Mark Mazower Research Articles

Book ReviewThe Policing of Politics in the Twentieth Century: Historical Perspectives.Edited by Mark Mazower. Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997. Pp. vi+262. $49.95.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook Review The Policing of Politics in the Twentieth Century: Historical Perspectives. Edited by Mark Mazower. Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997. Pp. vi+262. $49.95.Laura KalmanowieckiLaura KalmanowieckiYale University Search for more articles by this author Yale UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 104, Number 3November 1998 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/210103 Views: 13Total views on this site Permission to reprint a book review printed in this section may be obtained only from the author.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Anapoda chronia: syllogikē mnēmē kai historia sto Ziaka Grevenōn (1900-1950) (review)

Reviewed by: [inline-graphic 01] [inline-graphic 02] Stathis N. Kalyvas Riki van Boeschoten. (1900–1950). Athens: Plethron. 1997. Pp. 249. The last months of 1997 in Greece saw a sudden and rather surprising renewal of public interest in the resistance and civil war, spurred by the successive (and commercially successful) publication of a number of books, almost all of them related to the emblematic figure of the military leader of ELAS, Aris Velouchiotis. There were newspaper articles, television debates, even controversy in Parliament. However, the quality of the books that generated this interest was overall poor. Arguably, the most important book was published by Grigoris Farakos, previously a secretary general of the Greek Communist Party (KKE), now at odds with this party. His book is based on Velouchiotis’s private archive, long thought to be lost, but somehow “retrieved” by Farakos from the KKE archives. [End Page 167] Velouchiotis’s papers shed light on his well-known fallout with the KKE leadership following the Varkiza agreements. The dispute was over the continuation of armed struggle, with Velouchiotis arguing (and then deciding despite the party’s wishes) to carry on the armed struggle, a decision that quickly led to his death. However, what could have been a major historical coup was botched by Farakos’s inappropriate use of this unique archival material, since he edited it in a way that violated the fundamental rules of historical research. As for the remaining books on Velouchiotis, these biographies based on secondary materials were informed more by the logic of mythology than the logic of history. Hence the paradox: although interest about the civil war remains high among the public, and publications abound, our knowledge of it remains sketchy, to say the least. In spite of a good grasp of archival material, particularly American, British, and more recently German, we are still in the dark about fundamental issues. What were the regional and social bases of the competing coalitions that fought the war? What was the role of class, ethnicity, ideology, and culture? How were the political identities that informed the civil war formed? How did political conflict lead to widespread violence? True, fundamental information is absent owing to factors independent of the historians’ will: cold war politics, which discouraged the examination of this issue up to the 1970s; polarized politics, which led to a huge production of heavily biased studies in the 1970s and 1980s; the wholesale destruction of police and related files in 1989; finally the persisting sad state of archival material in Greece. Totally missing from the recent media frenzy was a new book that contributes more to our understanding of this terrible period than all the recent books on Velouchiotis put together. This is Riki van Boeschoten’s case study of the village of Ziakas in the region of Grevena in Northern Greece during the period 1900–1950. Following in the footsteps of the path-breaking historical work of Yorgos Margaritis and Mark Mazower, van Boeschoten’s gives us a “bottom-up” perspective of the civil war. She makes up for the absence of archival material by cleverly using oral sources, while she also relies on a small but relevant number of written sources. Her “micro-history” of a single village and its surrounding area begins well before the civil war, but really focuses on the crucial decade of the 1940s. It is impossible to summarize in a review a book of such descriptive thickness. Suffice it to say that van Boeschoten provides the kind of perspective that could only be found up to now in literary works (the novels of Kostas Kotzias and Thanasis Valtinos come to mind), or glimpsed from a couple of articles by one or two anthropologists—for example, Stanley Aschenbrenner—who in the course of their anthropological research discovered that the villages they were studying had surprisingly violent histories. Such works give us a taste of the complexity of local and individual interactions during the civil war, but cannot substitute for systematic scholarly research. Van Boeschoten gives us the first systematic local-level study. Although the book’s empirical richness cannot be conveyed here, its main insights can. By combining anthropology and history, van...

The Origins of the Greek Civil War, and: Children in Turmoil during the Greek Civil War, 1946-49: Today's Adults, and: Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and its Legacy, and: Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End (review)

Reviewed by: The Origins of the Greek Civil War, and: Children in Turmoil during the Greek Civil War, 1946–49: Today’s Adults, and: Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and its Legacy, and: Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End Mark Mazower David H. Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War. London and New York: Longman. 1995. Pp. xiv + 248. $11.99. A. Mando Dalianis-Karambatzakis. Children in Turmoil during the Greek Civil War, 1946–49: Today’s Adults. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet. 1994. Pp. 324. John O. Iatrides and Linda Wrigley, editors, Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and its Legacy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1995. Pp. xii + 340. $55.00 cloth, $18.95 paper. R. Licklider, editor, Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End. New York and London: New York University Press. 1993. Pp. ix + 354. $50.00. The four books under consideration show in different ways how much the study of the Greek civil war still has to offer historians, and how far historians’ interpretations are shaped and re-shaped by current events. The end of the Cold War and now the civil war in the former Yugoslavia have each in turn encouraged scholars to explore the Greek conflict from new angles, and have led them to point out new areas of interest and contemporary significance. John Iatrides is in many ways the doyen of historians of the Greek civil war; his study of the Dekemvrianá inaugurated several decades of (ongoing) debate in the United States and offered a model of impartial professionalism that remains hard to match. The volume of essays he has now edited with Linda Wrigley represents the third, and perhaps final, stage in a series of important conferences on Greece in the 1940s. Two other collections of essays have already appeared. Now we are offered a further volume of papers originally presented in 1987. Iatrides opens this volume by asking why Liberation led to civil war in Greece given that it failed to do so in other countries with strong wartime communist movements—Italy and France, for instance. His answer focuses, though not exclusively, on the role of the Greek Communist party. Both the Soviet Union and the Greek Right played a secondary role, in his estimation, in this outcome. While we will see that most historians today would concur with the first point, there is considerably less unanimity on the second. For Iatrides, though, “in the final analysis, the Greek crisis of 1946–49 has to be viewed as the result of a communist-inspired revolution domestically inspired” (5). I shall return to Iatrides’s arguments below. But let me first offer some remarks about the other contributions to his volume. The lengthy gestation period between conference and publication has left its mark. Several of the contributions have appeared elsewhere in substantially similar form as articles or parts of books; this applies in particular to the pieces by Stavrakis, Banac, Close, [End Page 177] and Kofos. In addition, a number of contributions now look a little out of date. This, I think, is true of George Mavrogordatos’s study of ethnic and class conflicts in Greek society. Based upon the arguments he originally put forward for the interwar years in the pioneering Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), this article makes a number of assertions that now look crude or misleading. The question of wartime political allegiances of the Chams, Slavo-Macedonians and Vlachs is a good deal more complicated than Mavrogordatos allows here. He should be given credit for raising such subjects in the first place, but research in this area has moved a long way since the early 1980s. The same is true today of the question of the fate of Greek Jewry: anti-Semitism alone cannot seriously be offered as the explanation for the very different outcomes of the Final Solution in Thessaloniki and in Old Greece. Perhaps more intriguingly, from the point of view of historical debate, Mavrogordatos describes the Metaxas period as one in which Greece’s internal divisions were “frozen.” Here, too, recent research has opened up alternative points of...

Reviews of Books

Reviews of Books

Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44. Mark Mazower

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsInside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44. Mark Mazower William H. McNeillWilliam H. McNeill Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 67, Number 2Jun., 1995 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/245154 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1995 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Reviews and Short Notices: Late Modern

Re‐creating Authority in Revolutionary France. Edited by Bryant T. Ragan, Jr, and Elizabeth A, Williams. Representing the French Revolution: Literature, Historiography, and Art. Edited by James A. W. Heffernan. The Backbone: Diaries of a Military Family in the Napoleonic Wars. Edited by Alethea Hayter. French Historians and Romanticism: Thierry, Guizot, the Saint‐Simonians, Quinet, Michelet. By Ceri Crossley. Creating the Nation in Provincial France: Religion and Political Identity in Brittany. By Caroline Ford. Ballots and Barricades: Class Formation and Republican Politics in France, 1830–1871. By Ronald Aminzade. Legitimism and the Reconstruction of French Society 1852–1883. By Steven D. Kale. Boris Chicherin and Early Russian Liberalism, 1828–1866. By G. M. Hamburg. Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800–1914. By Ann Taylor Allen. The Rise of Modern Police and the European State System from Metternich to the Second World War. By Hsi‐Huey Liang. The Liberal Ideal and the Demons of Empire: Theories of Imperialism from Adam Smith to Lenin. By Bernard Semmel. Outsiders: Class, Gender and Nation. By Dorothy Thompson. Weathering the Storm: Working‐Class Families from the Industrial Revolution to the Fertility Decline. By Wally Seccombe. Historic New Lanark. By Ian Donnachie and George Hewitt. The Victorian Governess. By Kathryn Hughes. Sophia Jex‐Blake: A Woman Pioneer in Nineteenth‐century Medical Reform. By Shirley Roberts. Popular Anti‐Catholicism in Mid‐Victorian England. By D. G. Paz. Agricultural Trade Unionism in Gloucestershire 1872–1950. By Nigel Scotland. Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society. Edited by T. M. Devine. Witness of a Century: The Life and Times of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, 1850–1942. By Noble Frankland. Public and Private Doctrine: Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling. Edited by Michael Bentley. The Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation in Three Cities, 1870–1914. By Alan Mayne. Leaders and Teachers: Adult Education and the Challenge of Labour in South Wales, 1906–1940. By Richard Lewis. The Jews of South Wales: Historical Studies. Edited by Ursula R. Q. Henriques. The Diaries of Edward Lee Hicks, Bishop of Lincoln, 1910–1919. Edited by Graham Neville. Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870–1895. By Duncan M. Perry. 14–18: The Final Word. By Terry Cunningham. North of Gallipoli: The Black Sea Fleet at War 1914–1917. By George Nekrasov. A Heart for Europe. The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria‐Hungary. By Joanna and James Bogle. Lenren aus dem Krieg? Deutsche Nachkriegszeiten 1918 und 1945. Edited by Gottfried Niedbart and Dieter Riesenberger. Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1918–1921. By Richard K. Debo. Welmar 1918–1933: die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie. By Heinrich August Winkler. Rural Protest in the Weimar Republic: The Free Peasantry in the Rhineland and Bavaria. By Jonathan Osmond. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 3rd edn. By Ian Kershaw. Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44. By Mark Mazower. Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory. Edited by Geoffrey H. Hartmann. Courage under Siege: Starvation, Disease and Death in the Warsaw Ghetto. By Charles G. Roland. The Second World War: A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office. By John D. Cantwell. Aegean Adventures 1940–1943 and the End of Churchill's Dream. By Michael Woodbine Parish. A Harmony of Interests: Explorations in the Mind of Sir Winston Churchill. By Manfred Weidhorn. Hitler's Englishman: The Crime of ‘Lord Haw Haw’. By Francis Selwyn. The Internment of Aliens in Twentieth Century Britain. Edited by David Cesarani and Tony Kushner. Labour's High Noon: The Government and the Economy 1945–51. Edited by Jim Fyrth. Conscription and the Attlee Governments: The Politics and Policy of National Service, 1945–1951. By L. V. Scott. Nuclear Triangle: Relations between the United States, Great Britain and France in the Atomic Energy Field 1939–1950. By Gunnar Skogmar. Engaging the Enemy: Organization Theory and Soviet Military Innovation, 1955–1991. By Kimberly Marten Zisk. Intellectuals In Twentieth‐century France: Mandarins and Samurais. Edited by Jeremy Jennings. The Republic of de Gaulle 1958–1969. By Serge Berstein. A Certain Idea of France: French Security Policy and the Gaullist Legacy. By Philip H. Gordon. The May 1968 Events in France: Reproductions and Interpretations. By Keith A. Reader with Khursheed Wadia. Yugoslavia: The Process of Disintegration. By Laslo Sekelj. The Khrushchev Era: De‐Stalinisation and the Limits of Reform in the USSR, 1953–1964. By Donald Filtzer. Putsch: The Diary. Three Days that Collapsed the Empire. By the Russian Information Agency et al.

The Role of Banks in the Interwar Economy.

Preface 1. Introduction Harold James 2. Political disputes about the role of banks Gerald D. Feldman 3. Universal banking in interwar Central Europe Fritz Weber 4. Comparing the interwar banking history of five small countries in north-west Europe Ulf Olsson 5. American bankers and Britain's fall from gold Diane B. Kunz 6. Banks and the problem of capital shortage in Germany, 1918-23 Gerald D. Feldman 7. State, banks and industry in Sweden, with some reference to the Scandinavian countries Mats Larsson 8. State, banks and industry in Belgium and The Netherlands, 1919-39 Guy Vanthemsche 9. Investment behaviour of industrial joint-stock companies and industrial shareholding by the Osterreichische Credit-Anstalt: inducement or obstacle to renewal and change in industry in interwar Austria Alois Mosser and Alice Teichova 10. Financing of Hungarian industry by the Commercial Bank of Pest: a case study Elizabeth A. Boross 11. The rise and fall of German-inspired mixed banking in Italy, 1894-1936 Douglas J. Forsyth 12. Banking and economic development in interwar Greece Mark Mazower 13. Why Canadian banks did not collapse in the 1930s Ian M. Drummond 14. Japanese banks and national economic policy, 1920-36 W. Miles Fletcher III Index.

Reviews of Books

Reviews of Books

Η Ελληνική Παροικιά της Τεργέστης, 1751–1830 (review)

Reviews 343 chief Hamhougias, who was granted—most exceptionally—a second amnesty in May 1845 because he "had been prevented by unavoidable circumstances from giving himself up to the authorities" in time for the first one (p. 121)?; or discuss the activities of the irregulars who were sent to Thessaly in 1878 by irredentist activists with inadequate funds, with the result that they "robbed without fear of punishment those they had gone to liberate" (p. 204)? Koliopoulos' work raises further issues: to what extent did demographic and economic factors contribute to the decline of brigandage ? How did politicians from the Péloponnèse regard their Rumeliot colleagues? What factors underlay the reorganization of the regular army after 1896? If these and other questions are answered with half the erudition displayed in Brigands with a Cause we shall be most fortunate. Mark Mazower Princeton University Olga Katsiardi-Hering, H Ελληνική Παϕοικία της ΤεϕγÎ-στης, 17511830 . Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Philosophy. 1986. Pp. 761 (2 volumes). Strategically located at the head of the Adriatic Sea, Trieste remained in the shadow of Venetian economic and maritime power in the middle ages. To escape the menace of its powerful neighbor, the city placed itself under Habsburg authority. But it became a major port only in the 18th century as Austrian political and economic power grew in southeastern Europe. The destiny of the city and its residents then, was bound up with the fortunes and development of the Habsburgs and their state. So it was for the Greeks who migrated there and formed a colony in the mid-18th century. This detailed monograph , a Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Athens, uses a wide range of primary sources to examine the social life and economic development of one of the more successful nazioni that made up the city's cosmopolitan society. The author chooses the term "colony" to make a clear distinction between the coming of Greeks to Trieste, their economic activities there and the body of institutions they created when they formally became a community. Her study weaves together accounts of the larger historical currents which affected the Greek presence in the city, the 344 Reviews functioning of their various community institutions, and their economic progress. There is material here for students of both macroand micro-history, though the author remains focused on the Greek community when relating it to the larger world. Trieste may be seen as a geographic fulcrum for the political and economic relationships between western and eastern Europe in the 18th century. It was more than a point of rest, of course, for it provided a dynamism of its own. The lever for those relationships was certainly the rationalizing power of the Austrian state. That lever became more formidable with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, when both the Ottoman Empire and Venice were forced to give up territory and acknowledge the power of the Habsburgs in southeastern Europe. The author notes the rationalist, paternalistic and authoritarian policies that Maria Theresa and her son Joseph used to increase the political and economic strength of their state. Ironically, because the requisite economic talent was not available to develop Austrian trade in the Mediterranean, the Habsburgs resorted to inducing the subjects of the Ottoman Empire to take up residence in the West where they were offered religious toleration, lower tariff rates and a free port. This led to a dyadic tension as Greek citizens of the Habsburg Monarchy competed with compatriots who were Ottoman subject and the Greek Orthodox asserted their identity v^à -vL· the Slavic Orthodox in Trieste. Neither phenomenon was unique to Trieste, of course. But with some good primary sources, the author is able to discuss these developments against the backdrop of the dramatic changes of Enlightenment and Revolutionary/Napoleonic Europe. Anyone familiar with the life of ethnic communities, whether in the Old World or New, in the last 200 years will note similarities in the Trieste koinotita. But there are some variations to the pattern. The Greeks' desire to have priests who spoke their own language in Trieste was partly a reaction to the growing influence of the Serbian Orthodox metropolitanate at Karlowitz as the number of...