Marked Rise In Level Research Articles

Acute high dose Of L-Lysine amino acid leads nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in fresh water fish Clarias batrachus

The present investigation was carried out to find out the effects of high dose of L-lysine on the fish and also an attempt has been made to predict the impact on human health. L-lysine is an essential amino acid which is used in medical practices as a growth promoter of bones especially in infants. Important work on metabolism and functions of amino acids in human health and major diseases has been reported by many workers and evaluated the key role of various amino acids in response to infections. Lysine is not synthesized by body; therefore, it must be taken either by diet or supplementation. Lysine first of all isolated from casein in 1889 and introduced as Lysine hydrochloride in 1955. The recommended dose of lysine is 12mg/kg body weight. Side effects of Lysine in large doses i.e. 10-30gm/day may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea but renal and hepatic toxicity is not reported in normal person. Amino acids are used to treat end stage renal failure and also in liver failure. Recently lysine is used to treat herpes and as a supplement for diabetic people. In present study the effect of acute high dose 2mg/100gm body weight of L-lysine in fish shows toxic effects on kidney and liver which is an alarming indication towards use of high dose of Lysine in man. In kidney it caused glomerular dilation of the capillaries, glomerular hemorrhages and cloudy swelling of renal tubules. In liver it leads swelling of hepatocytes, vacuolization, fatty degeneration and central vein dilation. These histopathological changes are supported by marked rise in level of blood urea, serum creatinine, blood sugar and serum cholesterol.

Antioxidant, lipid modulating and hypoglyceamic effects of the aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale leave in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background/Aim: Anacardium occidentale leaves are used traditionally for the management of diabetes. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy and safety of its continuous intake for 4 weeks in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model in comparison with metformin a reference drug. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats (130 -145 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups of six animals each. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg bw); plant extract and metformin were given orally (60 and 125 mg/kg/ bw). Results: Diabetes induction caused a significant weight loss (23.65 %) associated with a marked rise in levels of fasting blood glucose (295 mg/dl), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid peroxidation and serum aminotransferase activities. Besides, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities, total protein concentration, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and tissue antioxidants (reduced glutathione; GSH, superoxide dismutase; SOD, catalase; CAT, glutathione-S-transferase; GST, Glutathione peroxidase; GPx) were diminished in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Histopathological studies also revealed various degrees of alteration in the liver diabetic rats. The effects of A. occidentale extract were compared with metformin as a reference antidiabetic drug. Treatment with A. occidentale (60 mg/kg/ bw) extract showed a significant (P

Small ubiquitin‐like modifier 1–3 is activated in human astrocytic brain tumors and is required for glioblastoma cell survival

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO1-3) constitutes a group of proteins that conjugate to lysine residues of target proteins thereby modifying their activity, stability, and subcellular localization. A large number of SUMO target proteins are transcription factors and other nuclear proteins involved in gene expression. Furthermore, SUMO conjugation plays key roles in genome stability, quality control of newly synthesized proteins, proteasomal degradation of proteins, and DNA damage repair. Any marked increase in levels of SUMO-conjugated proteins is therefore expected to have a major impact on the fate of cells. We show here that SUMO conjugation is activated in human astrocytic brain tumors. Levels of both SUMO1- and SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins were markedly increased in tumor samples. The effect was least pronounced in low-grade astrocytoma (WHO Grade II) and most pronounced in glioblastoma multiforme (WHO Grade IV). We also found a marked rise in levels of Ubc9, the only SUMO conjugation enzyme identified so far. Blocking SUMO1-3 conjugation in glioblastoma cells by silencing their expression blocked DNA synthesis, cell growth, and clonogenic survival of cells. It also resulted in DNA-dependent protein kinase-induced phosphorylation of H2AX, indicative of DNA double-strand damage, and G(2) /M cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these findings highlight the pivotal role of SUMO conjugation in DNA damage repair processes and imply that the SUMO conjugation pathway could be a new target of therapeutic intervention aimed at increasing the sensitivity of glioblastomas to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Effects of progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and cloprostenol on luteal function in the heifer.

The effects of treatment with intravaginal progesterone (PRID) oestradiol benzoate and cloprostenol at various stages of the oestrous cycle were examined in 2 experiments. In Exp. 1, PRIDs were inserted for 14 days commencing on Day 3, 10 or 17 of the oestrous cycle and half the animals in each group received 5 mg oestradiol benzoate at PRID insertion. Plasma samples were collected daily from the time of PRID insertion for 16 days, then every 4 days for a further 24 days. Samples were analysed for plasma progesterone concentration. In Exp. 2, heifers were treated on Day 10 as in Exp. 1, but half of each treatment group received 750 micrograms cloprostenol at PRID insertion. In Exp. 1, treatment with PRID alone appeared to inhibit endogenous progesterone production when treatment began on Day 3, but not when treatment began on Days 10 or 17. Treatment with oestradiol benzoate at the time of PRID insertion depressed progesterone levels, from about 2-5 days after injection. When treatment began on Day 10, the fall in progesterone levels after oestradiol benzoate was preceded by a marked rise in levels. In Exp. 2, treatment with cloprostenol markedly reduced peripheral concentrations of progesterone and also removed the effect of oestradiol. We suggest that oestradiol benzoate had a luteolytic effect, depressing luteal progesterone production when given on Days 3, 10 or 17 and that when given on Day 10 there was a transitory luteotrophic effect which preceded its luteolytic action.

Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis and paresis of unknown aetiology without any marked rise in level.

Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis and paresis of unknown aetiology without any marked rise in level.