ultra-processed food intakes are associated with a broad range of adverse health outcomes. Experimental studies on why this might be are lacking. We have considered the effects of wholegrain processing on measures of appetite in free-living adults with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: Participants were randomised to two interventions of two-weeks duration, separated by washout. Interventions were nutrient-matched wholegrain foods that differed by the amount of processing. Self-reported hunger and satiety were indicated on visual analogue scales before or after meals for four days at baseline and the end of each intervention. Metabolite markers of appetite were measured pre and post intervention in fasting plasma. Results: 31 adults (63 ± 13 years old, BMI 32.4 ± 7, HbA1c 7.5 ± 3.4% (59 ± 14 mmol mol-1)) commenced the trial, 28 (90%) completed both interventions. Wholegrain consumption, as measured by alkylresorcinols, was balanced between interventions. Self-reported pre-meal hunger was consistently lower at breakfast (MD, mean difference 0.49/10 95% CI 0.03 to 0.94), lunch (MD 0.67/10 95% CI 0.09 to 1.25), and dinner (MD -0.71/10 95% CI 0.19 to 1.23) during the intervention of less processed whole grains when compared with pre-intervention measures, however this did not result in a difference between interventions. Change in metabolite markers of appetite did not differ between interventions. Conclusions: A significant difference in hunger or satiety between less and more processed whole grains over intervention periods of two weeks was not detected within the current trial. Further experimental studies are needed to consider the potential effects of food processing on physiological processes such as appetite to provide mechanistic understanding behind observations of highly processed food intakes and adverse health outcomes.

Effects of acute exercise and exercise training on plasma GDF15 concentrations and associations with appetite and cardiometabolic health in individuals with overweight or obesity – A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is seemingly involved in appetite control. Acute exercise increases GDF15 concentrations in lean humans, but acute and long-term effects of exercise on GDF15 in individuals with overweight/obesity are unknown. We investigated the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on GDF15 concentrations in individuals with overweight/obesity and associations with appetite and cardiometabolic markers. 90 physically inactive adults (20–45 years) with overweight/obesity were randomized to 6-months habitual lifestyle (CON, n=16), or isocaloric exercise of moderate (MOD, n=37) or vigorous intensity (VIG, n=37), 5 days/week. Testing was performed at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Plasma GDF15 concentrations, other metabolic markers, and subjective appetite were assessed fasted and in response to acute exercise before an ad libitum meal. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, insulin sensitivity, and intraabdominal adipose tissue were measured. At baseline, GDF15 increased 18% (95%CI: 4; 34) immediately after acute exercise and 32% (16; 50) 60 min post-exercise. Fasting GDF15 increased 21% (0; 46) in VIG after 3 months (p=0.045), but this attenuated at 6 months (13% (−11; 43), p=0.316) and was unchanged in MOD (11% (−6; 32), p=0.224, across 3 and 6 months). Post-exercise GDF15 did not change in MOD or VIG. GDF15 was not associated with appetite or energy intake. Higher GDF15 was associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and poorer glycemic control. In conclusion, GDF15 increased in response to acute exercise but was unaffected by exercise training. Higher GDF15 concentrations were associated with a less favorable cardiometabolic profile but not with markers of appetite. This suggests that GDF15 increases in response to acute exercise independent of training state. Whether this has an impact on free-living energy intake and body weight management needs investigation.

Appetite responses to pecan-enriched diets

Research suggests that tree nuts improve satiety during an acute meal, but the effects of daily consumption are less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of daily pecan consumption on markers of appetite in adults at-risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This was an 8-week, randomized, controlled trial with three treatments: two pecan groups and a nut-free control group (n = 16). The ADD group (n = 15) consumed pecans (68 g) as part of a free-living diet, and the SUB group (n = 16) substituted the pecans (68 g) for isocaloric foods from their diet. At pre- and post-intervention, a high-fat meal was consumed with 3.5 h postprandial blood draws and visual appetite scales (VAS) to determine changes in cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, and subjective appetite. Participants also completed VAS questionnaires once/h for the next 5 h and recorded dietary intake. Although no differences between groups (p > 0.05), there was an increase in postprandial CCK and PYY and suppression of postprandial ghrelin within ADD (p ≤ 0.05) from pre-to post-intervention. Across the entire day, the decreases in prospective consumption and desire to eat were greater in ADD vs SUB (−79 ± 41 vs 11 ± 26 mm/9 h; p = 0.05) and ADD vs control (−64 ± 39 vs 23 ± 29 mm/9 h; p = 0.05), respectively. There was also a non-significant tendency for a greater decrease in overall appetite in ADD vs control (−67 ± 46 vs 20 ± 27 mm/9 h; p = 0.06). Within ADD, overall appetite, prospective consumption, and desire to eat decreased, and fullness increased from pre-to post-intervention (p ≤ 0.05 for all). There were no changes in self-reported energy intake on test days or other changes within or between groups. In conclusion, adding pecans to the daily diet improves subjective and physiological markers of postprandial appetite in adults that are at-risk for CVD.

The probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus mimics the dark-driven regulation of appetite markers and melatonin receptors' expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae: Understanding the role of the gut microbiome.

The use of probiotics has been recently considered a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent pathologies such as obesity; however, the specific mechanisms of action by which probiotics exert their beneficial effects on metabolic health remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term effects of a probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplementation (PROB) on appetite regulation, growth-related markers, and microbiota diversity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, compared to a group subjected to a constant darkness photoperiod (DARK), as well as to evaluate the effects of both treatments on melatonin receptors' expression. After a 24h treatment, both PROB and DARK conditions caused a significant increase in leptin a expression. Moreover, mRNA abundances of leptin b and proopiomelanocortin a were elevated in the PROB group, and DARK showed a similar tendency, supporting a negative regulation of appetite markers by the treatments. Moreover, both PROB and DARK also enhanced the abundances of melatonin receptors transcript (melatonin receptor 1 ba and bb) and protein (melatonin receptor 1) suggesting a potential involvement of melatonin in mediating these effects. Nevertheless, treatments did not exhibit a significant effect on the expression of most of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis genes evaluated. Finally, only the DARK condition significantly modulated gut microbiota diversity at such short time, altogether highlighting the rapid effects of this probiotic on modulating appetite regulatory and melatonin receptors' expression, without a concomitant variation of gut microbiota.

MO916THE EFFECT OF EXTENDED HAEMODIALYSIS ON NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract Background and Aims Individuals who receive haemodialysis have a high mortality rate, up to 20% within one year of starting dialysis and just under 50% at 5 years. One of the risk factors that contributes to this high mortality rate is the nutritional status of haemodialysis patients; improving this will be a key element of risk mitigation. Extended haemodialysis may improve nutritional outcomes through better clearance and reduced dietary restrictions and medications. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an up to date assessment of trials of extended haemodialysis reporting the following nutritional outcomes: Lean body mass, body mass index, protein intake and energy intake, nutritional status assessed by the subjective global assessment and PEW scores, and circulating markers of appetite. Method No limits on language were set, and databases were searched from inception to December 2020 using a predefined search strategy. Inclusion criteria were; randomised and non-randomised trials of extended haemodialysis (defined by &amp;gt;15 hours per week of total haemodialysis time), with a comparator group which received conventional in-centre haemodialysis (usually &amp;lt;=12 hours per week of hemodialysis time). The following databases were searched: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), the Web of Science Core Collection,PROSPERO, Clinicaltrials.gov, the ISCRTN Registry and Conference Proceeding Citation Index, National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE). Additional internet searches (i.e Google Scholar) were also conducted. Search results were compiled in Endnote and studies were screened for title and abstract. Results Searches identified 9251 records. After removing duplicates 6190 records were screened for title and abstract against inclusion criteria, leaving 22 papers for full text screening. A further 17 records were removed following full text screening. Of the remaining 5 papers, one was a randomised controlled trial and four were prospective, non-randomised trials. All studies investigated nocturnal haemodialysis (one with the additional of short daily), three were in-centre and two were at home. Range of duration for the included studies was 2-18 months. Outcomes of interest measured included lean body mass, protein and carbohydrate intake, body mass index, dry lean mass and water soluble vitamin levels. Of these trials, only one reported a statistically significant increase in an outcome of interest (lean body mass). One study also reported cross-sectional data highlighting Vitamin-C deficiency in half of their nocturnal haemodialysis population. Conclusion There is insufficient high-quality evidence assessing the effect of extended haemodialysis on nutritional parameters. Further research is required to understand the impact of novel dialysis prescriptions on these clinical parameters.

Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on appetite markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background and aimsGlycosuria induced by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors leads to weight loss and improved diabetes control, but a significant disparity exists between observed and expected weight loss with these medications, hindering clinical effects. This study investigated whether this discrepancy could be explained by compensatory increases in appetite and associated alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. Methods and resultsThis was a prospective single-center observational pilot study. Adults 18–70 years old newly prescribed an SGLT2 inhibitor through usual care were invited to participate. Fasting and postprandial appetite was assessed immediately before, 1 week after, and 12 weeks after SGLT2 inhibitor initiation. Serum samples were collected at corresponding time points to measure ghrelin, leptin, and peptide tyrosine–tyrosine (PYY). Seven patients were included. At 1 and 12 weeks after SGLT2 inhibitor initiation, self-reported appetite did not change significantly and trended toward a decrease in appetite. There were no significant differences in fasting or postprandial ghrelin, leptin, or PYY. ConclusionResults suggest the discrepancy between expected and observed weight loss with SGLT2 inhibitors cannot be explained by increases in appetite or changes in appetite-regulating hormones. Further studies are needed to investigate alternative metabolic compensatory mechanisms to optimize weight loss with SGLT2 inhibitor use.

Association between habitual sleep duration/quality and appetite markers in individuals with obesity

Study ObjectivesTo assess if habitual sleep duration/quality was associated with appetite in individuals with obesity, and if the association was modulated by sex. MethodsSleep duration/quality was measured with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score in 95 healthy adults with obesity (BMI: 36.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2). Subjective feelings of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales, and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, total peptide YY, active glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin (CCK) and insulin were measured in fasting and every 30 min up to 2.5 h after a meal. ResultsNo significant associations were found between sleep duration, or overall quality, and appetite in all participants. However, a worse sleep efficiency was associated with lower postprandial CCK, a shorter habitual sleep was associated with lower postprandial desire to eat and a lower daytime dysfunction was associated with higher prospective food consumption in fasting (P<0.05, for all). In males, a shorter habitual sleep duration and a worse subjective sleep quality were associated with increased basal and postprandial active ghrelin (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Also, a shorter habitual sleep was associated with lower basal and postprandial insulin (P<0.05 for both) and a worse overall sleep quality with lower postprandial insulin (P<0.05). In females, a worse overall sleep quality was associated with lower postprandial active ghrelin (P<0.05), and short habitual sleep with higher postprandial insulin (P<0.05). ConclusionA worse habitual sleep efficiency is associated with blunted postprandial CCK secretion in individuals with obesity. The association between habitual sleep duration/quality and insulin and active ghrelin seems to be modulated by sex, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Association Between Ketosis and Changes in Appetite Markers with Weight Loss Following a Very Low-Energy Diet.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the degree of ketosis, measured as plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) in fasting, was associated with changes in appetite feelings and plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones after weight loss. A total of 87 individuals with obesity (BMI: 36.5 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ; age: 42.4 ± 9.7 years; 39 males) underwent 8 weeks of a very low-energy diet. Body weight/composition, plasma concentration of βHB, and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY, cholecystokinin [CCK], and insulin) and subjective appetite feelings were measured at baseline and week 9. Participants lost 17.7 ± 4.1 kg and were ketotic (βHB: 1.24 ± 0.82 mmol/L in fasting) at week 9. A negative association was found between βHB in fasting at week 9 and changes in basal (r = -0.315, P = 0.003) and postprandial ghrelin concentration (r = -0.286, P = 0.008), and a positive association was found with the change in postprandial GLP-1 (r = 0.244, P = 0.025) and CCK (r = 0.228, P = 0.035). No association was seen between βHB in fasting and changes in peptide YY or subjective feelings of appetite. βHB plasma concentration in fasting is associated with lower concentrations of the hunger hormone ghrelin and increased concentrations of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and CCK. Future studies should explore the molecular mechanisms by which βHB modulates the secretion of gut hormones.

Revisiting the Compensatory Theory as an explanatory model for relapse in obesity management

ABSTRACTWeight regain remains the main challenge in obesity management, and its etiology remains elusive. The aim of the present review was to revise the available evidence regarding the “Compensatory Theory,” which is an explanatory model of relapse in obesity treatment, and to propose alternative mechanisms that can contribute to weight regain. It has been proposed, and generally accepted as true, that when a person loses weight the body fights back, with physiological adaptations on both sides of the energy balance equation that try to bring body weight back to its original state: this is the Compensatory Theory. This theory proposes that the increased orexigenic drive to eat and the reduced energy expenditure that follow weight loss are the main drivers of relapse. However, evidence showing a link between these physiological adaptations to weight loss and weight regain is lacking. Here, we propose that the physiological adaptations to weight loss, both at the level of the homeostatic appetite control system and energy expenditure, are in fact a normalization to a lower body weight and not drivers of weight regain. In light of this we explore other potential mechanisms, both physiological and behavioral, that can contribute to the high incidence of relapse in obesity management. More research is needed to clearly ascertain whether the changes in energy expenditure and homeostatic appetite markers seen in reduced-obese individuals are a compensatory mechanism that drives relapse or a normalization towards a lower body weight, and to explore alternative hypotheses that explain relapse in obesity management.

The Effect of Soluble Fiber Dextrin on Subjective and Physiological Markers of Appetite: A Randomized Trial.

Obesity is a leading public health problem throughout the world. The development of foods that increase satiety and reduce food may aid weight management. This study determined the effect of consuming soluble fiber dextrin (SFD) on appetite, appetitive hormones, breath hydrogen and food intake in adults. Forty-three participants completed this study. For each treatment, 50% of the SFD was provided in liquid form as part of breakfast and 50% in solid form as a morning snack. Appetite questionnaires, blood and breath samples were collected immediately before breakfast and at regular intervals during the test session. The participants consumed an ad libitum lunch meal, afternoon snack and dinner meal, and the amount eaten was recorded. Following dinner, participants left the laboratory but were required to keep a diet diary for the remainder of the day. Breath hydrogen concentration was significantly higher following the consumption of SFD compared to control (p < 0.05). There was no observed overall treatment effect of consuming SFD on GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1), ghrelin, CCK-8 (Cholecystokinin) or PYY3-36 (Petptide YY) (p > 0.05). Moreover, consuming foods containing SFD had no effect on subjective appetite or food intake (p > 0.05). Consuming foods containing SFD increased breath hydrogen but did not influence food intake, appetite or appetitive hormones. However, the limitations of this study may have individually or collectively masked an effect of SFD on food intake and appetite.

The Effect of Acute Hypohydration on Indicators of Glycemic Regulation, Appetite, Metabolism and Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Evidence synthesizing the effects of acute body water losses on various markers of glycemic regulation, appetite, metabolism, and stress is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this review was to summarize the response of various hormonal changes involved in these physiologic functions to dehydration. A comprehensive literature search for peer-reviewed research in the databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and SportDiscus was conducted. Studies were included if they contained samples of adults (>18 years) and experimentally induced dehydration as measured by acute body mass loss. Twenty-one articles were eligible for inclusion. Findings suggested cortisol is significantly elevated with hypohydration (standard mean difference [SMD] = 1.12, 95% CI [0.583, 1.67], p < 0.0001). Testosterone was significantly lower in studies where hypohydration was accompanied by caloric restriction (SMD= −1.04, 95% CI [−1.93, −0.14], p = 0.02), however, there were no changes in testosterone in studies examining hypohydration alone (SMD = −0.17, 95% CI [−0.51 0.16], p = 0.30). Insulin and ghrelin were unaffected by acute total body water losses. Acute hypohydration increases markers of catabolism but has a negligible effect on markers of glycemic regulation, appetite, anabolism and stress. Given the brevity of existing research, further research is needed to determine the impact of hydration on glucagon, leptin, peptide YY and the subsequent outcomes relevant to both health and performance.

Protocol for a single-centre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, superiority trial on the effects of time-restricted eating on body weight, behaviour and metabolism in individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the REStricted Eating Time (RESET) study

IntroductionThe aim of this study is to investigate the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on change in body weight and describe changes in behaviour and metabolism in individuals at high...

Changes in the Homeostatic Appetite System After Weight Loss Reflect a Normalization Toward a Lower Body Weight.

ObjectiveTo compare appetite markers in reduced-obese individuals with a nonobese control group.MethodsA total of 34 adults with obesity who lost 17% body weight at week 13 and maintained this weight loss (WL) at 1 year were compared with 33 nonobese controls matched for body composition. Basal and postprandial subjective appetite ratings and appetite-related hormone concentrations (ghrelin, total peptide YY, peptide YY3-36, total and active glucagon-like peptide 1, and cholecystokinin) were measured in all participants and repeated at week 13 and 1 year in the weight-reduced group.ResultsWL led to a reduction in prospective food consumption and an increase in feelings of hunger, fullness, and ghrelin secretion (basal and postprandial), but these new ratings were no different from those seen in controls. Postprandial concentrations of active glucagon-like peptide 1, total peptide YY, and cholecystokinin were lower in individuals with obesity at all time points compared with controls.ConclusionThe increased drive to eat (both subjective feelings of hunger and ghrelin concentrations) seen in reduced-obese individuals, both after acute and sustained WL, reflects a normalization toward a lower body weight. Overall, WL does not have a sustained negative impact on satiety peptide secretion, despite a blunted secretion in individuals with obesity compared with nonobese controls.

Effects of kefir or milk supplementation on zonulin in overweight subjects

Increased intestinal permeability has been shown to be involved in several diseases associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, including obesity and metabolic syndrome. In the last decade, growing evidence shows the beneficial effects of probiotic-containing food supplementation on these conditions. In this crossover intervention study on 28 asymptomatic overweight adults, we tested the effects of a 3-wk kefir supplementation compared with a 3-wk milk supplementation on serum zonulin levels. The effects on serum glucose, triacylglycerols, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein and adiponectin), anthropometric variables, mood, and appetite were also determined. Kefir supplementation resulted in a greater improvement of serum zonulin levels (F = 6.812, η2 = 0.275), whereas a significant yet similar improvement in lipid profile and serum glucose levels was found in both supplementations. Positive mood was slightly but significantly enhanced with kefir supplementation, and reduced with milk supplementation. The C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and appetite were unaffected. In conclusion, supplementation with both dairy products had health beneficial effects, but only kefir showed an effect on the intestinal barrier dysfunction marker.

The Short-Term Effect of Whey Compared with Pea Protein on Appetite, Food Intake, and Energy Expenditure in Young and Older Men.

ABSTRACTBackgroundDiets higher in protein have been reported to improve age-related changes in body composition via increased energy expenditure, shifts in substrate oxidation (SO), and decreased appetite. However, how protein source (e.g., animal compared with plant protein) affects energy expenditure, appetite, and food intake as we age is unknown.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein source as part of a high-protein breakfast on appetite, food intake, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation in young men (YM) compared with older men (OM).MethodsThis study used a randomized, single-blinded crossover design, with a 1-wk washout period between testing days. Fifteen YM (mean ± SD age: 25.2 ± 2.8 y) and 15 OM (67.7 ± 4.5 y), healthy adults, participated in the study. Participants arrived fasted and consumed an isocaloric, volume-matched, high-protein (40-g) test beverage made with either an animal [whey protein isolate (WPI)] or plant [pea protein isolate (PPI)] protein isolate source. Markers of appetite and energy expenditure were determined at baseline and over 4 h postprandial.ResultsThere was a significant effect of time, age, and protein source on appetite (P < 0.05). There was no effect of protein source on plasma markers of appetite, food intake, energy expenditure, and SO. After controlling for body weight, OM had decreased energy expenditure (P < 0.05) and lower fat oxidation (P < 0.001) compared with YM.ConclusionsThis study indicates that a high-protein breakfast containing WPI or PPI exerts comparable effects on appetite, energy expenditure, and 24-h energy intake in both young and older healthy adult men.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03399812.

Quantification of true inter-individual variability in exercise-induced changes in body weight and composition and markers of appetite in individuals with overweight and obesity

Quantification of true inter-individual variability in exercise-induced changes in body weight and composition and markers of appetite in individuals with overweight and obesity

Effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite in individuals with overweight and obesity.

Acute exercise is associated with a transient suppression of appetite. The effects of regular exercise on appetite are not well understood. We aimed to determine the effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite. One hundred thirty physically inactive women and men (20-45 yr) with overweight and obesity were randomized to 6 mo of habitual lifestyle (CON, n = 18), active commuting (BIKE, n = 35), or leisure-time exercise of moderate [MOD, 50% peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak)-reserve, n = 39] or vigorous (VIG, 70% V̇o2peak-reserve, n = 38) intensity. Appetite ratings, acylated ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon were assessed in the basal state and in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and 3 and 6 mo. Ad libitum energy intake was determined during test meals. Data from 90 participants (per protocol) were available, and results are comparisons with CON. At 3 mo, ad libitum energy intake was lower in VIG (-22%, P < 0.01), basal glucagon was lower in BIKE ( P < 0.05) and VIG ( P = 0.01), and postprandial ratings of prospective food consumption were lower in MOD ( P = 0.02) and VIG ( P < 0.001). In VIG, ratings of hunger ( P = 0.01) and prospective food consumption ( P = 0.03) were lower after acute exercise at 3 mo. At 6 mo, basal and postprandial GLP-1 were higher ( P ≤ 0.04) whereas postexercise PYY was lower ( P = 0.03) in VIG and postexercise CCK was lower in BIKE ( P = 0.03). Vigorous-intensity exercise training leads to a transient suppression of energy intake and subjective appetite (3 mo) but a more long-term increase in basal and postprandial GLP-1 (6 mo) in individuals with overweight and obesity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first randomized controlled trial, to our knowledge, investigating long-term effects of exercise domain and intensity on subjective and hormonal markers of appetite and ad libitum energy intake in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite was assessed in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and at 3 and 6 mo. Anorexigenic effects of exercise vary with the duration of intervention and are restricted to regular leisure-time exercise of vigorous intensity in individuals with overweight and obesity.