Maritime Species Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF SELECTED DETERMINANTS ON THE PERCEPTION OF BEACHES AS A TOURISM PRODUCT

INFLUENCE OF SELECTED DETERMINANTS ON THE PERCEPTION OF BEACHES AS A TOURISM PRODUCT

Phenotypic differences among and within extant populations of Chrysanthemum arcticum L. and C. a. subsp. arcticum

BackgroundChrysanthemum arcticum, arctic daisy and its two subspecies (Chrysanthemum arcticum subsp. arcticum, Chrysanthemum arcticum subsp. polaré) are the only chrysanthemum species native to North America. A study on species’ variation in morphological and diagnostic traits is important to link morphological traits with previously described single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, particularly when the genomes are sequenced. The purpose of this study was to establish phenotypic differences and soil conditions among wild C. arcticum and C. a. subsp. arcticum populations, when grown in a uniform environment for two years, for potential linkages with our SNP library. Sixteen quantitative morphological traits and five qualitative morphological traits were investigated for 255 individuals from nine C. arcticum populations and 326 individuals from 21 C. a. subsp. arcticum populations.ResultsIn long-day controlled environment, C. arcticum flowering rate was 0% in Year 1, increased to 2.7% in Year 2, while C. a. subsp. arcticum flowering rate was 98.5% in Year 2. Two distinct clusters, distributed by taxonomic classification, were detected by Principal component analysis (PCoA) for 551 individuals from C. arcticum and C. a. subsp. arcticum. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis indicated a positive and significant correlation between plant height, flower fresh and dry weights. Flower fresh weights were correlated with Δflower weight, while inflorescence length had showed a negative correlation with leaf number. Soil samples had high Na levels along with heavy metals. Thus, the species are salt-tolerant.ConclusionA high level of salt tolerance (Na) is tolerated by these maritime species which is a unique trait in Chrysanthemum. A new diagnostic trait of inflorescence length was discovered to distinguish among C. arcticum and C. a. subsp. arcticum. Significant flowering differences occurred among the species C. arcticum and C. a. subsp. arcticum under same photoperiodic environment, including flowering rates and visible bud date. This study on the species’ variation in morphological and diagnostic traits is of importance to link morphological traits with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.

The biogeochemistry and ecological impact of Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica) on terrestrial ecosystems

The Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica) is a 1200 g medium-sized seabird whose breeding colonies are dispersed across 700 ha of forest on the western coast of South Island, New Zealand. These birds represent the sole landscape-scale lowland remnant of formerly widespread petrel and shearwater colonies in mainland New Zealand and provide an opportunity to investigate maritime species’ impact on terrestrial ecosystems characteristic of pre-human New Zealand.

Serotiny in Primula palinuri: How to Face the Dry Season on Mediterranean Cliffs

Primula palinuri Petagna is the only Mediterranean and maritime species in the genus Primula, is endemic to coastal cliffs of southern Italy, and is classified as endangered with a decreasing population trend in the IUCN Red List. For this species, the major bottleneck for long-term survival has been recognized to be recruitment failure. In this study, we investigated the seed release strategy of P. palinuri, by using field observations and laboratory experiments. We hypothesized that repetitive cycles of wet/dry conditions and external wax removal could be the environmental triggers of capsule dehiscence. Data showed that capsules treated with wet/dry cycles dehisced within 75 days, while none subjected to constant dry conditions dehisced. Once dehisced, capsules repetitively closed when made wet, and opened again upon drying. Seeds of P. palinuri can remain on plant up to 2 years, over which time capsules reclose when rained upon and reopen upon drying, highlighting the first reported occurrence of serotiny in a Primula species. Serotiny allows P. palinuri to face the dry season, by avoiding capsule dehiscence during the summer dry period and delaying seed release until the beginning of fall, when water availability in the soil is generally no longer a limiting factor.

Myriolecis massei, a new species of Lecanoraceae from the coasts of the Armorican Massif in Western Europe

A new species of Lecanora s.l. (Lecanoraceae) has been found in several localities on the coasts of the Armorican Massif (Brittany, Normandy, Channel Islands), only on siliceous rocks in the supralittoral zone. It is particularly distinguished by its well-developed thallus reacting C orange in the cortex and containing chlorinated xanthones identified by HPLC-DAD-MS. Placed in the new genus Myriolecis, it is described in this study as Myriolecis massei sp. nov. and is compared to similar maritime species containing chloroxanthones. A key is given to European maritime species of Myriolecis reacting C .

Bioclimatic analyses of Trichomalus perfectus and Mesopolobus morys (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) distributions, two potential biological control agents of the cabbage seedpod weevil in North America

Climatic requirements of natural enemies have important implications for predicting the outcome of classical biological control programs. A five year study (2011–2015) investigated the ectoparasitoid community of the oilseed rape pest Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in different climate zones across Europe to better understand the distribution, abundance, phenology and thermal requirements of Trichomalus perfectus and Mesopolobus morys (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Data generated were then used to develop bioclimatic models to predict the suitability and potential distribution of each species if introduced into North America for biological control of C. obstrictus. Findings indicated that, although T. perfectus and M. morys occupy the same feeding niche and overlap temporally, there are clear geographic differences in abundance. Trichomalus perfectus appears to be a ‘northern’ maritime species, whereas M. morys is likely a ‘southern’, continental species. If introduced, it was predicted that both species would establish in canola growing regions of North America, although climatic conditions appear to be less favourable for T. perfectus than M. morys. This study showed that variation in regional distributions may occur and these are likely based on differing tolerance to climatic conditions. Understanding these tolerances can enhance precision of ecological niche models that predict potential distributions of parasitoids for introduction as candidate biological control agents. Furthermore, the work reported here provides a basis for future research to determine if climate change may favour species such as M. morys that are adapted to warmer summer conditions.

Ecological Specialization of Two Photobiont-Specific Maritime Cyanolichen Species of the Genus Lichina.

All fungi in the class Lichinomycetes are lichen-forming and exclusively associate with cyanobacteria. Two closely related maritime species of the genus Lichina (L. confinis and L. pygmaea) show similar distribution ranges in the Northeast Atlantic, commonly co-occurring at the same rocky shores but occupying different littoral zones. By means of 16S rRNA and phycocyanin operon markers we studied a) the phylogenetic relationships of cyanobionts associated with these species, b) the match of divergence times between both symbionts, and c) whether Lichina species differ in photobiont association and in how geography and ecology affect selectivity. The cyanobionts studied are closely related to both marine and freshwater strains of the genus Rivularia. We found evidence of a high specificity to particular cyanobiont lineages in both species: Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis incorporate specific lineages of Rivularia that do not overlap at the haplotype nor the OTU levels. Dating divergences of the fungal and cyanobacterial partners revealed an asynchronous origin of both lineages. Within each fungal species, selectivity varied across the studied area, influenced by environmental conditions (both atmospheric and marine), although patterns were highly correlated between both lichen taxa. Ecological speciation due to the differential association of photobionts to each littoral zone is suspected to have occurred in marine Lichina.

Tetanops myopina Fallén, 1820, a psammophilous species of Otitinae (Diptera: Ulidiidae) found in a sandpit in the northeastern part of the Czech Republic/ Tetanops myopina Fallén, 1820, psamofilní druh čelnice z podčeledi Otitinae (Diptera: Ulidiidae) nalezený v pískovně v severovýchodní části České republiky

Abstract Tetanops myopina Fallén, 1820 (Diptera: Ulidiidae) is recorded from the Czech Republic for the first time, based on specimens found in the sandpit Závada near Hlučín (grid mapping code 6074). Because T. myopina is generally a maritime species, living on costal sand dunes of the Irish, North and Baltic Seas and partly the Atlantic Ocean (Ireland and Wales only), this surprising record is treated in detail with a description of the microhabitat and a discussion of the biology and biogeography of the species and the historical origin of this inland population

Verrucaria alborimosa, a new maritime lichen from Flinders Island, Tasmania

Verrucaria alborimosa P.M.McCarthy & Kantvilas (lichenized Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) is described from coastal limestone in Flinders Island, Tasmania. A key is provided to the 12 marine and maritime species of Verrucaria in Australia.

Assessment of distyly syndrome in Primula palinuri Petagn. a rare species living on maritime vertical cliffs

The distinctive habitat of vertical cliffs provides refuges for many relict plant species. Primula palinuri Petagn. is the only maritime and Mediterranean species of the genus Primula. It only occurs on the cliffs of a narrow area of southern Italy and is classified as being at risk of extinction. Given that only fragmentary information on the biology and ecology of P. palinuri is available, we studied flower morphology, breeding system and other reproductive traits of this species to furnish data for the evaluation of its conservation status. We assessed that plants of P. palinuri develop either long-styled or short-styled flowers and both morphs are equally represented in the studied populations. Reciprocal position of anthers and stigmas is complemented by differences in pollen–ovule ratios, pollen size and exine ornamentation. In both morphs, about 90 % of open-pollinated flowers developed mature capsules and the average number of seeds per capsule was around sixty. Hand pollination experiments showed that reproductive success was high (92.86 and 100 % fruit set) following inter-morph crossings, but no fruit develops after same-morph pollination or selfing. We have ascertained that full distyly syndrome (distinct floral morphs, intra-morph incompatibility and morphs equally represented in the populations) occurs in P. palinuri. However, a further reduction of the severely fragmented range, any rapid change of the environmental conditions due to human impact on coastal areas or stochastic events of plant mortality may alter the proportion of the two morphs, affecting the fragile conservation status of the species.

Vulnerability to cavitation of central California Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae): a new analysis

A recent study, 'Influence of summer marine fog and low cloud stratus on water relations of evergreen woody shrubs (Arctostaphylos: Ericaceae) in the chaparral of central California' by M. Vasey, M.E. Loik, and V.T. Parker (2012, Oecologia, in press), presented data on the vulnerability to cavitation of eight Arctostaphylos species. We reanalyzed the vulnerability data presented in this manuscript using a different statistical model and have arrived at different conclusions than those reported previously. We suggest that regional differences have not lead to differentiation in cavitation resistance among populations of an Arctostaphylos species and, contrary to the conclusions of Vasey et al., the xylem of maritime species appears to be "overbuilt" for their current environment and do not appear to be especially vulnerable to water stress. Importantly, data on vulnerability to cavitation are limited for Arctostaphylos species from these sites. More specifically, treatment factors of site and region were not replicated and therefore conclusions drawn from these data are necessarily limited.

The taxonomy of theCaloplaca citrinagroup (Teloschistaceae) in the Black Sea region; with contributions to the cryptic species concept in lichenology

AbstractA new taxonomy of theCaloplaca citrinagroup in the Black Sea region is presented. It is based on the nrDNA ITS molecular data, chemistry (anthraquinone contents) and 20 morphological characters. Six species previously known in the region are accepted:Caloplaca arcis,C. calcitrapa,C. dichroa,C. flavocitrina,C. geleverjae,C. limonia. Five new species are described:Caloplaca arcisproxima,C. austrocitrina,C. communis,C. confusaandC. nigromarina. Seven further species,Caloplaca britannica,C. citrina,C. marina,C. maritima,C. microthallina,C. oraandC. phloginaare also treated briefly. Some maritime species known from the Atlantic coast of Europe are absent from the region, and, surprisingly,Caloplaca citrinas. str. could not be confirmed from the study area. A key to the species present in the region is provided, although morphological characters are of very limited value in this group. The variability and taxonomic importance of particular features are discussed. No significant differences in secondary chemistry were observed among the species.Many examples of convergence and some semi-cryptic species were revealed by molecular data. The term ‘semi-cryptic species’ is introduced here into lichenology for those species which cannot be clearly diagnosed by their morphology, but which are determined by other characters, mainly by their ecology and distribution. We propose to describe formally such species, in spite of difficulties with subsequent morphological identification.

ASEAN and Multilateralism: The Long, Bumpy Road to Community

From a geopolitical perspective, the Asian littoral divides into three subregions: Northeast Asia (the People's Republic of China, Japan, North and South Korea, Taiwan and the Russian Far East), Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) and South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka). Both Northeast Asia and South Asia contain political and economic Great Powers. In the latter, India's economic activities and growing politico-security influence extend to all of Asia. In the former, Japan, China, South Korea and Taiwan play significant global economic roles, while Tokyo and Beijing are also major political-security players. By contrast, Southeast Asia contains no Great Powers with global reach. While the region consists of several states with vibrant economies--Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand--or economic potential--Vietnam and Indonesia--in geopolitical stature, Southeast Asia pales in comparison to its Northeast and South Asia neighbours. Yet Southeast Asia is where most Asian regional organizations originate and whose structures and procedures are determined by Southeast Asian preferences. The primary goal of this article is to explain how this has happened, what the implications are for Asia's future and whether Southeast Asian states organized for the past forty years through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) will be able to maintain their pivotal position in Asian affairs. For the past several decades, the Asia-Pacific region has been marked by a difficult asymmetry: the most dangerous disputes lie in Northeast and South Asia while the region's multilateral institutions designed to manage and reduce conflict have originated in Southeast Asia. While ASEAN has maintained its organizational integrity, it has added new internal and external dimensions. The former include the incipient ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN Interparliamentary Organization which has been particularly vocal in condemning Myanmar's human rights violations, and the Track Three ASEAN People's Assembly, an NGO that brings a variety of societal interest groups together to lobby ASEAN governments. ASEAN-dominated organizations encompass the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) on security matters, ASEAN+3 (Japan, South Korea and China), various ASEAN+1 dialogues with important states, the ASEAN-Europe meeting (ASEM), and most recently, regular dialogues with the Gulf Cooperation Council, Africa and Latin America. The newest and most contentious addition to the mix is the East Asian Summit (EAS) inaugurated in December 2005. The EAS brings ASEAN+3 countries together with India, Australia and New Zealand--all of which have signed ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) as a membership condition. Conceptualizing ASEAN The Asia-Pacific region has no hegemon. Instead, political, economic and social networks proliferate. Regional issues are addressed through collective action. The various frameworks have diminished the strength of the absolute sovereignty norm that dominated ASEAN at the time of its 1967 creation. Over the ensuing decades, security issues have become increasingly transnational. Money laundering, human trafficking, environmental degradation, multi-national river development, migratory maritime species, terrorism and piracy require multilateral regime building rather than ad hoc diplomacy. In theory, at least, organizations such as ASEAN have established procedures and decision-making rules in which all governmental stakeholders have a voice. (2) Conceptualizing ASEAN, International Relations theorists generally employ three analytical frameworks: neo-realism, neoliberalism and constructivism. (3) Neo-realists disdain ASEAN's role in regional security because, in their view, institutions are epiphenomenal. Stability depends on the distribution of power within the Asia-Pacific and not on an international organization of small and medium states confined to Southeast Asia. …

Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of the South American Ovenbird Genus Cinclodes

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cinclodes, a group of South American furnariids, were studied using complete sequences of the mitochondrial genes COII and ND3. The 13 species of Cinclodes formed a monophyletic group consisting of three major lineages: (1) the southeastern Brazilian isolate C. pabsti, which was sister to the rest of the genus; (2) a clade of five primarily Patagonian or central Argentine highlands species; and (3) a clade of seven primarily north-central Andean or Pacific species. Biogeographic structure in the Patagonian-Andean taxa was consistent with the deep Patagonian and north-central Andean division previously noted in the similarly distributed genus Muscisaxicola. Evolutionary relationships among Cinclodes species were partially consistent with expectations based on plumage, behavior, and ecology. The phenotypically distinctive C. antarcticus was found to be sister to the widespread C. fuscus in the primarily Patagonian-Argentine clade, and the distinctive C. palliatus to be sister to C. atacamensis in the high Andean-Pacific clade. The central Argentine isolates C. comechingonus and C. olrogi formed a clade with C. oustaleti (olrogi sister to oustaleti, and comechingonus sister to those two) within the Patagonian-Argentine clade. The Pacific marine specialists C. nigrofumosus and C. taczanowskii were sisters within the Andean-Pacific clade and were distantly related to the southern maritime species C. antarcticus. Thus, marine ecological specialization apparently evolved twice within Cinclodes; behavioral and ecological data also support the nonhomology of the two character states. The two exclusively Pacific species were positionally apomorphic within the Andean-Pacific clade; ancestral area analysis indicated that the high Andes were the most likely area of origin for this clade, and that the Pacific coast was occupied secondarily.

Effects of island isolation and feral mink removal on bird communities on small islands in the Baltic Sea

Summary Predation has been suggested as a major cause affecting survival, reproductive success and behaviour in vertebrate prey populations. The breeding season is a critical phase because the essential difference between selecting the proper nest site may be a question of breeding success and failure. Islands may serve as refuges for ground‐nesting birds against natural mammalian predators. However, many of the bird species breeding on islands are currently threatened by introduced predators because they may lack mechanisms to confront the threats of the new predator. We studied the combined effects of an introduced generalist predator, American mink (Mustela vison Schreb.), and island isolation and size on species richness, abundance and equitability of birds breeding on small islands in the outer archipelago of SW Finland, Baltic Sea. The study comprised two mink removal areas (one during 1993–2001 and the other during 1998–2001) and two comparable control areas (during 1994–2001 and 1998–2001), each covering 72–130 km2, of which between 1·07 and 1·27 km2 were land area. The mean island size in all areas was < 2 ha. In the two control areas, both the species richness and abundance were highest on the most isolated islands, while isolation did not have obvious effects on these variables in mink removal areas. Species equitability was not influenced by mink removal or island isolation. The distribution of a maritime species, the razorbill (Alca torda L.), has changed dramatically: in the 1973–74, before mink invaded the area, the species was found commonly on less isolated islands than in 1994, after mink invasion. We suggest that in the presence of mink birds may have changed their breeding site selection and started to breed on the most isolated islands, which are not visited by mink as frequently as less isolated islands. Therefore, our results indicate that increasing island isolation may increase the number of bird species and their numbers, because island isolation slows down mink dispersal.

Non-intertidal habitat use by shorebirds: a reflection of inadequate intertidal resources?

Many species of shorebird typically forage almost exclusively on intertidal habitats. When such strongly maritime species choose to forage on non-intertidal habitats, it may either be a response to deteriorating intertidal conditions or to the discovery of more profitable resources in non-intertidal areas. Methods which allow distinction between these two will clearly be important for identifying problems in intertidal habitats. Since January 1998, turnstone ( Arenaria interpres) on the Wash estuary, eastern England have been foraging on the docksides of Port Sutton Bridge (mainly on spilt wheat and fishmeal), fields and river edges, resulting in concern that intertidal food supplies were no longer sufficient to support the population. We quantified the distribution and behaviour of turnstone within the Wash in relation to season, tidal state and weather and used a depletion model to predict the number of turnstone that could be supported by the port, under a range of resource densities and environmental conditions. Numbers of turnstone on non-intertidal habitats increased over the winter and use of the port was significantly greater around high tide and on colder days. The depletion model showed that under virtually all conditions, the port could support a much greater proportion of the turnstone population than current peak numbers. The use of non-intertidal habitats therefore suggests that the preferred intertidal food supplies are not currently capable of supporting the turnstone population throughout the winter. Habitat switches such as this can potentially be important advance warnings of ecological changes for species, which have not yet led to reductions in population size.

Three New Maritime Species ofVerrucaria(Lichenized Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) from Japan

Abstract Three maritime species of Verrucaria are described as new from Japan: Verrucaria miyagiensis H. Harada sp. nov., V. praeviella H. Harada sp. nov., and V. sanrikuensis H. Harada sp. nov.

Pyrenocollema japonicum, a New Freshwater Species of Pyrenocarpous Lichen from Japan

Pyrenocollema japonicum H. Harada is described as new on the basis of a specimen from Iwate-ken, northern Japan. It is characterized by having a purplish-brown, smooth thallus; + sessile (or immersed only at base), + globose, black perithecia without thalline cover; I-septate ascospores (20 x 5 ,im); and ellipsoid pycnoconidia (2-3 x ca 1 ,im). It occurs on periodically submerged rocks in forested gorges. Pyrenocollema had long been considered as a monotypic genus with the only species-P. tremelloides Reinke (Zahlbruckner 1924, 1926). In recent decades, however, many species have been transferred from Arthopyrenia (Arthopyreniaceae) and Verrucaria to Pyrenocollema (Coppins et al. 1992; Tucker & Harris 1980). The genus is now regarded as a pyrenocarpous cyanolichen of uncertain taxonomic position, with about 10 species from a wide variety of habitats including maritime (intertidal zone on seashore), freshwater (on rocks in rivers), and terrestrial (Hawksworth et al. 1995; Purvis et al. 1992). They are known mainly from Europe and North America, and only a single maritime species, Pyrenocollema sublitorale (Leight.) A. Fletcher has been recorded for Japan (Santesson 1940, as Arthopyrenia sublitoralis). During a field trip for my taxonomic study of pyrenocarpous lichens in northern Japan, a freshwater species of this genus was collected on riverside rocks in Iwate-ken on the Pacific side of northern Honshu. It differs from all the previously known species of this genus and is here described as new. MATERIALS AND METHODS The description of external morphology is based on airdried material. For anatomical observations, sections were made with a razor blade under a dissecting stereomicroscope. GAW (glycerol:ethanol:water = 1: 1: 1) preparations of sections were used for color description. By replacing the medium of GAW preparations to water, ethanol and finally lactophenol cotton-blue (LPCB), LPCB preparations were made for anatomical drawings, photographs, and descriptions. The K, I, and KI tests were conducted on sections of perithecia and thallus by using ca 10% aqueous solution of KOH and/or a diluted Lugol's solution. The specimen used in this study is deposited in the herbarium of Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba (CBM).

Comparative ecophysiology of Chrysanthemum pacificum Nakai and solidago altissima L. 1. why S. altissima cannot be established on the seashore

AbstractA field survey was made to elucidate whether salt spray is a major factor in preventing a common inland weed, Solidago altissima, from being established on the seashore of Boso Peninsula. Seasonal changes in the intensity of salt spray, sodium content in the soil water and soil water contents were measured at the seashore and inland. Seeds of S. altissima were sown at both sites with those of a common maritime species, Chrysanthemum pacificum. The number of surviving shoots of the seedlings were periodically counted for 1 year. The intensity of the salt spray, sodium content and water contents of the soil on the seashore fluctuated seasonally. There were some periods when the intensity of salt spray was comparable to that of the inland site. Most of the S. altissima seedlings survived at the inland site. All S. altissima seedlings germinated at the seashore were completely eliminated. The death rate of S altissima seedlings at the seashore was not constant. Ninety‐five percent of the S. altissima seedling in total died out during the four periods of intensive salt spray. The death rate of C. pacificum seedlings on the seashore was not especially high during those periods. Correlation between seasonal changes in the death rate of S. altissima seedlings and the sodium content or water content of the soil was low. These results indicate that intensive salt spray, intermittently blown in from the sea, is one of the most critical environmental factors that eliminates S. altissima from the seashore.

New Records of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from British Columbia

Field trips near Vancouver and on Vancouver Island, British Columbia on the occasion of the Fifth International Mycological Congress in August 1994, yielded several lichens new to North America: Caloplaca gloriae, Fuscidea lightfootii, Japewia carrollii, Pyrenula acutispora, and Trapeliopsis aeneofusca. New reports for Canada are Byssoloma leucoblepharum, B. subdiscordans, Pyrenula microtheca, Tomasellia americana, and Trapelia obtegens. Additionally, 15 species are new to British Columbia. The lichen flora of British Columbia has recently received much attention, especially by T. Goward and co-authors (Goward & Thor 1992; Goward et al. 1994a,b). On the occasion of the Fifth International Mycological Congress, held in August, 1994 in Vancouver, I made several excursions near Vancouver and on Vancouver Island, often with colleagues. These excursions yielded several species not reported from British Columbia by earlier authors (Goward & Thor 1992; Goward et al. 1994a,b; Noble et al. 1987). Some of these new records are reported below. All collections cited were made by the author during August, 1994 and have been deposited in herbarium Aptroot (ABL). Duplicate specimens have been deposited in UBC. Collecting localities are as follows: 1) Vancouver, near University of British Columbia, elev. 0-50 m, 49015'N, 123?15'W. 2) Vancouver, Grouse Mountain, along trail to Crown ridge, elev. 1,000-1,500 m, 49022'N, 123?10'W. 3) Vancouver, Lighthouse Park, elev. 0-50 m, 49019'N, 123?15'W. 4) Vancouver, Cypress Falls Park, elev. 300 m, 49020'N, 123?14'W. 5) Vancouver Island, Victoria Watershed, elev. 300 m, 48031'N, 123?34'W. 6) Vancouver Island, Port Renfrew, Botanical Beach, elev. 0-50 m, 48031'N, 124?25'W. 7) Vancouver Island, West Coast Trail, near Thresher's Cove, elev. 0-50 m, 48032'N, 123?26'W. 8) Vancouver Island, West Coast Trail, NW of Thresher's Cove, elev. 300 m, 48032'N, 123?27'W. Unless noted otherwise, full descriptions of the following species may be found in Purvis et al. (1992). Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vainio-This pantropical species occurs in highly oceanic conditions in temperate areas. It was found on dead Rubus stems, an unusual substrate for this generally foliicolous to corticolous species. New to Canada: Loc. 6, Aptroot 35389. Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James-In temperate areas, this pantropical species occurs under highly oceanic conditions. Although generally foliicolous, it was found locally on bark of Alnus rubra. New to Canada: Loc. 6, Aptroot 35379. Caloplaca gloriae Werner & Llimona-This unexpected species was not mentioned in the recent regional monograph of the genus by Arup (1995). It occurs on maritime granitic rock. The material conforms well to several collections from La Palma (in ABL). It is a yellow, lobate, maritime species with conspicuous pseudocyphellae and would key out at entry 6 in Arup (1995). New to North America; previously known only from the Canary Isles and Spain (Clauzade & Roux 1985): Loc. 7, Ap-