Piracy Research Articles

TERRORIST THREAT ON THE HIGH SEAS ANALYSIS OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE RIGHT OF VISIT AND SELF-DEFENCE

Vessels of all sizes can be used in a number of ways by terrorists, they can utilize a vessel as a means, a weapon, a bomb, or as a disruption tool. When a terrorist attack happens, it is already too late, hence the critical importance for the international community to take timely, accurate and efficientex ante factosteps.Counter-terrorism measures implemented on the high seas to prevent maritime terrorist attacks from occurring are possible but limited by the international law and notably the law of the sea. To some extent, the law of the sea limits counter-terrorism efforts. On the high seas, enforcement measures against terrorists or terrorist-related activities on board foreign vessels are restricted by the principle of exclusivity of flag State jurisdiction (a). Nevertheless, the application of the principle can be derogated from by the right of visit which provides for, under certain conditions, some leeway to States in their fight against maritime terrorism (b). it is difficult to justify interdiction operations carried out in order to counter terrorist threats on the high seas by the right of self-defence. The first reason relates to the differences in rationale and legal regime between the force deployed during interdiction operations and the one used in self-defence (a); the second reason concerns the existence or not of a right of anticipatory self-defence (b).

Urgent Need for National Maritime Security Arrangement in Indonesia: Towards Global Maritime Fulcrum

Under President Joko Widodo’s administration, Indonesia’s archipelagic outlook has been re-asserted as the basis of Indonesia’s foreign policy, by introducing the concept of Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF). GMF is aimed put Indonesia as a single maritime power with considerable diplomatic influence in becoming a central role in two vast maritime regions. The implementation requires the maintenance of three key areas national sovereignty, maritime security and regional stability. While the scope of maritime threats has been broaden, the establishment of maritime security should encompasses at least three key areas, namely settling unresolved maritime border with neighboring countries; combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing as well as other illegal exploitation of ocean resources; and combating maritime piracy and armed robbery at sea. Unfortunately those are the biggest problems Indonesia has over security and stability of Indonesia’s maritime. Such problems are mainly due to the lack of national maritime security arrangement. The existing national legal frameworks in maritime security issues are still very sectoral in nature. In addition, inconsistency between existing domestic legal framework with international legal framework, and a non-updated existing legal framework raised problems with regard to the law enforcement at sea. This paper analyses Indonesia’s current sectoral legal framework on maritime security towards the achievement of GMF. It is argued that in maintaining national sovereignty, maritime security and regional stability, single national maritime security arrangement is needed.

A Contemporary Approach to the Oldest International Crime

Maritime piracy began to re-emerge a decade ago, mostly off the coast of Somalia, thereby presenting major economic, security and humanitarian concerns. Prosecuting piracy raises many issues, not in the least because traditional maritime piracy from 200 years ago is so notably different from contemporary piracy. The present article describes the Public International Law and Policy Group’s formation of the High Level Piracy Working Group (HLPWG), which since 2011 has been producing memoranda on major issues in contemporary piracy prosecution. The issues span the legal foundations of piracy prosecution, including how to criminalise certain acts and how to exercise jurisdiction over such acts. Laws governing the use of force could apply to government or private actors when capturing and apprehending pirates. Once captured, there are questions of extraditing and transferring these pirates. Moreover, when such pirates are eventually brought to trial, there are pre-trial, evidentiary, substantive and post-prosecution issues to consider. The article also explores the merits and likelihood of creating an international piracy court. It shows how the HLPWG has influenced legal and policy developments today that draw on the distant past, and will undoubtedly have an enduring legacy in the future.

“Her English ensign tied upside down”: Carnival as a means of anticolonial resistance in Emmanuel Appadocca

This article focuses on Michel Maxwell Philip’s mid-nineteenth-century novel Emmanuel Appadocca (1854), which draws upon the cultural institution of carnival to critique British colonialism and advocate for the right of free people of colour to hold positions of power in Trinidad’s government. Philip enhances his characters’ protests against British colonialism and preserves the carnival revellers’ spirit of resistance and rebellion through allusions to the pirate, Red Indian, and military masques of early Trinidad carnival. This is particularly evident in one radical scene in which a pirate ship known as the Black Schooner masquerades as an English wreck in front of an actual English man-of-war, confronting England with an image of its own vulnerability and future defeat. Applying Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of utopian carnival, I argue that the image of the triumphant Black Schooner bursting forth from its disguise figuratively represents a united Trinidad replacing England as a world power. However, when Philip uses the diverse pirate crew rather than the pirate ship to symbolize Trinidad, the path to unification and power becomes far less utopic. The second half of this article suggests that Philip presents the pirate captain as a strong brown leader capable of ruling the people, in part through his strategic use of carnivalistic “days of pleasure”. Using the safety-valve theory of carnival, I suggest that the days of pleasure aboard the Black Schooner actually reproduce contemporary social and racial inequalities. Thus, Philip harnesses the disruptive power of carnival to construct a powerful critique of British colonialism, but also, in a far less liberating way, views the “days of pleasure” as a mechanism to control and subdue the people.

Financing rebellion

A prominent explanation of the resource–conflict relationship suggests that natural resources finance rebellion by permitting rebel leaders the opportunity to purchase weapons, fighters, and local support. The bunkering of oil in the Niger Delta by quasi-criminal syndicates is an example of how the black-market selling of stolen oil may help finance anti-state groups. More systematic assessments have also shown that the risk and duration of conflict increases in the proximity of oil and diamond deposits. Yet despite the emphasis on rebel resource extraction in these arguments, empirical assessments rely almost exclusively on latent resource availability rather than actual resource extraction. Focusing on maritime piracy, this article argues that piracy is a funding strategy neglected in current research. Anecdotal evidence connects piracy in the Greater Gulf of Aden to arms trafficking, the drug trade, and human slavery. The revenue from attacks may find its way to Al-Shabaab. In Nigeria, increasing attacks against oil transports may signal an effort by insurgents to use the profits from piracy as an additional revenue stream to fund their campaign against the Nigerian government. The article hypothesizes that piracy incidents, that is, actual acts of looting, increase the intensity of civil conflict. Using inferential statistics and predictive assessments, our evidence from conflicts in coastal African and Southeast Asian states from 1993 to 2010 shows that maritime piracy increases conflict intensity, and that the inclusion of dynamic factors helps improve the predictive performance of empirical models of conflict events in in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts.

: (The Security Level of the Results of Intellectual Activity and Piracy: Mathematical Modeling of the Impact on Public Wealth)

Russian Abstract: Представленная работа отражает основные аспекты, которые необходимо принимать во внимание, при разработке и изменении политики в отношении регулирования сферы результатов интеллектуальной деятельности. Пиратство, при всех его очевидных недостатках, имеет ряд положительных свойств, которые могут быть полезными и самим владельцам прав на РИД: информационный, сетевой и косвенный эффекты. В работе предложена математическая модель, демонстрирующая случай, когда защита РИД, внедряемая в противовес действиям пиратов, может нанести больший ущерб общественному благосостоянию, чем само пиратство. Необходимо наличие более гибких инструментов, чем система интеллектуальной собственности, где каждый владелец ИС сможет выбирать необходимый уровень защиты. English Abstract: This work reflects the main aspects that must be taken into account when developing and modifying policies for regulating the sphere of intellectual property. Piracy, despite all its obvious shortcomings, has a number of positive properties, which can be useful for the owners of the rights to RIA: informational, network and indirect effects. The paper presents a mathematical model, showing a case where the protection of RIA introduced in contrast to the actions of Pirates may cause more damage to public welfare than itself piracy. There is a need for a more flexible tool (than the system of intellectual property), which would make each owner of the IP able to choose required level of protection.

О военной стратегии Индии

The article analyzes the evolution of military strategy of the Republic of India and key factors that influences its development. New Delhi keeps an eye on the balance of power in South Asia to create favorable conditions for its economic and social development, yet the remaining threats and new challenges still undermine the security and stability in India. The ambitions of China aspiring to power in Asia-Pacific region, combined with its immense military build-up and territorial disputes, cause disturbance in New Delhi. The remaining tensions between India and Pakistan also cause often border skirmishes and medium-scale conflicts. Close relations between China and Pakistan, labeled as “all-weather friendship”, are a source of major concern for India. The fact that both Beijing and Islamabad wield nuclear weapons means that without effective mechanisms of nuclear deterrence any military conflict may turn into a full-scale nuclear war. Terrorist activities and insurgency in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and in the North-Eastern regions of the country, along with maritime piracy and illicit drug trafficking contribute to the complicated nature of the challenges to the Indian security. Indian military strategy is considered as a combination of the army doctrine, maritime doctrine and nuclear doctrine. The Indian political and military leadership wants to meet the challenges of changing geopolitical environment and thus continuously adapts its strategy. However, there is still a gap between theory and practice: Indian armed forces lack the capacity to implement the declared goals because of bulky bureaucratic system, outdated military equipment and insufficient level of command and control. The government needs to mobilize political will and administrative resources to upgrade its defense sector to counter its security threats and challenges.

Origion, development and evolution of maritime piracy: A historical analysis

Maritime piracy has been an issue of longstanding concern for humanity. The threat of piracy has continuously affected various sovereigns, empires and states over the centuries. Historical evidence suggests that the incidence of piracy can be contained and be brought to a manageable level through adoption of proper strategies. A clear understanding of its historical and contemporary perspectives is also crucial to address the piracy problem. The paper provides a brief review of the evolution of the concept of piracy and explore its different faces throughout human history. The paper concludes by focusing on some of the lessons that can be drawn from history to combat modern piracy.

Manifestation of maritime piracy as an additional challenge for global conservation

Hostile acts against ships and mariners remain a global social and political phenomenon which usually reflects a high degree of socioeconomic vulnerability. The identification of the causes and driving factors behind the deteriorating maritime security has received considerable attention. However, their potential impact upon biodiversity conservation initiatives remains poorly evaluated. In the present study the spatial overlap between biodiversity hotspots and hotspots of hostile maritime acts are explored. The majority of such hostile acts occur in economically vulnerable countries, with the operation of their Marine Protected Areas largely depending on the revenue generated by visitors. Given that hostile maritime acts could cause financial losses and increase social and political instability, they could significantly alter conservation efficiency. Thus, it is critical to consider the way of incorporating maritime security risks into conservation agendas.

Gertrude Hoffmann's Lawful Piracy: "A Vision of Salome" and the Russian Season as Transatlantic Production Impersonations

Gertrude Hoffmann's Lawful Piracy: "A Vision of Salome" and the Russian Season as Transatlantic Production Impersonations

Maritime Piracy: Beyond Economic Concerns and Private Business Interests

Maritime piracy poses a significant threat to international trade, particularly as it continues to wreak havoc on the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. However, beyond arousing the economic concerns of individual state actors and private business interests, maritime pirate activity threatens to fund criminal acts and terrorism on a global scale.

Random Finite Set Based Data Assimilation for Dynamic Data Driven Simulation of Maritime Pirate Activity

Maritime piracy is posing a genuine threat to maritime transport. The main purpose of simulation is to predict the behaviors of many actual systems, and it has been successfully applied in many fields. But the application of simulation in the maritime domain is still scarce. The rapid development of network and measurement technologies brings about higher accuracy and better availability of online measurements. This makes the simulation paradigm named as dynamic data driven simulation increasingly popular. It can assimilate the online measurements into the running simulation models and ensure much more accurate prediction of the complex systems under study. In this paper, we study how to utilize the online measurements in the agent based simulation of the maritime pirate activity. A new random finite set based data assimilation algorithm is proposed to overcome the limitations of the conventional vectors based data assimilation algorithms. The random finite set based general data model, measurement model, and simulation model are introduced to support the proposed algorithm. The details of the proposed algorithm are presented in the context of agent based simulation of maritime pirate activity. Two groups of experiments are used to practically prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.

Bezpowrotnie utracony raj?

Irretrievably Lost Paradise? The Conquest of Mexico as a Painful Shock in the Works of Carmen Boullosa
 The conquest of Mexico, which has an impact on the lives of its inhabitants today, is one of the main themes in the early works of writer Carmen Boullosa. In the novel Llanto. Novelasimposibles the author returns to the Aztec Empire to make a reinterpretation of the events of 1519–1521, while the second novel Duerme takes the reader to the days of the colonial era. Moctezuma II, who wakes up from his sleep in the second half of the twentieth century, becomes a postmodern figure. Claire, who reaches the New World on a pirate ship, becomes a witness to the exploitation of the indigenous population by the Spanish masters. Both characters are aware of the fact that the collapse of the empire means an irretrievable loss of the old world and its primary cultures.

A SWOT Analysis of Maritime Transportation and Security in the Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea has been spotlighted as a major international maritime security concern. Maritime traffic in this region has significantly increased with the advent of new findings of huge oil and gas deposits offshore. However, this region is riddled with numerous acts of maritime piracy. Recent figures indicate that approximately 300,000 vessels transit the Gulf of Guinea sea lanes annually. It is therefore obvious that any disruption to the free flow of traffic will have consequences on maritime transportation and security. This paper conducts an analysis of the situation of oil piracy and the relationship between maritime transportation and security. The analysis was conducted using a SWOT analysis. This method proved beneficial because it provided information regarding strengths and weaknesses of maritime security, opportunities to either exploit or decrease weakness and predict potential future threats, all in consideration of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. On average, strengths were found to be least important at 36%, unimportant at 29.0%, and most important at 35%. On average, weaknesses were found to be at least important at 34.5%, unimportant at 30.6%, and most important at 34.9%. On average, opportunities were found to be least important at 35.5%, unimportant at 29.2% and most important at 35.3%. On average, threats were found to be at least important at 37.3%, unimportant at 28.8% and most important at 33.9%.

A Models Approach to Analyzing and Forecasting Oil and Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea

Piracy at sea is a great detriment to the transportation of goods through our seaways. Seaborne trade accounts for about 80% of global trade. To effectively monitor their territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zones is problematic for many countries in West and Central Africa. To figure out the modus operandi of the pirates and be aware and proactive enough to create effective countermeasures remains a crucial endeavour to arrest this menace. The Gulf of Guinea (GoG) has been an active arena for piratical activities. This paper utilizes systematic analysis to determine and examine pirate incidents that occured from 2006 to 2015 with data from the International Maritime Bureau (IMB). Analysis of the data was done using RealStats resouce add-on for Excel and predictive modelling was used to test the forecasting ability of various models empirically. Three key models namely, Ordinal Logistic Regression, Bayesian Network Predictor, and Series Hazard Models are used to compute the probable increase in pirate attacks with a forecast into the next fifteen years. This is essential to the trend of the new wave of pirate attacks and its current and potential impact on Maritime Transportation and Maritime Security. While there is an international presence in the Gulf of Aden, there is no such dedicated force in the GoG. The findings from the statistical results are to assist policymakers in their decision making when using their scarce law enforcement apparatus to combat Maritime Piracy and their Maritime Transportation and Security challenges.

Methodological Responses to Contemporary Maritime Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea

The number of piracy attacks on the Gulf of Guinea is increasing even though armed robbery and piracy at the Gulf of Aden is on a gradual decline. The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) specified in (2015) that the Piracy Reporting Centre updated their records to 58 attacks by pirates, comprising of ten hijackings. With 11 attacks reported for the first quarter of 2013, and 27 attacks in 2012 (almost three times more than in 2011) along the territorial waters of Nigeria thus making her the most affected country. However, it is believed that other coastline countries and areas most affected apart from Nigeria on the Gulf of Guinea comprise Ghana, Togo, Benin and Bakassi. This is evident as pirates have increased their operations mainly petro piracy on the Ghanaian waters, which negatively affects marine transportation and maritime security. The scenario has aggravated with the discovery of oil along these coastlines. This paper gives methodological responses to maritime piracy by way of three models namely, the Ordinal Logistic Regression, Series Hazard Modelling for Maritime Transport Analysis and the Bayesain Networks. The uniqueness of these models in relation to their ability to address some of the pertinent issues associated with modern day piracy is looked at. The study was conducted as a panel analysis based on a longitudinal quasi-experimental research design with focus on piracy attacks that occurred between 2006 and 2015 culminating finally in the various forecasts based on each of the different models.

Experimental Study on the Application of UAV Drone to Prevent Maritime Pirates Attacks

Experimental Study on the Application of UAV Drone to Prevent Maritime Pirates Attacks

The Whydah: A Pirate Ship Feared, Wrecked, and Found by Martin W. Sandler

The Whydah: A Pirate Ship Feared, Wrecked, and Found by Martin W. Sandler

Piracy off West Africa from 2010 to 2014: an analysis

Piracy is one of the most frequent maritime threats. However, despite the importance of how maritime piracy is to be reduced, it is substantially less investigated than maritime safety. Piracy off Somalia is the most investigated case of piracy, but those results are not necessarily generalizable. Piracy off West Africa has been shown to be more diverse, successful and dangerous. This study investigates and analyses piracy off West Africa with the aim to understand how different operations and security measures affect the consequences of piracy. This study has identified several different intents and shows that most attacks are relatively close to shore and correspond to areas of high ship density. Attacks with the intent of theft at night-time are generally performed close to shore, and more complicated attacks against ships under way are more common during daytime and farther from shore. Five types of measures are found to have high effectiveness if the attack is detected during approach; after boarding, only two measures have high effectiveness. Of the effective measures, it can be concluded that all but one are dependent on detecting the attack. Therefore, detecting the pirates is key but must be accompanied by a set of measures because no measure alone can protect a ship given the operational conditions off West Africa. The risks associated with piracy off West Africa are estimated to be of the same magnitude as the risks posed by Somali piracy at its peak.

Situating Somali Piracy in Japanese Security Policy

This paper examines Tokyo’s engagement with Somali piracy and discusses what it reveals about Japan’s overall security posture. I argue that Japan’s response to Somali piracy highlights the continued salience of domestic political processes and em-bedded anti-militarist norms in moulding Tokyo’s responses to emergent threats, of which piracy is a prime example. This is evidenced by the fact that the Japan Coast Guard (JCG), rather than the Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF), is primarily responsible for Japan’s anti-piracy mission in the Gulf of Aden. Additionally, I draw attention to the economic logic underpinning Japan’s approach to security and posit that the defence of sea lanes links maritime security issues to continued economic security to explain why combatting maritime piracy is important to Tokyo.