Markers In Adolescents Research Articles

Comparing BMI with skinfolds to estimate age at adiposity rebound and its associations with cardio-metabolic risk markers in adolescence

BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) reaches a nadir in mid-childhood, known as the adiposity rebound (AR). Earlier AR is associated with a higher risk of cardio-vascular diseases in later life. Skinfolds, which are a more direct measure of adiposity, may give better insight into the relationship between childhood adiposity and later obesity and cardio-metabolic risk.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess whether AR corresponds to a rebound in skinfolds, and compare associations of BMI-derived AR and skinfold-derived AR with cardio-metabolic risk markers in adolescence.MethodsWe used penalised splines with random coefficients to estimate BMI and skinfold trajectories of 604 children from the Mysore Parthenon Birth Cohort. Age at AR was identified using differentiation of the BMI and skinfold growth curves between 2 and 10 years of age. At 13.5 years, we measured blood pressure, and glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations.ResultsBMI and skinfolds had different growth patterns. Boys reached BMI-derived AR earlier than skinfold-derived AR (estimated difference: 0.41 years; 95% CI:[0.23, 0.56]), whereas the opposite was observed in girls (estimated difference: −0.71 years; 95% CI:[−0.90, −0.54]). At 13.5 years, children with earlier BMI-derived AR had higher BMI (−0.58 SD per SD increase of AR; 95%CI:[−0.65, −0.52]), fat mass (−0.44; 95%CI:[−0.50, −0.37]), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: −0.20; 95%CI:[−0.28, −0.12]) and systolic blood pressure (−0.20; 95%CI:[−0.28, −0.11]), and lower HDL-cholesterol (0.12; 95%CI:[0.04, 0.21]). The associations were independent of BMI at time of rebound, but were fully explained by fat mass at 13.5 years. Similar associations were found for skinfold-derived AR.ConclusionBMI-derived adiposity rebound predicts later cardio-metabolic risk markers similarly to that derived from skinfolds, a direct measure of adiposity.

Complete blood count-derived inflammatory markers in adolescents with primary arterial hypertension: a preliminary report.

Aim of the studyThe aim of our study was to evaluate selected inflammatory markers in children with untreated primary hypertension and to establish the relation between inflammatory markers and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and clinical and biochemical parameters.Material and methodsIn 54 children (15.12 ±2.02 years) with untreated primary hypertension, with excluded overt inflammation, we evaluated: neutrophils (NEU; 1000/μl), lymphocytes (LYM; 1000/μl), platelets (PLT; 1000/μl), mean platelet volume (MPV; fl), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), ABPM (OSCAR 2 SUNTECH), and selected clinical and biochemical parameters. The control group consisted of 20 healthy children (15.55 ±2.27 years).ResultsChildren with primary hypertension had (p < 0.01) higher 24-hour systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads, and pulse pressure. Hypertensive children did not differ in inflammatory indicators (NEU, LYM, PLT, MPV, NLR, PLR) from the control group. In 54 hypertensive children we found the following correlations: between office systolic and diastolic blood pressure and MPV (r = 0.35, p = 0.011, r = 0.36, p = 0.008), between 24-hour ambulatory mean arterial pressure Z-score and NLR (r = 0.30, p = 0.030), 24-hour systolic blood pressure load and NLR (r = 0.38, p = 0.005), plasma renin activity and neutrophil count, NLR, PLR (r = 0.47, p = 0.016, r = 0.64, p < 0.001, r = 0.42, p = 0.033), urinary albumin loss and neutrophil count, NLR (r = 0.46, p = 0.001 and r = 0.42, p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed that office SBP Z-score was related to MPV (β = 0.35, p = 0.008) and albuminuria to neutrophil count (β = 0.62, p = 0.018).ConclusionsIn children with primary arterial hypertension there may be a relation between blood pressure, urinary albumin loss, and subclinical inflammation.

Reference and Influential Factors of Serum Bone Markers in Chinese Adolescents

This study aimed to establish reference ranges of bone markers in Chinese adolescents between the age of 12 and 16, and to search these markers’ characteristics and influential factors. Personal information and fasting blood samples were collected from 174 healthy adolescents in Northeast China. Serum levels of PINP, ALP, β-CrossLaps, calcium, phosphate, PTH, 25(OH)D and TSH were measured. Reference ranges were established for PINP [(85.55–2,028.75)ng/ml], ALP [(53.88–463.63)U/L], β-CrossLaps [(0.16–1.19)ng/ml], calcium [(2.35–2.70)mmol/L], phosphate [(1.17–2.06)mmol/L] and PTH [(2.64–43.36)μg/L] in this population. We observed that bone formation markers PINP and ALP levels were evidently higher when compared to kit references for adults. Reference ranges for calcium, phosphate and PTH also differed from those provided by kit manuals. Serum ALP, PINP, phosphate and PTH changed with age (all P < 0.005), and were significantly higher in boys than in girls (all P < 0.05). Serum 25(OH)D and TSH levels didn’t correlate with PINP, ALP and β-CrossLaps (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, unique reference ranges should be provided for adolescents. BMI, sex and age independently influence certain serum bone markers in adolescents. Vitamin D deficiency is widespread. Serum levels of vitamin D and TSH may not influence bone turnover markers in this population.

Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Clustered Cardiovascular Risk Factors Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers in Adolescents

Background: Clusters of cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This cross-sectional study assessed the associations between classic CVR factor clusters and inflammatory markers in Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Measurements included anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters and selected inflammatory markers in 487 adolescents (236 boys/251 girls; 12.06 ± 1.41 years). Results: After stratifying the population by gender and adjusting for potential confounding variables, principal component analysis was performed and it produced 5 independent components in both genders: adiposity, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/triacylglycerols (TG), and cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein. Glucose metabolism was inversely associated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in both genders (r = -0.026; r = -0.021); blood pressure was inversely associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in girls (r = -0.046); HDL/TG was positively associated with interleukin-6 in girls (r = 0.012), with IL-1β (r = 0.010) TNF-α (r = 0.045) in boys, and inversely associated with adiponectin in both genders (r = -0.015; r = -0.013). Conclusion: The results suggest that lipid metabolism alterations, as potential early events in the development of CVDs, have a strong link to the inflammatory process, in contrast to other clusters of risk factors.

Pubertal Timing and Cardiometabolic Markers at Age 16 Years

To examine the association between pubertal timing and cardiometabolic markers among adolescents. We used data from Dutch adolescents participating in a birth cohort study. The study population for the current study consisted of 799 adolescents of whom data were available for at least 1 of the exposure variables (pubertal timing and/or age at menarche) and any of the cardiometabolic markers (waist circumference, cholesterol, blood pressure [BP], glycated hemoglobin) measured at age 16 years. Adolescents self-reported pubertal development at ages 11, 14, and 16 years. We categorized participants with early (84 girls, 88 boys), intermediate (240 girls, 211 boys), or late pubertal timing (89 girls, 85 boys). We estimated differences in cardiometabolic markers using linear regression analysis. Girls with early pubertal timing had 1.54 cm larger waist circumference (95% CI .05; 3.03) and 3.98 mm Hg higher systolic BP (95% CI 1.69; 6.27) at age 16 years than girls with intermediate pubertal timing. The association with systolic BP remained after adjusting for childhood body mass index (BMI) (age 8 years) but attenuated after adjusting for BMI in adolescence (age 16 years). Boys with early pubertal timing had 0.79 mmol/mol lower glycated hemoglobin (95%CI -1.38; -0.20) than boys with intermediate pubertal timing. Girls with early pubertal timing had unfavorable BP levels at age 16 years, independent of BMI in childhood. Girls and boys with late pubertal timing had a tendency for lower waist circumference, but no differences in other cardiometabolic markers. Late pubertal timing does not appear to be a risk factor for unfavorable cardiometabolic markers in adolescence.

Association of Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration With Systemic Inflammation Markers in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Breastfeeding duration has been associated with less low-grade inflammation in healthy adolescents, but there is scarce information regarding obese subjects. This study aimed to evaluate whether exclusive breastfeeding is related to serum concentrations of inflammatory markers in a population of Spanish adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed on 1,001 adolescents (13.2 ± 1.2 years) randomly recruited from schools in southeast Spain. Data on breastfeeding duration were collected via a parental questionnaire. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined by solid-phase chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Nonadjusted and adjusted multivariate correlation analyses confirmed a strong association ( p < .001, 95% confidence interval) between the three markers of inflammation and exclusive breastfeeding duration. No significant differences were observed for IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP serum concentrations among normal weight, overweight, and obese adolescents, except for IL-6 between normal weight and obese subjects. Likewise, no significant association was found between these markers of inflammation and body mass index (BMI) z-score. We found a possible association between inflammatory markers and exclusive breastfeeding duration in adolescents, regardless of their BMI. This finding suggests that increased body weight or obesity might not mediate the association between breastfeeding and inflammation. These results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between breastfeeding and inflammatory markers in adolescents.

Family history of cardiovascular disease and parental lifestyle behaviors are associated with offspring cardiovascular disease risk markers in childhood.

Cardiovascular disease risk markers have become more prevalent in childhood. To provide increased understanding of the etiology of this public health issue, we investigated associations between family characteristics with cardiovascular disease risk markers in adolescents from a developing nation. In this cross-sectional study data for fasting glucose, lipoproteins (LDL-C and HDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol were collected from 991 adolescents aged 10-17 who were recruited from public schools in Londrina city, Southern Brazil. Family history of cardiovascular disease and parental engagement in risk behavior (alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking) were collected using a self-reported parental questionnaire. Socioeconomic status, adolescent physical activity (estimated by Baecke questionnaire), self-reported tobacco and alcohol intake, and somatic maturation (age at peak height velocity) were used as covariates. Logistic regression was used for the main analyses. Independent of adolescent lifestyle behaviors, associations (ORadj [95% CI]) were found between: (1) paternal family history of cardiovascular disease with increased likelihood of high adolescent offspring BMI (1.53 [1.01 to 2.32]) and high triglycerides (2.93 [1.04 to 8.27]); (2) maternal family history of cardiovascular disease with heightened odds of high adolescent offspring triglycerides (2.84 [1.02 to 7.91]); (3) maternal cardiovascular disease with higher odds of high fasting glucose (2.16 [1.13 to 4.14]), and (4) maternal smoking with increased odds of high LDL-C (1.78 [1.14 to 2.79]) and high total cholesterol (1.77 [1.01 to 3.10]) in adolescent offspring. Family history of cardiovascular disease and maternal tobacco smoking are related to increased cardiovascular risk in adolescents, potentially independent of their own lifestyle behaviors.

Balance Markers in Adolescents at 1 Month Postconcussion.

Background:The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) shows that balance tends to recover within days after a concussion, whereas measures of the movement of the center of pressure (COP) show that balance deficits can persist up to 1 month after concussion. While approximately 30% of adolescents suffering concussion have functional consequences including balance deficits, evidence of the use of different balance assessments for concussion is limited within this population.Purpose:To compare performance on a series of balance assessments between adolescents with a diagnosed concussion at 1 month postinjury and noninjured control participants within the same age distribution.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Thirty-three adolescents 1 month postconcussion and 33 control participants completed the BESS followed by two, 2-minute trials standing on a Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB), during which the COP under their feet was recorded using 2 testing protocols: (1) double-leg stance, eyes open (EO) and (2) double-leg stance, eyes closed (EC). Participants then completed a dual-task condition (DT) with eyes open combining a double-leg stance and a Stroop color and word test while standing on the WBB. Three commonly used COP variables, anterior-posterior (A/P) and mediolateral (M/L) velocity and 95% ellipse, were computed for each condition performed on the WBB.Results:Participants postconcussion swayed over a significantly larger ellipse area compared with the control group in the EO (P = .008), EC (P = .002), and DT (P = .003) conditions and also performed the DT condition with faster COP velocity in the M/L direction (P = .007). No significant group difference was identified for BESS total score.Conclusion:At 1 month postconcussion, participants continued to demonstrate balance deficits in COP control despite scoring similar to controls on the BESS. Simple COP measures of balance may identify subtle impairments not captured by the BESS.

Correlation of metabolic syndrome severity with cardiovascular health markers in adolescents

Background and ObjectivesThe presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in childhood is a significant risk factor for later cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent data showed temporal decreases in a sex- and race/ethnicity-specific MetS severity z-score among U.S. adolescents. Our goal was to characterize the relationship of this MetS z-score with other CVD risk indicators and assess their temporal trends and lifestyle influences. MethodsWe analyzed 4837 participants aged 12–20years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey by 2-year waves from 1999 to 2012. We used linear regression to compare MetS z-score and dietary factors with serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein-B (ApoB), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and uric acid. ResultsMetS severity z-score was positively correlated with LDL, ApoB, hsCRP, and uric acid measurements (p<0.0001 for all). These correlations held true among individual racial/ethnic groups. LDL, ApoB, and hsCRP measurements decreased over time among U.S. adolescents (p=0.002, p<0.0001, and p=0.024, respectively). Saturated fat consumption was positively correlated with LDL (p=0.005) and ApoB (p=0.012) and inversely related to serum uric acid (p=0.001). Total caloric intake was inversely related to LDL (p=0.003) and serum uric acid (p=0.003). Unsaturated fat, carbohydrate, and protein consumption were not related to LDL, ApoB, hsCRP, or serum uric acid. ConclusionsThere is a positive correlation between MetS severity and all four CVD risk indicators studied. LDL, ApoB, and hsCRP showed favorable temporal trends, which could be related to similar trends in MetS z-score. These data support the importance of considering multiple inter-related factors in clinical CVD risk assessment.

Increased inflammatory markers in adolescents born extremely preterm and small for gestational age

Low birth weight has been associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and later cardiovascular disease. Whether this is related to low birth weight due to premature birth, being born small for gestational age (birth weight below the 10 th per- centile for gestational age) or variations in postnatal growth patterns is unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of fetal growth restriction versus low birth weight due to prematurity on inflammatory status in later life. We investigated systemic markers of cell-mediated immune activation, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and high-sensitive CRP (hs-CRP), in two population-based cohorts of children aged 10 and 17 years, who were born preterm (gestational age ≤ 28 weeks) or with an extremely-low-birth weight (< 1000 g) (n = 4). The controls were sex-and age-matched term-born with appropriate for gesta- tional age birth weight children (n = 75). Children born premature and small for gestational age had higher Kyn/Trp and hs-CRP compared to both age-matched preterms with appropriate for gestational age birth weight (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, for Kyn/Try ratio and CRP respectively) and controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001). No significant differences in inflammatory markers were observed between appropriate for gestational age preterms and controls. Our observations suggest that the chronic low-grade immune activation observed in adults born with a low birth weight may be related to fetal growth restriction rather than low birth weight due to prematurity.

Increased inflammatory markers in adolescents born extremely preterm and small for gestational age

Increased inflammatory markers in adolescents born extremely preterm and small for gestational age

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON CARDIOMETABOLIC MARKERS IN ADOLESCENTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ABSTRACT The accumulation of body fat is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Obesity can be considered a chronic systemic inflammatory disease in adults and younger people. The control of subclinical inflammation process through the practice of physical activity (PA) can mitigate the effects of risk factors that trigger atherosclerosis that worsens with advancing age. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the influence of physical activity and/or exercise on cardiometabolic markers and othrer risk factors of cardiovascular disease in adolescents. A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases Scopus, Pubmed, Conchrane Collection and SciELO. The terms used in the search were "cardiovascular diseases AND inflammation AND adolescents AND physical activity OR exercise". A total of 24 original articles were evaluated, being 14 longitudinal and 10 cross-sectional studies. Overall, 16 articles (66.66%) showed that PA, exercise and/or sedentary behavior may have influenced or have been related to the concentration of cardiometabolic markers. All studies that examined lifestyle changes showed reduction of cardiometabolic markers. Some limitations were observed: reduced samples, lack of dietary prescription, evaluation and control of volume and intensity of exercise. Most of the studies analyzed showed that the physical activity could influence and decrease the concentrations of cardiometabolic markers in adolescents. However, studies with representative sample size and precise control in assessing the level of physical activity and/or exercise are required to determine accurately the changes that the more active lifestyle can bring on inflammatory process, as well as other risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in adolescents.

Vo2 Max and Body Composition Had No Influence in Hdl-c Levels in Brazilian Adolescents

The increase in HDL-C levels is commonly observed following aerobic training, depending on the exercise intensity, frequency and duration. Besides, dyslipidemia is strongly associated to overweight in adults. Aerobic capacity and body composition are components of physical fitness. The relationship between physical fitness and metabolic markers in adolescents are not as understandable as in adults due to establish the real contribution of physical activities to health in youth. PURPOSE: To compare maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and body fat percentage between dyslipidemic and normolipidemic Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Twenty-one Brazilian adolescents (17.2±0.85 years, 58.7±7.2 kg, 164.7±9.3 cm) were evaluated and divided in 2 groups. Ten were considered normolipidemic and eleven were dyslipidemic according to The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criterion. Blood samples were collected to measure the HDL-C, ergospirometry was used to determine the VO2 max and Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was selected to estimate body fat percentage. Shapiro Wilk test was used to test the normality of data. Independent Student t-test was used for the statistical comparison. RESULTS: In dyslipidemic group, VO2 max and body fat percentage were respectively 36.3±10.2 ml/kg/min and 32.4±12.2%. In the normolipidemic group the VO2 max was 41.9±7.7 ml/kg/min and body fat was 26.8±9.3%. No statistical differences were found between these two groups in both comparisons (p = 0.08 for VO2 max and p = 0.13 for body fat percentage). CONCLUSIONS: To this sample, there was no difference between groups. However, the sample was composed of only 21 subjects and the diet intake was not controlled.

Ability of Measures of Adiposity in Identifying Adverse Levels of Inflammatory and Metabolic Markers in Adolescents.

Overweight and obesity have been associated with a pro-inflammatory state. We aimed to assess the ability of different measures of overall and abdominal adiposity for identifying adverse levels of inflammatory and metabolic markers in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 Portuguese adolescents (267 girls), mean age 14.3 ± 1.7 years. Weight, height, sitting height, waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%) were measured; and BMI, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and waist-to-sitting-height ratio (WsHtR) were calculated. We measured C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), complements C3 and C4, leptin, and adiponectin levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to estimate the ability of the adiposity measures to discriminate between low/high values of biomarkers. The highest areas under the ROC curves were presented by BF% for fibrinogen and complement C3 in both sexes and for ESR, complement C4, and adiponectin only in girls; by BMI for CRP in girls and for leptin in both sexes; by WHtR for leptin in both sexes and for CRP, fibrinogen, and adiponectin only in girls; by waist circumference for CRP, fibrinogen, and complement C3 only in boys and for complement C4 in girls; and by WsHtR for complement C3 in girls; p < 0.05 for all. The measures that more often presented discriminatory power were, for overall adiposity, BF% in both sexes, and for abdominal adiposity, WHtR in girls and WC in boys. However, small differences in discriminatory capabilities don't allow us to clearly defend the adoption of a single measure above all others.

Uh, Um, and Autism: Filler Disfluencies as Pragmatic Markers in Adolescents with Optimal Outcomes from Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Filler disfluencies--uh and um--are thought to serve distinct discourse functions. We examined fillers in spontaneous speech by youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who struggle with pragmatic language, and by youth with ASD who have achieved an 'optimal outcome' (OO), as well as in peers with typical development (TD). While uh rates did not differ, participants with ASD produced um less frequently than OO or TD groups. Um rate was associated with autism symptom severity, but not executive function or language abilities, suggesting that um serves a pragmatic, listener-oriented function. Moreover, in contrast to minimal production in ASD, the typical OO um production substantiates the normalization of subtle social communication in this population.

Vasoactive Inotropic Score (VIS) as Biomarker of Short-Term Outcomes in Adolescents after Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Our aim was to evaluate the Vasoactive Inotropic Score (VIS) as a prognostic marker in adolescents following surgery for congenital heart disease. This single-center retrospective chart review included patients 10-18 years of age, who underwent cardiac surgery from 2009 to 2014. Hourly VIS was calculated for the initial 48 postoperative hours using standard formulae and incorporating doses of six pressors. The composite adverse outcome was defined as any one of death, resuscitation or mechanical support, arrhythmia, infection requiring antibacterial therapy, acute kidney injury or neurologic injury. Surgeries were risk-stratified by the type of surgical repair using the validated STAT score. Statistical analysis (SPSS 19.0) included Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, ROC curves, and binary regression analysis. Our cohort (n = 149) had a mean (SD) age of 13.9 (2.4) years and included 97 (65.1 %) males. Maximal VIS at 24 and 48 h following surgery was significantly higher in subjects (n = 27) who suffered an adverse outcome. Subjects with adverse outcome had longer bypass and cross-clamp times, durations of stay in the hospital, and a higher rate of acute kidney injury, compared to those (n = 122) without postoperative adverse outcomes. The area under the ROC for maximum VIS at 24-48 h after surgery was 0.76, with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values with 95 % CI of 67 (48-82) %, 74 (70-77) %, and 36 (26-44) % and 91 (86-95) %, respectively, at a cutoff >4.75. On binary logistic regression, maximum VIS on second postoperative day remained significantly associated with adverse outcome (OR 1.35; 95 % CI> 1.12-1.64, p = 0.002). Maximal VIS at 24 and 48 h correlated significantly with length of stay and time to extubation. Maximal VIS on the second postoperative day predicts adverse outcome in adolescents following cardiac surgery. This simple yet robust prognostic indicator may aid in risk stratification and targeted interventions in this population.

Inflammatory markers in relation to body composition, physical activity and assessment of nutritional status of the adolescents.

The evaluation of inflammatory markers during adolescence can monitor different stages and manifestation of chronic diseases in adulthood. The control of the subclinical inflammation process through changes in lifestyle, especially in the practice of physical activity and dietary education can mitigate the effects of risk factors that trigger the process of atherosclerosis. To do a critical review regarding inflammatory markers as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease in relation to body composition, physical activity and assessment of nutritional status of adolescents. A literature review was performed in the following electronic databases: PUBMED, SCIELO and CONCHRANE COLLECTION. The following associated terms were used "inflammation AND cardiovascular diseases AND nutritional status OR body composition OR physical activity". There were topics created for the discussion of subjects: obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease during adolescence; expression of inflammatory markers in adolescence; development of cardiovascular disease with inflammatory markers, and finally, inflammatory markers, physical activity and nutritional evaluation. It was observed that the inflammatory markers may manifest in adolescence and be related to risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity and nutritional evaluation featured as non-pharmacological measures to control the incidence of inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk factor. Intervention studies may clarify how the adoption of a more proper lifestyle can influence the inflammatory process.

1,5-Anhydroglucitol, an indicator of short term glycaemic control, is the most discriminatory metabolomic marker in adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared to control subjects

Methods Design Case control study. Setting Tertiary paediatric hospital clinic. Population 27 (14F/13M) adolescents with T1D (age (median, interquartile range) 15.5, 14.7-16.4 years; duration 7.7; 6.0-11.8 years; HbA1c 9.1, 8.1-10.1%); glucose 13.35 (7.60-17.85) and 27 (14F/13M) control participants (age 15.1, 14.4-16.8 years). BMI was <95 percentile. Measures Fasting plasma and urine metabolomes were profiled by GC-MS and compared between cohorts. Statistics Univariate comparisons:-Spearman correlations, t-tests/Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Multivariate comparisons:-PCA, OPLS-DA and OPLS.

Decreased Right Hippocampal Volumes and Neuroprogression Markers in Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess differences and correlations between the hippocampal volumes (HCVs), serum nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in adolescents with bipolar disorder (BP) compared to healthy controls. Methods: Using structural magnetic resonance imaging, we compared HCVs of 30 patients with euthymic BP who were already enrolled in a naturalistic clinical follow-up. For comparison, we enrolled 23 healthy controls between the ages of 13 and 19. The boundaries of the hippocampus were outlined manually. The BDNF and NGF serum levels were measured with the sandwich ELISA. Results: The groups did not differ in the right or left HCVs or in the NGF or BDNF serum levels. However, negative correlations were found between the right HCVs and the duration of the disorder and medication and positive correlations were found between the duration of the medications and the NGF and BDNF levels in the patient group. Additionally, positive correlations were found between the follow-up period and left normalized HCVs in both the BP and lithium-treated groups. Conclusions: The right HCVs may vary with illness duration and the medication used to treat BP; NGF and BDNF levels may be affected by long-term usage. Further research is needed to determine whether these variables and their structural correlates are associated with clinical or functional differences between adolescents with BP and healthy controls.